UNIT 1 END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT 4 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

Question 1

Sulfamic acid is a white solid used by plumbers as a limescale remover.

(a) Sulfamic acid contains 14.42% by mass of nitrogen, 3.09% hydrogen and 33.06% sulfur.
The remainder is oxygen.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of sulfamic acid. (3)

N = 14.42/14 = 1.03; H = 3.09/1 = 3.09; S = 33.06/32.1 = 1.03 O = 49.43/16 = 3.09

Ratio: N:H:S:O = 1:3:1:3

E.F. = NH3SO3

(ii) The molar mass of sulfamic acid is 97.1 g mol–1. Use this information to deduce the
molecular formula of sulfamic acid. (1)

n(14+3+32.1+48) = 97.1 97.1n = 97.1

n=1 M.F. = NH3SO3

(b) A solution of sulfamic acid contains hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions react with
magnesium to produce hydrogen gas. In an experiment, a solution containing 5.5 × 10–3
moles of sulfamic acid was reacted with excess magnesium. The volume of hydrogen
produced was 66 cm3, measured at room temperature and pressure.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to carry out this experiment,
showing how you would collect the hydrogen produced and measure its volume. (2)

Downward displacement of water using inverted burette/measuring cylinder/gas syringe

Others – delivery, reaction vessel etc

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen, H2, produced in this reaction.
[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure] (1)

66/24 000 = 2.75 x 10-3 mols

(iii) Show that the data confirms that each mole of sulfamic acid produces one mole of
hydrogen ions in solution. (2)

No. of mols of H+ = 2 x 2.75 x 10-3 mols = 5.5 x 10-3 mols

No. of mols of sulfamic acid = 5.5 x 10-3 mols

Ratio = 1:1

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 UNIT 1 END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT 4 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

(c) Plumbers use sulfamic acid powder for descaling large items such as boilers. Sulfamic
acid acts as a descaler because the hydrogen ions react with carbonate ions in limescale.

(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction of hydrogen ions with carbonate ions. State
symbols are not required. (1)

2H+ + CO32- → H2O + CO2

(ii) Suggest ONE reason why sulfamic acid is considered less hazardous than hydrochloric
acid as a descaler. (1)

It is a weak acid/ less corrosive

(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)

Question 2
Magnesium chloride can be made by reacting solid magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, with
dilute hydrochloric acid.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction, including state symbols. (2)

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(b) Give TWO observations you would make when the reaction is taking place. (2)

Effervescence/bubbles of gas

Solid dissolves

(c) In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O,

magnesium carbonate was added to 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid with concentration 2.0 mol
dm–3. The molar mass of magnesium carbonate is 84.3 g mol–1.

(i) How many moles of acid are used in the reaction? (1)

25/1000 x 2.0 = 0.05 mols

(ii) What mass of magnesium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid? (1)

½ x 0.05 x (24.3 + 12 + 3(16)) = 2.1075 g

(iii) Suggest why slightly more than this mass of magnesium carbonate is used in
practice. (1)

To ensure ALL the HCl has reacted.

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 UNIT 1 END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT 4 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

(iv) How would you separate the magnesium chloride solution from the reaction mixture in
(iii)? (1)

Filter

(v) The magnesium chloride solution was left to crystallise. The crystals were separated and
dried carefully. A sample of 3.75g of hydrated crystals, MgCl2.6H2O, which have molar mass
203.3 g mol–1, was obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield of this reaction. (2)

Theoretical yield = 0.025 x 203.3 = 5.0825 g

Percentage yield = 3.75/5.0825 x 100 = 73.78258731 = 73.8% (3 S.F.)

(vi) Give ONE reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when pure compounds
are used in the preparation. (1)

ANY ONE

Some remain in solution

Stuck in filter paper

MgCO3 is impure.

(b) Blood plasma typically contains 20 parts per million (ppm) of magnesium, by mass.

(i) Calculate the mass of magnesium, in grams, present in 100 g of plasma. (1)

20 x 10-6 x 100 = 2.00 x 10-3 g

(ii) Magnesium chloride can be used as a supplement in the diet to treat patients with low
amounts of magnesium in the blood. Suggest ONE property which makes it more suitable
for this purpose than magnesium carbonate. (1)

MgCl2 is soluble/MgCO3 is insoluble

(Total for Question 2 = 13 marks)

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 UNIT 1 END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT 4 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

Question 3

Chloroethane, C2H5Cl, can be made from either ethane or ethene.

(a) (i) What reagent and condition would be used to make chloroethane from ethane? (2)

Reagent: Chlorine/Cl2

Condition: uv/ultraviolet/sunlight

(ii) State the type of reaction and mechanism by which this reaction occurs. (2)

Substitution

Free radical (substitution)

(b) (i) What reagent would be used to make chloroethane from ethene? (1)

HCl/Hydrogen chloride

(ii) Show, in full, the mechanism for this reaction in which ethene is converted to
chloroethane. (3)

Full arrow from double bond to + AND Full arrow from bond to - of Cl-Cl bond

Intermediate carbocation

Full arrow from lone pair of Cl- to + C

(c) Which method of making chloroethane has (3)

• a higher atom economy? ethene

• a higher percentage yield? ethene

Explain your answers.

With chloroethene……single product

With chloroethene …..no other side products

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 UNIT 1 END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT 4 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

(d) The compound chloroethene, CH2 = CHCl forms an addition polymer.

(i) Draw a diagram, using dots or crosses, to show the arrangement of electrons in
chloroethene. Only the outer shell electrons need be shown. (2)

(ii) Chloroethene can form an addition polymer. Write the displayed formula of
poly(chloroethene) showing two repeat units. (1)

2 repeat units and extension.

(Total for Question 3 = 14 marks)

Question 4
The graph shows the variation in melting temperatures of the elements across Period 3 (Na
to Ar) of the Periodic Table.

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 UNIT 1 END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT 4 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

(a) Complete the table below to show the type of structure and bonding for the elements
shown. (3)

Giant metallic

Giant covalent

Simple molecular covalent

(b) Explain why silicon has a much higher melting temperature than sulfur. (2)

Silicon – All bonds are strong covalent bonds

Sulfur – weak intermolecular forces/London forces between molecules

(c) Explain why the melting temperature increases from sodium to aluminium. (2)

More electrons delocalised into sea of delocalised electrons AND smaller ionic radii

Stronger electrostatic attraction/Stronger metallic bond

(d) Magnesium forms the basic oxide magnesium oxide, MgO. This oxide is almost insoluble
in water. On gentle warming with dilute sulfuric acid, magnesium oxide reacts to form
aqueous magnesium sulfate solution. Describe how you would use the above reaction to
prepare a pure sample of magnesium sulfate. (5)

(1) Excess MgO

(2) Filter
(3) Heat filtrate/solution to half/smaller volume
(4) Cool
(5) Filter off solid/crystal

(Total for Question 4 = 12 marks)

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