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UNIT 1: ENGINEERING DESIGN

Term Vietnamese Definition

Design process Recognition of a need – arise from dissatisfaction with the existing situation.
Definition of a problem – the most critical step
Gathering information – the greatest frustration
Conceptualization – the key step for employing inventiveness and creativity
Evaluation – involve a thorough analysis of the design
Communication of the design
Materials The tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object
Recognition of a need Arise from dissatisfaction with the existing situation.
Conceptualization - The key step for employing inventiveness and creativity
- To determine elements, mechanisms, processes or configurations that in
some combination / other result in design that satisfies the need.
- A vital aspect of this process is synthesis.
Evaluation - a thorough analysis of the design
- involve detailed calculation of the performance of the design by using an
analytical model
- involve extensive simulated service testing of an experimental model or
perhaps a full-sized prototype
Communication of - The finalized design must be properly communicated or it may lose much of
the design its impact or significance.
- The sponsor/ customer must be told what to expect.
Working stress ứng suất thực The allowable stress considered to be safe in the design of part. It is the ultimate
stress of the material divided by a safety factor.Working stress is calculated by
dividing the ultimate strength of the material by a safety factor.
Nominal stress ứng suất cho phép
Dead weight Trọng lượng tĩnh The unrelieved weight of a heavy, motionless mass.
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Unit 2: PUMPS

PUMPS

Positive displacement Dynamic displacement

Centrifugal Pump Axial flow

(the pressure increase within its rotor (used to make water go faster at the

due to centrifugal action) same hight without increasing speed

- doesn’t incorporate with centrigugal action)

(according to structure) (according to function) (according to stage) Propeller

Volute Diffuser Single-suction Double suction Single-stage Multi-stage

(Turbine)

Deep-well pump
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Term Vietnamese Definition

Centrifugal pump Bơm ly tâm A rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a
fluid; are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid
enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing outward into a diffuser or volute chamber, from
where it exits into the downstream piping system.
Axial flow pump Bơm dòng hướng A common type of water pump that consists of a propeller in a tube. The
trục propeller can be driven directly by a sealed motor in the tube or by a right-
angle drive shaft that pierces the tube. These pumps have the smallest of the
dimensions among the conventional pumps.
Volute centrifugal The impeller is surrounded by a spiral case, the outer boundary of which
pump Bơm ly tâm xoắn may be a curve called a volute. The absolute velocity of the fluid leaving the
impeller is reduced in the volute casing, with a resultant increase in
pressure.
Diffuser (or turbine) The impeller is surrounded by diffuser vanes which provide gradually
pump Bơm khuyếch tán enlarging passages to bring about a gradual reduction in velocity. Because
of the superficial resemblance to a reaction turbine, this type is called a
turbine pump.
Volute casing Vỏ bơm hình xoắn A spiral casing to fan, or a centrifugal pump, so shaped as to reduce gradually
ốc the speed of water or air leaving the impeller, transforming it into pressure
without shock.
Impeller Bánh xoay Mixed-flow impeller: higher diameter of the eye and higher specific speed
than Radial-flow impeller
Diffuser vanes Cánh ống khuyếch are usually fixed or immovable, but in a very few instances they have been
tán pivoted like the guide vanes in a turbine in order that the angle might be
changed to conform to conditions with different rates of flow.
Single suction pump Bơm một cửa hút Double suction: larger inlet area with lower intake velocities than that of
Double suction Bơm 2 cửa hút Single suction one of the same outside diameter of the impeller
pump
Single stage pump Bơm một cấp Contains only one impeller
Multi stage pump Bơm đa cấp Two or more identical impellers are arranged in series, usually on vertical
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shaft.
Solid A body or object having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness).
Fluid A substance, as a liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing and that changes its
shape at a steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.
Plastic solid Vật thể dẻo A solid that undergoes change of shape continuously and indefinitely after the
stress applied to it passes its elastic limit.
Gas A highly superheated vapor, that is, its state is far removed from the liquid
phase. A gas is very compressible, and when all external pressure is removed,
it tends to expand indefinitely.
Liquid composed of molecules that move freely among themselves but do not tend to
separate like those of gases; neither gaseous nor solid
COMPONENTS OF A VOLUTE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
1. Volute casting: vỏ hình xoắn ốc
2. Discharge zone/outlet >< inlet:
3. Impeller: bánh quay
4. Vanes: cánh quạt
5. Suction eye: mắt hút

Unit 4: REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

English Definition Vietnamese

Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space by removing heat Hệ thống làm
system from that space and transferring it elsewhere. lạnh
Condenser a device or unit used to condense vapor into liquid Dàn ngưng
Expansion valse Van giãn nở
Evaporator A device used to vaporize part or all of the solvent from a solution Bộ giãn nở
Compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas or air by reducing its Máy nén
volume.
]
Vapour- is one of the many refrigeration cycles available for use Vòng tuần hoàn
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compression bốc hơi- nén

cycle
Thermodynamics is the study of the conversion of energy into work and heat and its relation to Nhiệt điện
macroscopic variables such as temperature and pressure
Heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output Động cơ nhiệt
Refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid Chất làm lạnh
and back
Heat exchanger a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another, whether the Bộ trao đổi nhiệt
media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the media are in direct
contact
Water-cooled Water sent to the cooling tower and heat rejected to the atmosphere. It is used where Dàn ngưng làm
condenser there is a long distance between the compressor and point of the heat rejection mát bằng nước
Air-cooled Once used only in small refrigeration Dàn ngưng làm
condenser mát bằng khí
Direct expansion Have an expansion valse which regulates the flow of liquid Sự hóa hơi giãn
evaporation nở trực tiếp
Liquid-overfeed Used in low temperature industrial refrigeration system Sự hóa hơi cho
evaporation nước tràn qua
Liquid-chilling The refrigerant boils outside the tubes. It is used un conjuction with reciprocating Bộ bốc hơi làm
evaporation compressors. mát bằng chất
lỏng
Coolant is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring Chất làm mát
the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it
car engine a method of heat removal from the engine of car Hệ thống làm mát
cooling system động cơ ô tô
water jacket is a water-filled void surrounding a device, typically a metal sheath having intake and Bình chứa nước
outlet vents to allow water to be pumped through the void
thermostat A device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is Máy điều khiển
maintained near a desired setpoint temperature nhiệt( tự động)
radiator and A type of heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to Bộ tản nhiệt và
another for the purpose of cooling and heating. It is used for cooling internal nắp bộ tản nhiệt
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combustion engines, chiefly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway

locomotives, motorcycles, stationary generating plants or any similar use of such an
engine.
cooling fan refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from Quạt làm mát
inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component
Hoses A hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another. ống (nước)
expansion provides additional space for the coolant to stay after it absorbed the heat from the Bình giãn nở
(overflow) tank engine (giảm áp)
DIAGRAM

The vapor- compression cycle

The basic mechanism of a refrigerator works like this:

1. The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas. This raises the refrigerant's pressure and temperature, so the heat-
exchanging coils outside the refrigerator allow the refrigerant to dissipate the heat of pressurization.
2. As it cools, the refrigerant condenses into liquid form and flows through the expansion valve.
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3. When it flows through the expansion valve, the liquid refrigerant is allowed to move from a high-pressure zone to a low-
pressure zone, so it expands and evaporates (light blue). In evaporating, it absorbs heat, making it cold.
4. The coils inside the refrigerator allow the refrigerant to absorb heat, making the inside of the refrigerator cold. The cycle
then repeats.
The car engine cooling system

Components needed for the systems:

1. The engine’s water jacket

2. thermostat
3. water pump
4. radiator and radiator cap
5. cooling fan (electric or belt-driven)
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6. hoses
7. heater core
8. expansion (overflow) tank

The function of the engine’s cooling system is to remove excess heat from the engine, to keep the engine operating at the most
efficient temperature, and to allow the engine to reach its ideal operation temperature in the shortest time possible. In an ideal
world, the cooling system keeps the engine running at its most efficient temperature no matter what the operating conditions are.
A cooling system of some kind is necessary in any internal combustion engine. If no cooling system were provided, parts would
melt from the heat of the burning petrol, and the pistons would expand so much they could not move in the cylinders (called
"seize").
Operation:
The engines have passages for the liquid, or coolant, through the cylinder block and head. The coolant has to have indirect contact
with such engine parts as the combustion chamber, the cylinder walls, and the valve seats and guides. Running through the
passages in the engine heats the coolant (it absorbs the heat from the engine parts), and going through the radiator cools it. After
getting "cool" again in the radiator, the coolant comes back through the engine. This business continues as long as the engine is
running, with the coolant absorbing and removing the engine’s heat, and the radiator cooling the coolant.

Unit 5 – ENGINES

TERM DEFINITION
Engine The primary motor or power apparatus of a car, which converts liquid or gas fuel into mechanical energy.
Cylinder The central working part of a reciprocating engine, the space in which a piston travels
Cylinder head The upper sealing surface of the combustion chamber
A part of an internal combustion engine, usually made as a removable piece, that closes one end of the
engine's cylinders
Made of a special iron alloy casting containing carbon, silicon and copper.
Cylinder sleeve
Inlet/ Intake/ The pipe where fuel goes through to enter the cylinder
Induction A casting of passages or pipes used to conduct air or a fuel/air mixture to the cylinders.
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Manifold A manifold that carries vaporized fuel from the carburetor to the inlet valves of the cylinders
Exhaust The pipe where exhaust gases go through to escape from the cylinder to the exhaust pipe
Manifold A manifold that receives exhaust gases from the cylinders and conducts them to the exhaust pipe
A set of cast passages or pipes which conduct exhaust gases from the engine
Inlet/ Intake To allow the fuel to enter the cylinder when it is open
valve A valve that controls the flow of fluid through an intake
Exhaust valve To allow the exhaust gases to excape from the cylinder
A valve through which burned gases from a cylinder escape into the exhaust manifold
Piston The heavy, cylindrical metal shaft within each engine cylinder that travels up and down to turn the
crankshaft, compress the air and fuel mixture
A cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder
Camshaft A metal bar that sits along the top of all the cylinders. It rotates the ‘cams' which push on the tappets. The
tappets then push on the valves and open or close the valve ports to let fuel into the cylinders and push the
exhaust gasses out.
Are the lobes (cams) which operate the valves. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft, via a belt, chain
or gears, at one half the crankshaft speed.
Crankshaft To convert reciprocating movement into rotary
Engine component (connected to pistons by connecting rods) which converts the reciprocating (up and down)
motion of pistons to rotary motion used to turn the driveshaft.
Connecting rod The connecting link between the crankshaft and piston.
To connect the piston and the crankshaft
Spark plug The plug supplies the heat that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur
To ignite the mixture of the fuel
Combustion The area where compression and combustion take place
chamber Area where the fuel/air mixture is compressed and fired, between piston and cylinder head.
The part of the engine in the cylinder head where combustion takes place.
Flywheel A heavy disc of metal attached to the rear of the crankshaft. It smoothes the firing impulses of
the engine and keeps the crankshaft turning during periods when no firing takes place.
A mechanical device with significant moment of inertia used as a storage device for rotational energy
Piston ring An open-ended ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in a reciprocating engine such as
an internal combustion engine or steam engine
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Its chief function is to form a seal between the piston and cylinder wall. Most automotive pistons have three
rings: two for compression sealing; one for oil sealing.
Bottom dead The position of a piston in which it is nearest to the crankshaft.
center
Top dead center The position of a piston in which it is farthest from the crankshaft
Carburetor A device, usually mounted on the intake manifold of an engine, which mixes the air and fuel in the proper
proportion to allow even combustion
Is a device which provides the engine with an air and petrol mixture in the correct proportions for all running
conditions.
Feed pipe The pipe which allows petrol to run on to the fuel inlet to enter the float chamber
Fuel inlet The end of the feed pipe to allow petrol to enter the float chamber
Needle valve A type of valve having a small orifice and a threaded, needle-like plunger which allows precise regulation of
fuel flow
Water jacket A container filled with water that surrounds a machine to cool it; especially that surrounding the cylinder
block of an engine
A water-filled void surrounding a device, typically a metal sheath having intake and outlet vents to allow
water to be pumped

References: http://www.procarcare.com/icarumba/resourcecenter/glossary/icar_resourcecenter_glossary_viewglossary-a-c.asp#c
http://www.dashdriving.com/tutorials/engine.htm
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A. Camshaft (opens and closes the valves)

B. Tappet (pushed by the camshaft, moves the valves)
C. Valve spring (keeps the valve normally shut)
D. Spark plug (or glow plug in a diesel)
E. Exhaust port (where waste fuel is pushed out)
F. Piston
G. Crankcase
H. Crankshaft (turned by the piston - turns the engine and makes the car go)
I. Big end
J. connecting rod (nicknamed conrod or just rod)
K. cylinder
L. Gudeon pin (attaches piston to conrod
M. Combustion chamber (where the fuel explodes)
N. Inlet port
O. Valve

FOUR STROKES
The ‘stroke' is simply when the piston moves either all the way up or all the way down inside the cylinder.
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Induction
(the intake stroke)

The first stroke is called Induction.

 Fuel and air mixture is drawn into the cylinder by the piston going down and producing suction.
 As the piston travels down the cylinder it creates a vacuum above it and the fuel mixture is
drawn into the cylinder in the empty space left by the piston
 The piston starts at the top, the camshaft turns and pushes on the tappets which causes the
intake valve to open (on the left), and the piston moves down to let the engine take in a
cylinder full of air and fuel (shown in light blue).

Compression

The fuel and air mixture is compressed and forced into the top of the cylinder ready for ignition
by the spark plug. The camshaft has turned, pushed the tappets which have in turn allowed the inlet
valve to return to the closed position.
The piston moves back up and compresses this fuel/air mixture. Compressing the mixture
makes the explosion more powerful. As the valves are both closed, the cylinder is sealed and the
mixture can't escape.
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Ignition

As the piston reaches the top of the compression stroke, the spark plug ‘fires' and ignites the
highly compressed fuel and air mixture.
The piston is then forced back down the cylinder by the resulting explosion, turning the
crankshaft and generating the propulsion for the engine which makes the car go along the road.

Exhaust

The exhaust gases (after the fuel is burnt) are forced out of the engine. Once the piston hits the
bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens (on the right).
The piston travels back up inside the cylinder and this time it ‘pushes' the exhaust gasses out
through the now open exhaust vent.
Now the engine is ready for the next cycle, so it intakes another charge of air and gas. And we are
back to the intake stroke. This cycle of the four separate strokes keeps going on and on until we
turn the ignition off.
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DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINES

1. Diesel Engines vs Petrol Engines:

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

The fuel and air are mixed
Induction stroke before being forced into
the cylinders
Piston rises and Piston compresses the air only
Compression stroke
compresses the mixture
The compressed mixture is No need a spark plug. Use Glow Plus if the engine is cold. Glow plugs
ignited by the spark plug are pre heated by power from the car battery before the engine is started.
Ignition stroke
The air is compressed to a very high pressure and this generates
enormous heat which then ignites the fuel
Compression ratio Lower Far higher than petrol engine

2. Four strokes vs. two strokes:

FOUR STROKES TWO STROKES
Number of strokes Four: Induction, Compression, Ignition and Exhaust Two: Compression and Ignition
Valve Inlet valve, outlet valve Do not have valves
Fire frequency Twice every revolution Once every revolution

3. Spark-ignition Engines vs. Compression-ignition engines

Spark-ignition Engines Compression-ignition engines
Used in Both four strokes and two strokes In diesel engine
 commonly refer to Gasoline engine
Place to mix fuel Outside the cylinder Inside the cylinder
Ignition Fuel is ignited by a spark Fuel is ignited by the compression of the
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UNIT 6: VALVES

Tappet (Chốt cần cam) Connect the rocker arm and the push rod
A lever that is moved in order to tap something else
Cylinder head A detachable plate that covers the closed end of a cylinder chamber in an engine or a pump
Valve device that regulates the flow of a fluid (* In engine: fitted into the cylinder head)
Inlet valve An opening valve through which fluid is admitted to a tube or container
Outlet valve An opening valve permits fluid escape or release from a tube or container
Push rod (Cần cam) Connect the rocker arm with the cam
Cam A rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion
Camshaft A shaft has cams attached to it
Rocker arm (Mỏ cò) A lever is used especially to push a valve up and down in an internal-combustion engine
Valve stem (Thân van) Connected to the rocker arm and put inside the valve guide
Valve guide (Ống dẫn van) determine the direction of valve stem
Valve collar (Đệm van) A short ring fastened over two ends of valve spring
Valve spring The metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when the valve is pushed up
and down
Valve seat (Đế van) The part between valve stem and valve head
Valve head The upper part of a valve, attached to the valve seat
Valve cover Form a cover over a valve
Finger (Ốc hãm) Helps open the valve
Valve clearance (Khoảng cách Are between the cam heels and the fingers
giữa gót cam và các ốc hãm)
Clearance Is adjusted by turning the nut on the finger
Nut (Chốt cần cam)
Feeler gauge Used to check the size of the clearance
Thước đo bằng lá kim loại
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Multi-port valve (Van nhiều cổng) A valve has more than two ports
Mid-position valve A valve makes the fluid inside running in different flows (often in two flows)
(Van chia dòng)

Unit 7: METAL

TERMS EXPLANATION VIETNAMESE

Blast furnace A tall metal tower Lò luyện
Iron core Quặng sắt
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Limestone Đá vôi
Coke Cốc
Slag Xỉ
Refractory/Fire - brick Gạch chịu lửa
Ramp Conveyor Băng chuyền
Skip Xe goòng
Charging hole Cửa đổ liệu
Tuyere Blast boxes Túi thổi
Dezincification Khử kẽm
Mild/black/low carbon steel Contains 0.1 – 0.25% carbon Kẽm có nồng độ cácbon thấp
Shiny/silver/high carbon steel Contains > 1% carbon Kẽm có nồng độ cácbon cao
Gun metal
Plasma technology Allow metals to be recovered directly in a metallic form Công nghệ plasma
Cooler Dàn/ máy làm lạnh
Cleaner Dàn/ máy làm sạch
Drier Dàn/ máy làm khô
Crusher Máy nghiền
Slurry mixer Máy trộn bùn/vữa
Zinc condenser Dàn/ máy ngưng tụ kẽm
Quenching Cool quickly -> britlle and break easily Tôi
Annealing Cool gradually -> bend easily without breaking Ủ
Tempering (quenching + annealing) heat and cool quickly; then heat Ram
again and cool gradually -> tougher but less britlle
Converter Lò điện
Pair of tongs/ pliers Kẹp

DESCRIBING PROCESS

 Extracting metal: Iron is extracted by heat. Iron is melted in a tall tower called blast furnace. In the extraction of iron, 4
ingredients are needed: iron core, coke, limestone and hot air. Firstly, iron core is crushed and mixed with limestone and
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coke and this mixture is fed into the top of the furnace. Hot air, then, is blasted into the bottom of the furnace. Next, the
molten iron is drained off through valves at the bottom of the tower and some of the iron is then casted into shapes. Finally,
the remainder is taken away into further processing into steel or wrought iron.
 Production of steel: Steel is produced by electricity. Molten iron is fed into a converter, called Bessemer converter. Two
ingredients are needed: molten iron and oxygen. Oxygen, then, is blasted into the bottom of the converter. Under high
temperature, oxygen reacts with carbon in molten iron to produce CO2 or CO (Carbon gas) which is then released through
the outlet. Finally, molten steel is drained off through the top of the converter.
 Experiment: The experiment was to show the effect of heat on different types of metals: brass and steel. Teacher took a
bimetallic strip, one side is brass and another side is steel. He kept the strip by a pair of tongs and then he put it over a
burner. It was observed that the strip was bent towards the side of steel. Accordingly, we noted that heat had different
effect on different metals. It was explained that this effect was caused by the difference in thermal expansion rate of
different metals. The strip was bent towards the steel side because steal had the higher expansion rate of steel than that of
brass. We finally concluded that this effect was due to the difference in thermal expansion rate of different metals.

BLAST FURNACE
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Diagram:

- The furnace is lined with fire-brick

- Four ingredients needed: ore, coke, limestone and hot air. They are taken in a skip up a ramp and fed into the top of the
furnace (charging hole)
- Hot air is blasted from the bottom of the furnace (through blast boxes) producing a very high temperature (18000C)
- The smelting process produces 3 substances: gas (escape from gas outlet at the top of the furnace), molten iron (settled at
the bottom of the furnace) and the slag (consists of molten limestone and all the impurities it absorbed, also run down to
the bottom but it is lighter than the liquid iron so it floats on top of it. The slag is drained off through slag tap while the
molten iron is run off into large molds called pigs

SKF’S PLAN TO MAKE THE MOST USE OF STEELWORKS WASTE:

Main unit in the Scandust plant: shaft furnace; plasma generator; condensers for cooling and condensing zinc and lead; a gas
cleaning unit; handling equipment for the dust, coal and slag forming material; plus tapping and casting equipment.
Diagram:

- Steelworks dust is mixed with coal, sand and water into slurry (slurry mixer), then the mixture go through a filter before
being dried in a drier and being crushed in a crusher. After that, the mixture is fed into the shaft furnace
- Very hot air – up to 50000C from plasma generators carries the energy needed for the reaction into the shaft furnace
which is filled with coke
- Raw materials are injected with hot gas, and metal oxides are reduced by the help of coal as melting takes place
- Zinc and lead vaporize, rise in the shaft furnace and then condensed in the liquid metal in the condenser (zinc
condenser) while other metals form an alloyed crude iron which is tapped off.
- High-energy exhausted gas is cooled and cleaned in the cooler and cleaner. And, while some is circulated as processed
gas, most of the energy in the gas can be recovered as heat and piped away, in this instance for a municipal heating system.

Unit 8 - FURNACES
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Terms
Furnace
Electric Arc Furnace
Blast Furnace
Hearth
Smelter (smelting
factory)
Flux
(slag forming material)
Tuyere ( blast box or air
nozzle in furnace)
Foundry department
(casting workshop)
Pig machine
Buzz bar (bus bar)
block of metal
metal mold
Definition Meaning
a device in which heat is produced by burning fuel either to warm a building or to Lò
undertake an industrial process such as smelting metal
A steel melting furnace in to which heat is generated by an arc between graphite Lò hồ quang
electrodes and the metal. Both carbon and alloy steels are produced in electric arc điện
furnaces, and scrap rather than molten metal is used as the base material.
A vertical shaft furnace for smelting metals. Fuel, ores, and slag-forming rock are Lò luyện gang
loaded from above, and air is blown in from the bottom to raise the temperature.
The molten metal is tapped periodically from the base.
The lower part of a blast furnace in which the molten metal collects and from Bụng lò,
which it is tapped out. buồng đốt
A place where smelting is carried out. `Lò đúc
- A substance used to refine metals by combining with impurities to form a Chất trợ dung
molten mixture that can be readily removed.
- A substance added to molten ore that combines with impurities to form slag for
extraction
an opening in the refractory lining and shell of a furnace through which air is Hộp gió
forced in order to promote combustion
a building equipped for the casting of metal or glass Xưởng đúc
Máy rót gang
electrical conductor: an electrical conductor or group of electrical conductors
used as a connector in a circuit, especially as a bus in a computer system
a casting of metal in a basic shape suitable for storage or transportation
basic mold for casting metal, especially iron
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frefractories highly heat-resistant material: a material that is able to withstand high Vật liệu chịu
temperatures without melting, e.g. the fire clay used to line furnaces lửa
Scrap An old, discarded, or rejected item or substance for use in reprocessing or as raw Phế liệu kim
material, as old metal that can be melted and reworked. loại
Spout A pipe, tube, or liplike projection through or by which a liquid is discharged, Máng ra
poured, or conveyed.
Mill any of various machines that modify the shape or size of a workpiece by rotating Máy cán
tools or the work
Two – high mill  A stand having only two rolls. Máy cán 2
 Some two-high mills are reversing with screw-downs to adjust the rolls; trục
others are one way only and may or may not have screw-downs for roll
adjustment and may or may not be a part of a continuous mill.

Three – high mill Mill with 3 rolls Máy cán 3

trục

Four – high mill Mill with 4 rolls Máy cán 4

trục
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A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported Máy cán
Cluster Mill by two or more back-up rolls. nhóm
Tandem Mill
Dishtinguish “indirect arc heating” and “direct arc heating”:
 Indirect arc heating: the arc may be made between electrodes, supported above the metal. Metal is heated by the
radiation and conduction from arc, the roof and walls.
 Direct arc heating: the current must flow through the bath or the metal, the heat developed by the electrical resistance of
the metal
The operation of electric arc furnace:
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 Scrap metal is delivered to a scrap bay (buong), located next to the melt shop.

 The scrap is loaded into large buckets called baskets. After loading, the basket may pass to a scrap pre-heater, which
uses hot furnace off-gases to heat the scrap and recover energy, increasing plant efficiency.
 The scrap basket is then taken to the melt shop, the roof is swung off the furnace, and the furnace is charged with scrap
from the basket.
 After charging, the roof is swung back over the furnace. Scrap is heated by the arc which may be made between
electrodes (indirect heating) or between electrodes and metal (direct heating). Oxygen is also lanced into the scrap,
combusting or cutting the steel, and extra chemical heat is provided by wall-mounted oxygen-fuel burners. Both
processes accelerate scrap meltdown.
 The smelting process produces 3 subtances: gas, molten ore and slag.
 The gases escape through and outlet at the top of the furnace
 The slag floating on the surface of the molten steel is drain off through valves at the bottom of the furnace.
 The molten steel is run off into pigs to be cooled.
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UNIT 9: CORROSION

TERM DEFINITION MEANING

Ceramic coating The process of applying a layer of ceramic material, such as alumina, onto a metallic
product in order to protect against extremely high temperatures.
Coating Paint, varnish, lacquer or other finish used to create a protective and/or decorative layer. Mạ
Generally used to refer to paints and coatings applied in an industrial setting as part of
the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) process.
Composite The mixture of two or more materials. Many thermal spray coatings could be considered
coating as composites.
Conjoint the combination of corrosion and erosion simultaneously
corrosion
Erosion The mechanical process which destroys the value of a metallic article by grinding it
away as metallic dust.
Corrosion The destruction of metal or alloy by chemical change, electrochemical change or
physical dissolution.
Corrosion fatigue The cracking caused by alternating or cycling stresses in a corrosive environment.
Etching the use of certain corrosive reagents to develop the structure of polished micro-sections Khắc
Foliation The corrosion in which, under atmospheric conditions, voluminous corrosion-product Ăn mòn phân
formed along certain planes may level the intervening layers apart, so that the material lớp
divides into flakes.
General corrosion the corrosion which affects a large portion of the surface of a metallic specimen Ăn mòn trên
diện rộng
Grooving The corrosion which produces grooves following grain-boundaries or (on a much larger Ăn mòn tạo
scale) following the water-line and a partly immersed metallic plate. Grooves may also rãnh
be developed along the line, where two dissimilar metals meet or in zones running
parallel with a weld.
Intergranular the cracking, whether due to stress-corrosion or corrosion fatigue, passed along grain- Ăn mòn giữa
corrosion boundaries các tinh thể
Layer corrosion the corrosion which, in rolled or extruded metals, extends along certain planes parallel to Ăn mòn giữa
the surface các lớp
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Localized the corrosion which affects a small portion of the surface of a metallic specimen Ăn mòn cục bộ
corrosion
Metallic coating Metallic coating involves the deposition of metals and alloys onto other metals ranging Mạ kim loại
in thickness from a few microns to several millimeters.
Organic coating A coating such as paint, lacquer, enamel, or plastic film in which the principal Mạ hữu cơ
ingredients are derived from animal or vegetable matter or from some compound or
carbon (which includes all plastics).
Oxidation the conversion of the surface portions of metal to oxide on heating in air or oxygen Oxi hóa
Pitting the corrosion which is confined to small points of the surface of a metallic specimen so Ăn mòn tạo ra
that definite holes are produced lỗ
Stress-corrosion The cracking caused when a steady tensile stress acts on a metal in a corrosive
cracking environment
Trancrystalline The cracking which passes across the crystals or grains. Ăn mòn giữa
corrosion các hạt tinh thể