NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS 84 (197o) I O 9 - I I 6 ; © N O R T H - H O L L A N D
C R O S S I N G OF A N I N C O H E R E N T INTEGRAL R E S O N A N C E
I N T H E E L E C T R O N RING ACCELERATOR*
C. P E L L E G R I N I t
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Received 6 April 1970
In one m o d e o f operation o f an electron ring accelerator (ERA),
at the e n d o f c o m p r e s s i o n rings are slowly m o v e d t h r o u g h the
radialintegral b e t a t r o n resonance Qr = 1. A l t h o u g h the coherent
radial oscillation frequency o f the ring as a whole remains below
unity, t h e oscillation frequencies o f individual electron are
(incoherently) caused to pass t h r o u g h the resonance because o f
t h e additional focusing f r o m ions t r a p p e d in the ring. In this
p a p e r the effect o f field errors on ring m a j o r a n d m i n o r radii is
e v a l u a t e d - t h e o r e t i c a l l y - f o r the cases in which the spread in
1. Introduction
In the electron ring accelerators (ERA) now being
studied at Dubna, Berkeley, Karlsruhe and Garchingl),
an electron ring is compressed in a magnetic field
having field index n - ~ - (r/B)(dB/t?r) such that
0 < n < 1. At the end of compression positive ions are
captured in the ring, which is subsequently extracted
from the compressor and brought into an accelerating
column having a constant magnetic field and hence
// == 0.
During the compression process the radial betatron
frequency c0r = Qf2, where f2 is the revolution fre-
quency and Q is approximately given by ( l - n ) ~,
stays below f2 or, equivalently, Q stays below unity.
The capture of ions in the electron ring introduces an
additional focusing force on the electron, which has
the effect of increasing Q. During the extraction
process n goes to zero, so that, in the absence of ions
or other additional forces, Q would become equal to
unity. As a result of both effects Q crosses the value
Q=l.
As is well known, when Q = 1 an integer resonance
is excited. This can produce a large displacement of
the electron orbits and hence a beam loss. Moreover,
even if the beam is not lost it is possible that the
crossing of the resonance could produce a large increase
in beam dimension and a corresponding decrease in
the electric field that keeps the ions inside the ring.
As a consequence, the external electric field which is
applied so as to accelerate the ring would have to be
lowered to an uninterestingly small value.
* This work was s u p p o r t e d by the U . S . A t o m i c Energy C o m -
mission.
t P e r m a n e n t address: Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati
( R o m a ) , Italy.
109
PUBLISHING CO,
a n d A. M. S E S S L E R
the square o f the electron oscillation frequency (A 2) is (a) m u c h
smaller a n d (b) m u c h larger t h a n the c o n t r i b u t i o n to the square
o f the oscillation frequency f r o m the ions (A2). It is s h o w n that
for the E R A , where case (a) applies, the increase in ring m i n o r
dimensions, for given field errors a n d rate o f resonance crossing,
is less t h a n in case (b) by a factor o f (A/A) 2. Numerical examples
show that the degradation o f ring quality in case (b) should,
with suitable attention to the design a n d construction o f the E R A
apparatus, be acceptably small.
The increase in oscillation amplitude of a single
particle crossing an integral resonance at a rate
r = d~off/dt is given approximately by
Xs = eg2 2 , (1)
where R is the beam radius, ~ the revolution frequency,
and ( A B / B ) the magnetic field perturbation driving the
resonance2-5).
Formula (1) shows, using typical E R A parameters,
that in order to maintain the increase in amplitude
within reasonable limits, the requirements on the
magnetic field are very strong; for instance, assuming
x, = 0.1 cm, R --- 3 cm, and Q = 104 sec -1, one has
( A B / B ) < 10 -5. Various possibilities have been sug-
gested for reducing Q, so as to avoid crossing the
resonance: The use of image forces obtained by sur-
rounding the electron ring with a dielectric cylinder 6)
or a slotted metallic cylinderT), or keeping Q > 1
throughout compression and acceleration of the ring
by using the azimuthal magnetic field generated by a
current along the axis of the ringS).
The use of image forces seems to provide a practical
way to avoid the resonance crossing when there are
only few ions in the ring, but not when the ring is
charged with more ions than of the order of 1% of
the electrons. The use of an azimuthal magnetic field
to keep Q always above unity requires currents in the
conductor on the axis of the order of l0 s A - a n
inconvenient, but possible, design requirement.
It has, however, been pointed out by Van der
Meer9), on the basis of qualitative arguments, that the
application to the ERA of the formula for the single-
particle increase of amplitude during the resonance
110 C. P E L L E G R I N I AND A. M. SESSLER
crossing may be incorrect. In this paper we study the
effect of resonance crossing in detail. In particular we
consider the cases when Q would stay below unity in
the absence of ions (i.e., the coherent integral resonance
is not crossed), but is shifted above unity by the ion
focusing force (i.e., the incoherent integral resonance is
crossed). We find that in this case the formula (1) is not
valid and that the behavior of the beam in crossing the
incoherent resonance depends on the ratio of the
spread in the square of the frequency in the electron
ring, A2, to the shift in the square of the frequency,
A 2, induced by the ions.
The result described by (1) applies only when the
condition
A 2 / A 2 >~ 1, (2)
since in this case each electron behaves as a single
electron having a frequency (oo2 +A2) ½, where co is the
frequency due to the external magnetic field and image
forces, and A is the shift in frequency caused by the
ions. Thus resonance crossing leads to an increase in
beam minor dimensions, but no change in the beam
center of mass.
On the contrary, in the case more often encountered
in the ERA, when
A 2 / A 2 ,~ t , (3)
there is a (small) change in the local beam center of mass,
but the beam minor dimension increase is smaller, by a
factor of (A2/A2), than that expected on the basis of (1).
Hence the limit on the tolerable magnetic field imper-
fections, AB/B (which is set by the strong requirement
of small minor dimensions of the ring), is lowered and
can more easily be satisfied. Thus our detailed analysis
supports the general conclusions of Van der Meer and
is in qualitative agreement with observation1°).
That the simple formula (1) does not apply to circular
electron beams partially or totally neutralized by ions
is of importance, also, for electron storage rings. In
this case, too, due to the long beam lifetime, a large
number of ions are captured by the beam, when
clearing field electrodes are not used. Once again, the
frequency shift introduced by the ions can cause a
crossing of an integer resonance. Both the conditions
that Q remain below the nearest integer during the ion
loading process and condition (3) are well satisfied in
storage rings. However, in this paper we have consi-
dered only azimuthally uniform beams, while the
electron beam of a storage ring is bunched. Hence,
we cannot directly apply our results to storage rings.
Notwithstanding, we think that, at least to a first
approximation, the results of this work indicate that
also in the case of the storage ring the crossing of the
resonance produces only a beam widening, and that
this widening is not too dangerous because of the strong
reduction introduced by the factor A2/A 2. This con-
clusion is in agreement with the experimental obser-
vations performed on electron storage rings.
2. Formulation of the problem
We assume that the electrons move on a circular
orbit with a constant angular velocity f2, and that they
oscillate in a direction orthogonal to this orbit under
the action of the focusing forces due to the external
magnetic field and to the ions. The ions are assumed
to have zero angular velocity and to oscillate in the
same direction as the electrons under the action of the
focusing force due to the electrostatic field of the
electrons. We ignore ion-ion forces, since in practice
the ion density is sufficiently low that these terms are
negligible.
Let us call Xk, Ok and ~j, ffj the transverse and the
azimuthal coordinates of the kth electron and jth ion.
The equations of motion can be written as
xk (t) + CO2(t) x k (t) + a~ °2 (t) [Xk (t) -- ~ (t, Ok)] +
+ A~kO2(t)[xa(t)-- ,2(t, Ok)] = a COS (~0 k + (a),
Ok = ~td-O~k,
~j (l) + M j2..[~j (t) -- .~ (t, I{/j)] = O,
~bj = const, (4)
where ¢OgXa is the focusing force due to the magnetic
field, the A (e)2 term describes the force of electron on
electrons, A(i)R [Xk--~(t, Ok)] and M~ [ ~ i - ~ ( t , ~bj)] are
the forces between ions and electrons and a cos (~0 k + 4)
is the perturbation in the guide magnetic field. Note
that we consider only field bump errors and do not
include gradient error terms as they are - in practice -
negligible4). We consider only the ~ - Fourier component
in the magnetic field perturbation, where ~ f ~ - COg.
The electron ion forces are written, in the linear
approximation, as proportional to the distance of the
kth particle from the local center of mass of the
particles of the other species, .~(t,O) and ~(t, rp). The
local center of mass can be defined, with the help of the
step function S(O), as
xk(t ) S(O k - O) S(O + d O - Ok)
~(t,O) = k
y S(Ok--O)S(O+dO--Ok)
k
 CROSSING OF AN INCOHERENT INTEGRAL RESONANCE IN THE ERA
~i (t) S ( O j - ¢) S (~ + d f f - ~j)
~(t, ¢) = j (5)
J
The nonlinearities of this force, as well as the non-
linearities in the external focusing force, are taken into
account approximately by allowing a dependence of
0.)2, M 2, A (e)2 and A (i12 o n some of the parameters of
the particles such as oscillation amplitude or energy.
Newton's third law implies a subsidiary condition
among the A(~) and Mj. We need not invoke this
relation, as well be seen below.
The quantities COR,M), A(~,), and A(~) are functions of
time, because of the changes in the external magnetic
field and in the number of ions with time. Both these
variations are assumed to be very slow compared with
the electron and ion oscillation period.
We are only interested in studying the closed-orbit
perturbations due to the magnetic field imperfections,
i.e., the particular solution of the nonhomogenous (4).
We will first consider the case in which cok, A(~), Mk
and A(~) are constant in time. Since the driving force,
a cos ( ~ 0 + ¢ ) , is periodic with respect to 0, we look
for a solution having the same periodicity. Let us
assume
Xk(t ) = A k COS (fi0k+qS),
(6)
~j(t) = Bj cos (ff4/j+¢).
The local centers of mass are then given by
~(t, 0) = ~ cos (~0+4~),
(7)
~(t, lp) = B cos ( h ~ b + ¢ ) .
The amplitudes A, B are given, in the case of a beam
containing Ne electron and N i ions uniformly distri-
buted along the circumference, and assuming that the
distribution of the A k, Bk is independent of the
azimuthal position, by
Z Ak,
k=l
(8)
= ~ Bj.
j=l
Substituting (6) and (7) into (4), we obtain
Bj = A ,
A k¢ (Ok2 -+/Jk
-(e)2+A~i)2 j~2 Q2} __ A~e)2~__A(kI)2 B = a .
(9)
111
By use of (8), the system of (9) can be reduced to
A kS( t O -2-~(e)Z+A(i)z__~2~Q2 } - A~i)2 ~-A(e)2 ~ a
k T I1 k = •
(10)
The first of (9), together with (8), shows simply that,
under the action of the external perturbation, the local
ion center of mass undergoes the same displacement
as the local electron center of mass.
This result is also valid for slow changes of
COk,Mk, A(~,), and A(~), so that in general we can reduce
the equations of (4) to an equation for the electrons
only, namely
5Ck+CO2(t)Xk+A2(O [Xk--X ] = a cos (~Ok+¢), (11)
where we have set A] A(e)2±A(i)2 When COkand Ak
are constant in time this clearly reduces to (10).
3. Normal mode analysis
We have reduced the problem to solving (11),
which task is accomplished in this and the next two
sections. We can limit ourselves to the case in which the
variation in time of cok and Ak is small compared which
fig2. It is then possible to perform a power-series
expansion of these quantities, and to consider only
terms up to first order, namely, to write
O12 = 602 (to) + r ( t - - to),
(12)
A~ = A ~ ( t o ) + r ' ( t - t o ) .
We also assume that r and r' are different from zero
only in a time interval t o - t 1 during which the reso-
nance is crossed, and that the initial and final values
of co2 and CO2k + A 2k are respectively well below and well
above the resonant value ~2122. Notice, also, that we
have assumed r and r' to be equal for all particles. This
is a good approximation when the frequency spreads
for both co and A are small compared with ~g2.
We can now obtain a solution of (11), assuming Xk
to be of the form
Ne
xk(t) = ~ An(t)Ck(n)exp [i(~Ok+¢)], (13)
n=l
where the An(t ) are unknown functions and the C(7,)
are a complete orthonormal set of vectors defined as
the eigenvectors of the linear system of equations
[6o2 (to) + A 2 (to)] C~ n)- A~(to) C (n)
= /"(2.)C(,n) . n = 1. . . . . N . . (14)
112 C. PELLEGRINI AND A. M. SESSLER

where C (") is defined as and

N©
6 = {(l/Ne) Z [xk-ffl2} ~ = {(t/Ne) Z IAn(t)[2-x2} k'
k n
N e k=l (19)
as follows from (5) and (13); and F~.) is an eigenvalue. which are the local center-of-mass amplitude and the
Substituting (13) into (11) and using (12) and (14), root-mean-square (rms) b e a m size. Both ~ and 3 2, as
we get well as (17), depend on the Q") only through the
Ne
average values C (").
Z {A'.+2i~2A.+[F~.) -~2~22 +
n=l 4. Determination of the eigenvectors
+ (r + r') (t-- to) ] A,} C(k") -- i (t-- to) Z A , C (") = a. In this section we determine the eigenvectors and
n eigenvalues of (14) in the two cases: (a) A2/A 2 ~ 1,
(15) and (b) A2/A 2 >~ l. We consider case (a) first; case (b)
Using the orthonormality property of the Ck("), we is rather trivial and is discussed at the end of this
obtain section. It is convenient to start by solving (14) for
the case of zero frequency spread. The eigenvectors
A', + 2 i ~ A . + [r(.2) - ~2 ~2 + (r + r') (t - to)] A. - Ck(n)° are given, for A = 0, by

N© C(k")° = (1/X/N) e 2~i"k/u , (20)

-- r ' ( t - - t o ) N e Z A mC (m) C (") = a N eC ("). (16)
ttt=l
C(")° = (1/x/N) 6,,o, (21)
We assume that A , ( t ) is a function varying slowly
with respect to the characteristic oscillation periods, where we have employed N as a notation for Ne. The
so that it is possible to neglect the second derivative corresponding eigenvalues are
of A,(t) in (16) and write it as /~(2n) 0 2
= coo+Ao2 [1-6,,o]. (22)
2 inQA, + [F~,) - ~2 ~2 + (r + r') (t - to)] A, -
Notice that all the F~,) are equal, with the exception
Ne of F~o).
- r'(t-to)N ~ ~ A,,C'(m)C (") = a N ~ C ("). (17) For a small frequency spread, we can use pertur-
m=l
bation theory to determine the Ck("). Let us rewrite
The p r o b l e m is now reduced to finding the Ck(") and eq. (14) as
A,(t), i.e., to solving (14) and (17). (H (°) + H (')) C (") = ri 2) Q("), (23)
The solution will depend on the ratio A2/A 2, where
A 2 is the width of the distribution of the frequencies where C (") is a vector of c o m p o n e n t s C ("),
co2, and Ao2 is the average value of A 2. (We assume that
the widths o f the distribution o f COk and A k are small H(~°) = (co2 + A~)),~ - A g / N , (24)
c o m p a r e d with the average values of COkand Ak.)
In the remainder of this p a p e r we will study only /(1)
k~ = (co2 + A 2 2
-coo--A2)~kt - (Ak2 -- a o2) / N , (25)
the two cases
and COo 2 and A g are the average values of COk, 2 A 2. For
(a) A2/A 2 ~ |,
H (1) ---- 0, C (") is equal to C (")° as given by (20), and
F~n) = F(,)o2 as given by (22).
and
T o apply perturbation theory when H (1) # 0, one
(b) a~/A~ ,> 1, must r e m e m b e r that the unperturbed solution is
degenerate (all eigenfunctions, except C (°)°, belong to
for both of which solutions of (14) and (17) can be
the same eigenvalue), and use instead of the C(")°'s,
obtained.
for n 4= 0, a linear combination of these vectors such
We also notice that we are interested in the deter-
that H (1) is diagonalized. Calling these new vectors q~("),
mination of the two quantities
one has
= I(I/N~) ~ Xk[ = I~ A,,(t) C(")[ (18)
k n 4~(°) = C (°)° , (26)
 CROSSING OF AN INCOHERENT INTEGRAL RESONANCE IN THE ERA 113

and We can now use these results to simplify (17). In

N-1 the case n = 0 the equation contains zero-order terms
~(n) = B~C 0)° for n:#0, (27) and first-order terms in A2/AZo. Neglecting the first-order
terms, one has
where
2i~Odo+[O~--fi2Q2 +r(t-to)]Ao = a~/N. (37)
1 e2nint/(N_l)
(28)
B~ = ( N _ I ) + For n -# 0 (17) contains first- and second-order terms
in A2/A~. Keeping only lowest-order terms, one has
It is easy to verify that
2 i ~ o A n + [o~z + A~ - Kz 0~ + (r + r') ( t - to)] A, -
(q$,(n) H(1)q$(m)) = 0; n, m # 0 and n # m, (29)
- r' ( t - to) ~/(N) C(") Ao = a N C t") • (38)
and
In case (b) the coupling between particles is negli-
N-1 N-1
gible and the eigenvalues are almost equal to the single
(4,*(")u('4,("b = (1/N) kZ= O t Y= l ~ ~
(~Ok +Ak -- O~o--Ao)~ particle frequencies, i.e.,
= ~ o , + A n + O [ ( A o / A ) ]. (39)
x { e x p 2 7 r i t I ~+nk ] } N - 1 ; n # 0, (30)
The corresponding eigenfunctions are
and that
C~") = 6,, k + ~) [(A~/A 2)], (40)
N--1 N-1
(~*(°)H(')#")) = (i/N) E E (~-~b x and the C"(") are given, to lowest order, by
k=0 t=l
C(")= 1/N. (41)
1 {exp2rdt I ~ - + k]}-
x -( -N- - - -1)~ 1 (31) Eq. (17) now becomes, neglecting the coupling between
particles,
The solution of (23) is now given by 2 i~QA, + / m z + A,-2 ~2 oz + (r + r') ( t - to)] A, = a.
C(n) = 4/n) + ~ A~"4,(~), (32) (42)
m:#n

and, to first order in the perturbation, one has 5. Determination of the amplitude functions
(4,,(m) H (. #n)) In this section we solve (37), (38), (42) for the
A n =
ra (33) functions A,(t).
riL-r2=)o
5.1. CASE (b)
F~2.) = F(,~0 + (q~*(")H(1)qg(")). (34)
We start from (42), which we write in the form
Notice that with our choice ofm 2, A z one has also
A , ( t ) - i g , ( t ) A,(t) = - ia, (43)
(~b*(°) H °) ~b(°)) = 0, where
so that there is no first-order correction to the coherent 1 [m2 + A 2 _ ~2 02 + (r + r') ( t - to)], (44)
g.(t) =
frequency F(~). The quantities C"~n) are now easily
obtained, and, to first order, one has
a

C (°) = (1/~/N) + first order term, (35) = (45)

2~O"
~-,t.) = (1/~/N) (d?*C°) H (1) q~(n))/A2o The solution of (43), with the initial condition
N--1 N--1
A(to) = 0, is
= (1/NAzo) Z Z (o~-cog) x
k=0 t=l A.(t)=- i~{expli f[o O.(t')dt'l}x
i Iexp2nitlk+ n ]} (36)
x IN(N- 1)] ~ N- 1 X f[o dt' exp [-i f'i g.(t")dt"]. (46)
114 C. P E L L E G R 1 N I AND A. M. S E S S L E R

Evaluating the integrals, and using the notation for A o, substitute the result in (38), and solve for A,.
The result will be different according to whether the
D. = (092 + A 2 - ii 2 ~22)/2/iI2,
coherent frequency, coo, does or does not cross the
p = (r + r')/2 nf2, (47) resonance. We will consider here only the case in
which coo does not cross the resonance (i.e., the coherent
one has: integral resonance is not crossed), since this is the
situation which usually confronts us in practice. Under

L exp { -- i [D. (t' -- to) + ½ p (t' - to) 2] }dt'

= x/(n/p) exp [iD2/(2 p)] x

this assumption one can neglect the variation in time
of the coherent frequency and of Ao, and obtain
from (37)
a KIN
x {h ( P ( t - t ° ) + D " ) - h ( D. ~[, (48) A o = cog_(~f2)2. (54)
\ ~/(nP) ,/ \~(~p)/J
where Substituting this in (38) one obtains
h (x) = C ( x ) - iS (x), (49) ~ [ , - i [D + p ( t - to)] A, = - inN C (") [ 1 + q ( t - to)], (55)

and C(x), S(x) are the Fresnel integrals. where

It is usually possible, when p is small and the 2 2 --2
integral extends from well below to well above the D = °)°+A°-n ~2
resonance, to make the approximation 2 ~2
D./~/(Trp) ~ -- 1, p - r+r'
2 iif2
Ep(t- to)+D.]lx/Ozp) >> 1. (50) a

2 ~if2
Since C(___oo) = S(___oo) = _+½, one has in this case
t

~ o
exp { - i [ D , ( t ' - t o ) + k p ( t ' - to)Z]} dt ' q -e)o2_~zQ2"
r
(56)

(2rr/p) ½ exp [+i(Dz,/Zp)-izr/4]. (51) The solution can again be written, assuming A. (to) = 0,
as
The value of A, after crossing the resonance is then
given by
A.(t)=-iaNC(")exp{i fto [D+p(t'-to)]dt' I
A. ,,~ - i d ( 2 ~/p) "~exp {i [ D , ( t - to)+½p(t- to)2]} x
× exp [+i(D2./Zp)-i rc/4] x f, dt'[l+q(t'-to) ] x
d to

=- i~(2~z/p) "texp [ L
lirp(t-to)+
~
D.12
_J
_ iTr/4}. (52)
xexp (f/
--i
o
[D+p(t"-to)]dt" . ) (57)

The final amplitude after crossing the resonance is The integrals of (57) can be evaluated by using (48)
therefore and
IA.I = a(2~/p)* = a [Tr/nt2(r+r')]~, (53)
a well-known result. ft ' d t ' ( t ' - to) exp { - i [D(t'-
o
to) + ½p(t'- to)Z]}

5.2. CASE (a) =2ei(n~/2p,I D Fh(P(t-to)+D~_h( D )]

p / 2~/(~p)L \ ~/(rcp) ,/
In this case the frequency spread A 2 is small com-
pared with the frequency shift Aoz. The situation is
described by (37) and (38), and is clearly more com-
plicated than case (b). The procedure is to solve (37)
..,_, Es,,,\ ~/(2p) /
(58)
 CROSSING OF A N I N C O H E R E N T INTEGRAL RESONANCE IN T H E E R A 115

Assuming the conditions (50) to be satisfied, one 1°'

obtains an amplitude, after crossing the resonance, 62 = { a ( ~ f 2 ( r + r , j ) [I - - X

n(r+r')
A.(t),.~_i~N~(.)(2nl~:{1
\P/
qD}
----~p x (
× l + co~_~2a2/_lj
Ill × ~ ~j

×exp [ L
li[P(t--to)+Ol~ }
i -in/a ,
7(~- ~ (59)
z __afi2 f22 a ( f i Q (2+
COo n ) r') ½
where negligible contributions from the last term of (58)
have been dropped. By use of (56), (59) can be written
as x
[1 r (
n(r+r') 1 "~-CO2__~2~2
A+ )] X

A.(t) ~ i a v/(n) N(~ C")

--

[iif2(r + r')] +
X
x 2Re
[Ao
[
exp i [co~+A2°-n2f22+(r+r')(t-t°)]2
4/if2 (r + r')

x 1 n(r-+r') 1 + CO2--~2~ 2 X
64,
2 2 ~2
x exp i [ c o ° + A ° - 02+(r+r')(t--t°)]2 If
4nO(r+r') '4) (. n , ./+ 1 (65)
(60) >~
\fit2(r+r )] coo2 - - ~2 0 2 '

6. Evaluation of beam position and size and

We are now in a position to evaluate the local
center-of-mass displacement, ~, and the rms beam n i) + AI I (66)
width, & which were defined in (18) and (19). ~Q(T+r' A-~ ~ ~ -2~,
CO 0 - - n 2 ~

6.1. CASE (a): A2/A 2 < 1 then (63) and (64) become
Using (35), (36) (54), and (60), and introducing the a
~ (67)
quantities 0)2 -- ~2 ~r~2 '
N-1
A4 = (l/N) E (mR
2 --m0)
2 2, (61) rt , ) ~ Az
k=0 ×
N--1
6 ~ a fif2(r+r) AZ~o
A~ = (I/N) ~ (CO2--co~)2e-2~k/U, (62)
k=O

so that A s is the rms spread in the square of the fre- x

[ 1 ~0"7/)
r' ( 1 -F °92o - .ll
~2 (22/1"
-.-,
(68)

quency shift, one obtains

Eq. (67) shows that, when the rate of change of co
~_ a ia ( ~ ,)+x and A and the frequency spread are such as to satisfy
co~ -- (tTf2)z \fif2(r + r ) (65) and (66), the local beam center of mass is essen-
tially not influenced by the resonance crossing (but
only by the proximity of the coherent integral reso-
x l n(r+r') 1 ~ coo2 -- ~2 f22 x nance). However, and under the same conditions, the
crossing of the resonance can lead to an increase of
x exp{i[co2+A~-fi2122+(r+r')(t-t°)]2-i41 A---~4~ beam size, as shown by (68).
4 iiO(r + r') A 4' It is interesting to compare these results with the
increase in amplitude of a single particle crossing the
(63) resonance. For a single particle the amplitude after
116 C. P E L L E G R I N I AND A. M. SESSLER

crossing is given by Assuming, again, that condition (50) is satisfied, (69)

and (30) become, to a good approximation,
xs = a ( r r ~ ~.
\~f2r} ~ O, (71)

Taking, for the sake of comparison, r' = 0 the increase

in beam size, ~, is seen to be equal to xs multiplied by l z~ , /t (72)
the factor AE/A2, i.e., the ratio of frequency spread to
frequency shift. These last results are equivalent to saying that each
As a numerical example consider the case of an particle behaves as a single particle, so that, because of
ERA with parameters f2 = 10 a° sec -1, R (ring radius) the large frequency difference between particles, their
3 cm, cOo-f2 ~ 2 x 10-2 f2, r = 2O)o(do)o/dt ) ~ 2 x center of mass averages to zero and one gets essen-
(A/A) ~ 10 - 1 , a = - R I 2 2 ( A B / B )
X 1024 sec - 3 , r ' = 0, tially only a beam widening. But the width increase
3 x 102°(AB/B)sec -2, ~ = 1. The quantity r cor- is larger, by a factor of A2/Ag, than that obtained in
responds to a case such that e)o/f2 changes by 0.1 in case (a).
10 psec, a value typical for the ERA. One sees that (65)
and (66) are satisfied for these parameters. From (67)
We are indebted to G. Lambertson, L. Smith, and
and (68) one has
S. Van der Meer for stimulating conversations and,
in particular, to L. Smith who pointed out an error
~ 30(AB/B)cm, in the original manuscript.
6 ~ 37.5 (AB/B) cm,
References
so that a value of AB/B less than 10 -a should suffice 1 ) V. P. Sarantseev, Proc. Conf. Particle accelerator, Washington,
to keep the effect of the resonance crossing within D.C., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-16, no. 3 (1969) 15;
tolerable limits. D. Keefe, Proc. Conf. Particle accelerator, Washington,
D. C., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-16, no. 3 (1969) 25.
2) A. Garren et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 18-19 (1962) 525.
6.2. CASE (b): A2/A 2 >> 1 3) j. D. Lawson, Syrnp. Electron ring accelerators, UCRL-18103
(Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
From (52), (40), and (41) and from (18) and (19), I968) p. 301.
we have 4) K. R. Symon, Symp. Electron ring accelerators, UCRL-18103
(Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 1968)
p. 304.
~- , 2 exp {i [(Dk+p(t--to))2/2p]} 2) L.J. Laslett, ERA Internal Report (Lawrence Radiation
= a\iif2(r+r)] ~[ k Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 1969) unpublished.
6) A. M. Sessler, Symp. Electron ring accelerators UCRL-
(69) 18103 (Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
and 1968) p. 11.
7) A . G . Bonch-Osmolowskii et al., Preprint JINR-PG-4135
62 = a2zc { 1 ~exp[i(Dk+P(t--to).~2 (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, USSR, 1968).
iiQ-~r+r') 1--NSk,h \ ~/(2p) / 8) See ref. 7, and also L. J. Laslett, Internal Report ERAN-51
(Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
1970).
9) S. Van der Meer, CERN Preprint ISR-PO-169-57 (1969).
(70) lo) V. P. Sarantseev et al., in Proc. VII Int. Conf. High energy
\ ~/(2p) / j j accelerators (Yerevan, USSR, 1969) to be published.