‫جمهورية العراق‬

‫وزارة التعليم العالي و البحث العلمي‬

‫الجامعة الوطنية للعلوم و التكنولوجيا‬

‫طب االسنان ‪ /‬المرحلة الثانية‬

‫‪Circulatory system‬‬
‫بإشراف الدكتور‬
‫نشأت علي‬

‫اعداد الطالب‬
‫علي حسين خزعل‬

‫‪2020-2019‬‬
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system, also called cardiovascular system, is a vital organ system that
delivers essential substances to all cells for basic functions to occur. Also commonly
known as the cardiovascular system, is a network composed of the heart as a centralized
pump, bloods vessels that distribute blood throughout the body, and the blood itself, for
transportation of different substances.

Function:The main function of the circulatory (or cardiovascular) system is

to deliver oxygen to the body tissues, whilst simultaneously removing carbon
dioxide produced by metabolism. Oxygen is bound to molecules
called haemoglobin that are on the surface of the red blood cells in the blood.

The heart:The heart is a muscular pump that is the central component of the
circulatory system. It is divided into a right and left side by a muscular septum.
The muscular component of the heart, the myocardium, is composed of
involuntary cardiac muscle. It is lined by a membrane called
the endocardium internally, as well as an external epicardium. Contraction of the
cardiac muscle cells is stimulated by electrical impulses that are sporadically fired
from the regulatory centres of the heart: the sinoatrial node in the roof of
the right atrium, and the atrioventricular node in the septum between the atria
and the ventricles. The sinoatrial node is widely regarded as the natural
pacemaker of the heart.

Pulmonary circulation

Deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation returns to the right atrium via
the superior and inferior vena cava. The coronary sinus, returning blood from the
coronary circulation, also opens into the right atrium. The blood in the right
atrium flows into the right ventricle through the right
atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) during diastole. During systole, the right
ventricle contracts, directing the blood into the conus arteriosus at the base of
the pulmonary trunk. Contraction of the ventricle causes the tricuspid valve to
shut, preventing backflow of blood into the right atrium. Between the conus
arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk is a valve; the pulmonary valve. In diastole,
the valve closes to prevent backflow of blood into the right ventricle.

The pulmonary trunk splits into a right and a left pulmonary artery, serving the
right and left lung respectively. Deoxygenated blood flows into the capillaries of
each lung, where it is then oxygenated. The pulmonary veins collect the newly
oxygenated blood from the lung, and return it to the left atrium, where it will be
passed into systemic circulation.

Systemic circulation

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation via
the pulmonary veins. During diastole, blood passes from the left atrium to the left
ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve). In systole, the left
ventricle contracts, forcing blood into the aorta. The blood passes through the
aortic valve into the ascending aorta.

The ascending aorta becomes the arch of the aorta, where three large arteries
branch from it: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the
left subclavian artery. These arteries supply oxygenated blood to the head and
neck, and to the upper limbs.

The descending aorta is the continuation of the arch of the aorta inferiorly. In
the thorax it is referred to as the descending or thoracic aorta, and gives off
numerous branches in the thorax.

The latter passes into the abdominal cavity through the diaphragm through
the aortic hiatus at the level of T12. From there, it is referred to as
the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta gives branches to the structures in and
surrounding the abdominal cavity, and terminates by bifurcating into the common
iliac arteries, which will supply the pelvic cavity and lower limbs.
The branches of the aorta passes towards their intended structures, with
branching occurring along their length. The terminal branches enter the tissues,
and pass towards the capillary beds of the tissues in vessels called arterioles. Gas
exchange occurs between the blood and the tissues. The blood is collected from
the capillaries by venules, which unite to form the veins of the systemic
circulation. These veins ultimately drain to the right atrium via the superior and
inferior venae cavae.

Types of blood vessels

Arteries:Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls and
a narrow lumen, to resist the high pressure from the blood being forced out of
the heart. As the arteries travel toward the more peripheral tissues, they begin a
process of segmentation, decreasing in diameter and wall thickness with each
division. The major arterial outflow tracts of the heart are the aorta (systemic),
and the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary). The coronary arteries are the arteries that
supply oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart itself.

Capillaries:are the closest vessels to the organs. Their walls measure one large
endothelial cell in thickness and provide the only barrier between the blood and
the interstitial fluid of the tissues. They have a narrow lumen which is just thick
enough to allow the passage of the largest blood cells. The permeability of
capillaries varies depending on the surrounding tissues and the type of junctions
between the adjacent endothelial cells in the vessels wall.
Veinsare formed with the union of muscular venules. In comparison to arteries,
veins have a relatively thin wall and a larger lumen. The structure of the walls is
similar to that of arteries, but a considerably smaller amount of muscle is present
in the tunica media of veins. Veins are capacitance vessels, meaning they have a
distensible wall and can expand to accommodate large volumes of blood.
References

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