Avellaneda, Loida Genica C.

Santos, Lyndonn Stephen D.

2-P4

18 States of Matter
Name Description
state of matter where atoms/molecules in fixed
1. Solid
positions with one another
state of matter where atoms/molecules free to
2. Liquid
move among each other
state of matter where atoms/molecules bound
3. Gas
loosely as compared to liquids
state of matter where similar to gas but consists of
negatively charged electrons and positively
4. Plasma
charged ions (in equal numbers) instead of neutral
atoms/molecules.
state of matter where when a gas of bosons
(photons, gluons, etc.) is cooled down to
extremely low temperatures, it forms BEC. Under
5. Bose-Einstein
such conditions, large numbers of bosons occupy
Condensate (BEC)
the lowest Quantum state and act as a single
particle. Hence, quantum laws become valid at
the macroscopic scale!
state of matter that is similar to BEC but contains
6. Fermionic
fermions (electrons, protons, etc.) instead of
Condensate
bosons.
State of matter where insulators when applied with
7. Jahn-Teller Metal pressure start behaving as conductors while
showing properties of an insulator.
strange state of matter in which materials offer
8. Superconductivity zero electrical resistance and expel magnetic
fields below a certain critical temperature
state of matter where photons (particles of light)
can behave as massive particles with strong
9. Photonic Matter mutual attraction to form molecules (and possibly
crystals) made of photons under special
conditions!
state of matter where liquids at extremely low
10. Superfluid
temperatures can flow without friction
state of matter where solids can move without
11. Supesolid
friction below a certain critical temperature
 state of matter where unlike normal crystal where
structure repeats in Space, in Time Crystals,
12. Time Crystals
structure repeats in time as well It is a non-
equilibrium type of matter
at a temperature and pressure above the critical
point, the distinction between liquid and gas
13. Supercritical Fluid
becomes insignificant and material may show
properties of both gas and liquids
a relatively unstable state of matter consisting of
14. Quantum Droplet collection of electrons and holes inside a
semiconductor that behave as a liquid drop
a state of matter where the electron-hole pair in a
semiconductor attract each other and move
15. Excitonium
through the semiconductor as a particle called
“exciton”.
a state of matter that exists at ultra-cool
16. Rydberg Polarons
temperatures and consists of atoms inside atoms
state of matter in which Quarks (fundamental
17. Quark-Gluon particles make protons, neutrons, etc.) exist in a
Plasma sea of Gluons (fundamental particles that bind
Quarks together) at extreme temperatures.
a highly dense state of matter formed under
18. Degenerate matter extreme pressure conditions (e.g. Inside White
Dwarf stars and Neutron stars)

The most common states of matter are: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. These
exist under ordinary conditions of the universe and are found commonly
throughout. Although plasma is rather uncommon on Earth, it is so common in the
universe. Plasma can still be observed in lightning, fire, fluorescent and neon
lighting, etc.
The “other” common state of matter is the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).
It results from lowering the temperature of a substance far enough (near to 0
Kelvin, also known as absolute zero) the bosons of that substance all fall into the
same quantum state, so that they resemble a single wave or particle.

Then there are stranger states of matter. These occur under incredibly low
or incredibly high energy scenarios. Virtually impossible to find without
experimental causation or under very rare and extreme events in the universe.
These include Superfluid, Supersolid, Fermionic condensate, Rydberg polarons,
Quantum Droplet, Degenerate matter, and Quark-gluon Plasma.
 From the most insignificant quantum scale to the massive cores of
interstellar gas giants, the many states of matter are diverse, bizarre, and
fascinating aspects of the natural world. It occurred to us that maybe our teacher
didn’t teach us all of the 18 states of matter because it didn’t matter. But we
realized that it does matter.
They matter depending on what we are working on or what we are trying
to learn. Researching about the states of matter that we weren’t aware of their
existence open up our minds on the new discoveries in science that we weren’t
given a chance to learn during our grade school or high school years. It enabled
both of us to know facts that can be useful for when we talk about and try to
understand the various aspects of chemistry and possibly the universe.

References:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EteI1it2rc
 https://www.quora.com/How-many-states-of-matter-are-there
 https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/how-many-states-of-matter-
are-there.html