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Mechanics of Materials: Introduction - Concept of Stress
Mechanics of Materials: Introduction - Concept of Stress
Mechanics of Materials: Introduction - Concept of Stress
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Introduction –
Concept of Stress
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Concept of Stress
Review of Statics
• Results:
A = 40 kN → C x = 40 kN ← C y = 30 kN ↑
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (σall= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 × 103 N
σ all = A= = = 500 × 10− 6 m 2
A σ all 100 × 106 Pa
d2
A=π
4
d=
4A
=
(
4 500 × 10− 6 m 2 ) = 2.52 ×10−2 m = 25.2 mm
π π
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
τ ave =
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 12
Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
P F P F
τ ave = = τ ave = =
A A A 2A
P 50 × 103 N
σ BC ,end = = = 167 MPa
A 300 × 10− 6 m 2
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
σ= cos 2 θ τ= sin θ cosθ
A0 A0
∆V yx ∆Vzx
τ xy = lim τ xz = lim
∆A→0 ∆A ∆A→0 ∆A
State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
∑ Fx = ∑ Fy = ∑ Fz = 0
∑Mx = ∑My = ∑Mz = 0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
∑ M z = 0 = (τ xy ∆A)a − (τ yx ∆A)a
τ xy = τ yx
similarly, τ yz = τ zy and τ yz = τ zy
Factor of Safety