Author/s Year Title Source

World Bank
International Doing Business in Doing Business
2010
Finance Philippines 2011 Subreports
Corporation

Entrepreneurial Self-
Mateja Drnovsek efficacy and Business
and Joakim 2010 Start-up: Developing a Scholarly Journals
Wincent Multi-dimensional
Definition

The Ultimate Guide to

Strategic Marketing: Real
Robert J. Hamper 2014 World Methods for Books24x7
Developing Successful,
Long-Term Marketing
Plans

International Consumer
Journal of Product
Behavior: Its Impact on
Marketing Strategy Innovation
1996 Management; Mar96,
Development/Consumer
Vol. 13 Issue 2, p184-
Behavior: Implications for
186, 3p
Marketing Strategy

Funkhouser, G. Ray

Creating a marketing plan helps

you define the customer you
should be going after, where
they are and what will attract
Cecil Bullard 2011 them to you. No shop should be Trade Journals
in business without a marketing
plan that it reevaluates
annually, reviews quarterly and
consults monthly.

Malcolm McDonald The Discipline of

2013 Books24x7
and Mike Meldrum Marketing
Sy-Changco, Joseph
Managerial insights into
A; Chanthika
sachet marketing
Pornpitakpan; 2011 Scholarly Journals
strategies and popularity
Singh, Ramendra;
in the Philippines
Bonilla, Celia M

Amir M. Hormozi,
Business plans for new or
Gail S. Sutton,
2002 small businesses: Paving Scholarly Journals
Robert D. McMinn
the path to success
and Lucio Wendy

Global Marketing
Management: Changes,
Kiefer Lee and
2005 Challenges and New Oxford University Press
Steve Carter
Strategies

China Weekly News Philippines Food and

2009 Drinks Market: Emerging Trade Journals
Editors Opportunities

Marketing
Communications:
Kogan Page 2011 Integrating Offline and Books24x7
Online with Social Media,
Fifth Edition

A SWOT Analysis of
Gail Brooks, Alan
Competitive Knowledge
Heffner and Dave 2014 from Social Media for a Scholarly Journals
Henderson
Small Start-up Business

How to plan as a small

Michale Frese,
Macro Van scale business owner:
2000 Psychological process Scholarly Journals
Gelderen and
characteristics of action
Micheal Ombach
strategies and success
 Research and Markets;
The Philippines Food and
Drink Report Provides
Anonymous 2008 Independent Forecasts Trade Journals
and Competitive
Intelligence on Its Food
and Drink Industry

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
IN CONSUMER BUYING
Paulo R. Calvancati,
2013 PATTERNS: A Scholarly Journals
Gordon R. Foxall
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS

THE ALIGNMENT
BETWEEN LEADERSHIP,
ORGANIZATIONAL
CULTURE,
AND FUNCTIONAL
Gerard F. Becker 2007 MATURITY: Scholarly Journals
AN ETHNOGRAPHIC CASE
STUDY FOR SMALL
BUSINESS
TRANSFORMATIONAL
CHANGE

Why households buy International Journal of

Francisco, Jamil bottled water: a survey of Consumer Studies.
2014
Paolo S. household perceptions in Jan2014, Vol. 38 Issue
the Philippines. 1, p98-103. 6p.
 Small-scale Business
Maria Claret M. Enterprises in the
2007 Scholarly Journals
Ruane Philippines: Survey and
Empirical Analysis

Selling small can be big

Independent writer (unknown)
2012 Scholarly Journals
business

Skills development for

Legaspi, Marissa SMEs and micro
2012 Working Papers
Grasparil enterprises in the
Philippines

Almeda, Steve Z. 1 ; Micro, Small and Medium

Enterprises (MSMEs) in
Baysic-Pobre, 2013 the Philippines: What We Working Papers
Ivyrose Know and What We Don't
Know

FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE SMALL AND
MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN
Cudia, Cynthia P 2008 METRO MANILA TO Scholarly Journals
CHOOSE BETWEEN
ACCRUAL AND CASH
ACCOUNTING

BUSINESSWORLD
(PHILIPPINES): Small and
Gabor, Mina 2000 Trade Journals
medium enterprise sector
needs to be strengthened
 SME DEVELOPMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY
Habaradas,
2008 UPGRADING IN Scholarly Journals
Raymund B
MALAYSIA: LESSONS FOR
THE PHILIPPINES

Poblete, Johanna SPECIAL FEATURE: small

2007 Trade Journals
Paola D and medium enterprises

RETAIL SERVICE QUALITY

EXPECTATIONS AND
Munoz, J Mark;
PERCEPTIONS AMONG
Raven, Peter; 2006 Scholarly Journals
PHILIPPINE
Welsh, Dianne H B
SMALL/MEDIUM
ENTERPRISES

SPECIAL FEATURE:
Industry Leaders in Focus
Anonymous 1999 (The Philippines' Leading Trade Journals
Corporations): Marketing
secrets

Food, class, and the

Orquiza, Rene American imperial DAI-A 74/06(E), Dec
2012
Alexander Disini, Jr. experience in the 2013
Philippines, 1898--1946

Innovation, Product
Development and
Dariush Rafinejad 2007 Commercialization: Case Books24x7
Studies and Key Practices
for Market Leadership
 Seeram The Changing Face of
World Scientific
Ramakrishna and 2012 Innovation: Is It Shifting to
Publishing Co
Daniel Joo-Then Ng Asia?

The Retail Value Chain:

How to Gain Competitive
Sami Finne and
2009 Advantage through Books24x7: Kogan Page
Hanna Sivonen
Efficient Consumer
Response (ECR) Strategies

Maximizing Profit: How to

Measure the Financial
Walter Thrun 2003 Books24x7
Impact of Manufacturing
Decisions

Alejo Jose G Sison;

Business ethics in the
Palma-Angeles, 1997 Scholarly Journals
Philippines
Antonette

Chen, Mei-Liang; Expansion Trend of Fast

Chen, Kuang-Jung; 2010 Food Franchises in Metro Scholarly Journals
Liu, Chu-Mei Manila

An Economic Analysis of
Stephen K. Happeln Academic
Quarterly Journal of
and Marianne M. 2008 Dishonesty and Its
Labor Economics
Jennings Deterrence in
Higher Education

The macroeconomic and Economic Modeling.

Mariano, Marc Jim
food security implications
M. Giesecke James 2014
of price interventions in Feb2014, Vol. 37, p350-
A. 361, 12p.
the Philippine rice market
 BUSINESSWORLD
(PHILIPPINES): Alternative
Castillo, Earl
2000 certification scheme Trade Journals
Warren B
ensures both food quality,
safety

TOP MANAGEMENT Academy of

QIANG LI1 ATTENTION TO Management Journal.
MAGGITTI, PATRICK INNOVATION: THE ROLE Jun2013, Vol. 56 Issue
SMITH, KEN G.3,4 OF SEARCH SELECTION 3, p893-916. 24p. 1
TESLUK, PAUL E.5 AND INTENSITY IN NEW Black and White
KATILA, RIITTA6 PRODUCT Photograph, 1 Diagram,
INTRODUCTIONS. 4 Charts.

Understanding key factors

in social enterprise
Christine Nielsen
development of the BOP:
and Patricia M. 2008 a systems approach Scholarly Journals
Samia
applied to case studies in
the Philippines

Strategic management of International Journal of

Jae Young Choi1
new products: Ex-ante Market Research. 2013,
Jungwoo Shin2 Vol. 55 Issue 2, p289-
simulation and market
Jongsu Lee2 314. 26p. 3 Diagrams, 7
segmentation.
Charts, 4 Graphs.
 Gmelin, Harald1
harald.gmelin@we
Determinants of a Journal of Cleaner
b.de
sustainable new product Production. Apr2014,
Seuring, Stefan1
development. Vol. 69, p1-9. 9p.
seuring@uni-
kassel.de

Bezuidenhout,
Carel Nicolaas1
bezuidenhoutc@uk
International Journal of
zn.ac.za Network-analysis
Production Research.
Bodhanya, approaches to deal with
Apr2012, Vol. 50 Issue
Shamim2 causal complexity in a 7, p1840-1849. 10p. 9
Sanjika, Thawani1 supply network.
Diagrams, 2 Charts.
Sibomana, Milindi1
Boote, Gordon
Louis Nelson1
 International Journal of
Production Research.
Bottani, Eleonora1 Supply chain design and
May2010, Vol. 48 Issue
Montanari, cost analysis through
10, p2859-2886. 28p. 3
Roberto1 simulation.
Diagrams, 5 Charts, 7
Graphs.

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF
A COMPANY BASED ON
Branko Tomazic 2004 THE VALUE CHAIN Conference Papers &
Proceedings
APPROACH WITH THE
FRUCTAL COMPANY CASE

Chaudhuri, Atanu1 Supply chain risk

atchaudhuri@iiml.a International Journal of
assessment during new
c.in Production Research.
product development: a
Mohanty, Bhaba May2013, Vol. 51 Issue
Krishna1 group decision making 10, p2790-2804. 15p. 2
approach using numeric
Singh, Kashi Diagrams, 11 Charts.
and linguistic data.
Naresh1
 Beske, Philip1
beske@uni-
Sustainable supply chain
kassel.de
management practices International Journal of
Land, Anna2
and dynamic capabilities Production Economics.
Anna.land@uni- 2014
in the food industry: A Jun2014, Vol. 152,
kassel.de
critical analysis of the p131-143. 13p.
Seuring, Stefan2
literature.
seuring@uni-
kassel.de

International Journal of
Production Research.
Shafiei-Monfared, Complexity analysis of an
Sep2011, Vol. 49 Issue
S.1 operation in demand-
Jenab, K.1 based manufacturing. 17, p5303-5315. 13p. 1
Diagram, 5 Charts, 6
Graphs.

Environmental
sustainability orientation
Roxas, Banjo;
2012 and financial resources of Scholarly Journals
Chadee, Doren
small manufacturing firms
in the Philippines
 Objective

This article aims to help the researches on how to have

a business start up.

The aims of this paper are to: critically review and

identify gaps in current literature on entrepreneurial
self-efficacy, provide a definition of entrepreneurial self-
efficacy that addresses some of those gaps, and explore
the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy during the
phases of a business start-up process. 

To support the Discipline of Marketing and to have

additional resources of the topic

Review the book of "International Consumer Behavior:

Its Impact on Marketing Strategy Development," by A.
Coskun Samli, and "Consumer Behavior: Implications for
Marketing Strategy," 6th ed., by Del I. Hawkins, Roger J.
Best and Kenneth A. Coney.

This study helps the business owners to know what their

rights and responsibilities are.

The book is all about the Discipline of Marketing but it

also discusses the basics on how to have an efective
Marketing
 The purpose of this paper is to provide managerial
insights into how consumer goods companies adopt the
traditional mini-sized retail modalities and adjust their
strategies to market sachets successfully in the
Philippines.

This paper seeks to address that

utilizing business planning as a tool will allow new or
small businesses to achieve and even surpass their
goals.

To cite referrences to innovations and challenges of a

new business in the market and new strategies to have
an efficient marketing stratgey.

This report is an in-depth study that evaluates the past,

current and future market trends in the food and
drinks industry of the Philippines. This report has been
made to help clients in analyzing the opportunities,
challenges and drivers critical to the growth of
the industry.

Featuring numerous examples and case studies, this

widely acclaimed marketing "classic" presents the many
varied forms of communication social media offers and
the opportunities for marketing that more effectively
engages with its end-user.

The purpose of this study is to use the well-known

SWOT framework model to evaluate a small start-up
business’s use of social media from a competitive
knowledge perspective.

The objective of this research is to deepen our

understanding of how strategies are used and how the
owner/manager's strategy-relevant behavior is related
to success in the small business.
 the author explores the impact that improved
government spending has had on the country's
agricultural industry and how sector improvement could
act as a turning point for the broader economy.

The main purpose of the present research was to

identify individual differences in buying patterns of fast-
moving consumer goods.

Leadership, organizational culture research, as well as

functional maturity has
been typified by a systems approach (Senge, 1990)
utilizing methodologies such as case
studies (Yin, 2003) and ethnography (Hammersley &
Atkinson, 1983).

This study investigates the determinants of household

buying decisions to purchase bottled water or purified
water from refilling stations among households in Metro
Cebu, Philippines
 This paper is a two-part study of small-scale business
enterprises in the Philippines: survey and empirical
analysis, both of which are combined in an attempt to
understand what determines entrepreneurial
motivations and success in the Philippines. 

This paper aims to review the latest management

developments across the globe and pinpoint practical
implications from cutting-edge research and case
studies.

In the Philippines, micro, small and medium-sized

enterprises are the backbone of the economy. They play
a vital role not only in wealth creation but also in
dispersing new industries to the countryside and
stimulating gainful employment. They also contribute to
the equitable distribution of income and poverty
alleviation.

The availability of national firm level data particularly on

micro enterprises in many developing countries still
remains limited up to this date. The Philippines is no
exception, which in turn limits the extent of empirical
analysis on the economic contributions of micro, small
and medium scale enterprises. This paper presents a
novel dataset of Philippine micro, small and medium
enterprises and the existing literature concerning the
challenges and development issues of MSMEs in the
industrial and developing countries.

This paper presents the important considerations of

SMEs in Metro Manila in using an accounting method,
whether accrual accounting as prescribed by GAAP or
cash accounting. This paper reports the results from the
observations, which identify the method that is more
applicable to these entities.

The ADB is currently planning to develop a $168-million

SME development program in poverty-stricken areas in
the East ASEAN Growth Area, particularly the islands of
Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines and the
provinces of Sulawesi and Kalimantan in Indonesia.
 As developing countries striving for greater economic
competitiveness in a global business environment, both
Malaysia and the Philippines have formulated policies
and implemented programs to support small- and
medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) - the backbone of
vibrant economies.

SMEs can cultivate a "creative economy" that will be the

Philippines' edge over other countries, especially China

The Philippines is among the emerging markets in the

world. Along with China, the Philippines attracts
international enterprises seeking to establish a presence
in Asia. This study examines small/medium enterprises
(SMEs) management and employee perceptions of
customer service on a number of dimensions.

Growth strategies are specific and synchronized. While

different firms adopt different strategies, consistency
and focus have become distinguishing factors.
Foodsphere and Lintas likewise emphasized repeat
relationship with customers. It increased its number of
distributors by intensifying the loyalty and motivation
level of its distributors. Similar strategies by Chowking
revealed expansion via new users and more usage.

"Food, class, and the American imperial experience in

the Philippines, 1898-1946" attempts to demonstrate
how American imperial actors attempted to transform
the lives of different groups of Filipinos through how
they consumed and produced food items.

To have a referrence on how to innovate and develope

a product in a competetive market
 Knowing how Philippines is open to innovations and
how the country is applying these changes.

Analyzing the changes in the retail industry and the

strategic options now open to companies, this book
describes the key concepts of Efficient Consumer
Response (ECR) and provides several illustrative cases to
demonstrate the results.

To explain the concepts the theories that is involve in

this book.

The plurality of languages and ethnicities, the

geographic fragmentation, the predominant Roman
Catholic religion, together with the still relatively short
experience in nationhood account for a very peculiar
understanding of "business ethics" in the Philippines.

This study of late 2009 analyzes fast food buying

behavior in Metro Manila and compares and contrasts
the marketing's four P's of twelve fast food franchises.
Fast food franchises dominate the food and beverage
industry, and there are currently thirty-two thousand
fast food restaurants in Metro Manila.

The sudy explores the reasons for rising dishonesty on

campuses using microeconomic analysis of academic
dishonesty, including discussion of the externalities that
drive college students to cheat, to provide new insights
into deterrence and prevention.
 ISO 9000 as a stand-alone system is inadequate for the
food industry because it's basically a management
system whereas HACCP is a risk management technique.
So by taking the appropriate elements of ISO 9000 and
incorporating it into the HACCP technique, you have a
perfect sytem which has been designed by people who
understand the food industry for the agri-food industry
because ISO is basically for the manufacturing industry

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive

perspective on social enterprise development, leading
to enhanced understanding of the bottom of the
pyramid (BOP) marketplace. 
Taking into account the empirical evidence that analysts
in enterprises in Slovenia do not use much the analytical
approach built on the value chain concept while making
a strategic analysis of their companies, it seems useful
to produce a comprehensive description of this tool and
present its application in at least one case. This will be,
therefore, the purpose of our paper
This paper aims at describing how Sustainable Supply
Chain Management practices allow companies to
maintain control over their supply chain and achieve a
competitive advantage with the implementation of
dynamic capabilities.

this study aims to challenge the conventional view that

resources determine the extent of the environmental
sustainability orientation (ESO) of small firms in a
developing Southeast Asian country context. First, this
study attempts to develop a measurement model of
ESO of small firms in the manufacturing sector in the
Philippines.
 Theory Method

This subreports continues to explore the businesses

start-up in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Although this Regulations were analyzed for 21 cities in 3
an article in 2011 this could still helped analyzing the regions: Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao.
businesses in the country. How to enhance a business and what are the
constraint of it?
Article contributes to the research literature by adding Stages of the life of s local business, how it
some details about stating a business in a small scale and affects the businesses?
big scale.

The authors build from the origins and

mechanisms of the self-efficacy construct in
social cognitive theory and a synthesis of that
Socio-cognitive Theory work with prior use of self-efficacy in
entrepreneurship to propose a definition of
entrepreneurial self-efficacy that is context
specific and empirically testable. 

The emphasis is on developing a proactive

marketing plan that will give your firm a
Diagrams to follow the effective Marketing Plan blueprint for future growth. To get the
greatest benefit from strategic marketing
planning

INTERNATIONAL Consumer Behavior: Its Impact on

Marketing Strategy Development (Book) Consumer Behavior: Impact on Marketing
CONSUMER Behavior: Implications for Marketing Strategy Development
Strategy (Book)

Gathering information from specific people

and then prepare.

The book basically talks about Marketing and how to

Study of topics that involve in marketing
effectively market a good/service.
 interviews

The Global Marketing Environment:Changes and New

Challenges. The Development of Global Marketing Understanding the aplication of new
Strategies. Managing Global Marketing Operations and strategies, changes and challenges.
New Challenges

Communications Background and Theories.

Communications Tools

The authors conducted extensive interviews

chose an open-ended questionnaire format to
obtain in-depth insight into the company’s use
SWOT framework model of social media. When relevant, they used
follow-up questions to probe for additional
information.

This study relied on success variables that

were measured via interviews. Although
interviews start out with the information
Action Theory (Frese and Zapf; 1994) provided by the respondent, well designed
interviews can use prompts to ascertain what
the respondents really meant and to check on
their answers by asking for concrete examples.
 The data were collected via barcode scanners
installed at the residences of the participants.
The sample was randomly selected from a
larger data set that included purchase
information from more than 10,000
Operant Theory households. The consumer panel was
regionally and demographically balanced to
represent the household population, and the
acquired sample contained information about
four product categories during 52 weeks, from
July 2004 to July 2005.

The research approach utilized a qualitative,

ethnographic case study
methodology to gather, interpret and
synthesize (Creswell, 2003) information about
the
leadership attributes in the context of
culturally endorsed implicit leadership (CLT)
culturally endorsed leadership theory
(Javidan, Dorfman, de Luque, & House, 2006);
organizational culture for a small
business utilizing cultural dimensions (House,
Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta,
2004); as well as functional maturity using a
capability maturity model (CMM) (Curtis,
Hefley, & Miller, 2002).

Consumption of bottled ater in the Philippines Survey

 The survey instrument and process are first
described, then the survey results are
summarized. This is followed by a section that
presents the empirical analysis of the
.determinants of success by Filipino SMEs. This
analysis is based on using OLS method to
process survey data.

interviews

quitable distribution of income and poverty alleviation Survey

dataset, Survey

accounting theory Surveys

Research from government agencies

 interviews with key government personnel,
businessmen,

Observation, surveys

exploratory study Survey

historiographical contribution

Innovation, Product Development and Commercialization

is highly readable and full of wisdom and conceptual and
Researches for Innovations
practical insights into managing new product
development.
Asia's Spirit of Innovation. Enablers-Forces of Innovation.
Understanding the concepts of the book.
Influencers. Spoilers.

Retail value chain, collaboration in retail value chains and

Understanding of the book
demand management

Concepts of the theory of constraints, systems thinking,

and the application of constrained optimization to
Understand each concept of the book
address how to make strategic manufacturing decisions
that are optimal relative to financial performance.

inequitable distribution of wealth

Questionnaires, Interviews, Observations,

theories of Hawkin et al. (1983)
Documentations

Quantitative Descriptive
questionnaire was designed around variables
Coase Theorem; Hayek's Knowledge as Commodity in 10 broad predictor
categories which made up
proposed model
 interviews, surveys

General systems theory is applied to case

studies drawn from thePhilippines, enabling
General Systems Theory the authors delineate system actors and their
interrelationships, system objectives and
strategies, key success factors and outcomes.

product development
MANAGEMENT
MARKET segmentation -- Mathematical models
DISCRETE choice models
CONSUMERS' preferences
ELECTRONIC funds transfers product development --
Mathematical models
CONSUMERS' preferences -- Mathematical models
MARKET share -- Mathematical models
product development -- Statistics
STRATEGIC planning CONSUMER behavior --
Mathematical models
MULTILEVEL models (Statistics)
PREDICTION models
LOGITS
METHODOLOGY
 Marketing Consulting Services
Administration of General Economic Programs

NETWORK analysis (Planning)

SUPPLY chains
SIMULATION methods & models
SUGARCANE industry
KEY performance indicators (Management)
THEORY of constraints (Management)
DATA analysis
INTERVIEWING
STAKEHOLDERS
COMPLEXITY (Philosophy)
CAUSATION (Philosophy)
 SUPPLY chains
CONSUMER goods
INDUSTRIAL design -- Economic aspects
COST analysis
SIMULATION methods & models
SUPPLY chain management
DEMAND chain planning
INVENTORY control
COST effectiveness
MARKETING -- Planning
SUPPLIERS
ADVANCED planning & optimization
EXPERIMENTAL design
economical analysis
fast moving consumer goods
simulation model
supply chain design
supply chain management

The researchers analyzed the whole concept

on a theoretical level. Then intended to
SWOT framework model; Value Chain Concept present the practical application of the whole
concept. And finally an evaluation of the
approach of offered stating its main merits and
limitations. 

SUPPLY chain management

RESEARCH
RISK assessment -- Mathematical models
product development
MANAGEMENT
GROUP decision making FAILURE analysis (Engineering)
RISK management in business
INDUSTRIAL procurement
PRODUCT management -- Research
POSTPONEMENT (Supply chain management)
PRODUCT launches
SUPPLY chain disruptions
FAILURE mode & effects analysis
METHODOLOGY. Linguistic and numeric data failure
mode effect analysis
new product development
supply chain risk assessment
Supply chain of a sustainability-oriented industry are also
Describing and studying the Sustainable
identified, such as knowledge sharing and re-
Supply Chain Management
conceptualizing the supply chain.

LEARNING curve (Industrial engineering)

*DEMAND (Economic theory)
*PRODUCTION scheduling
*MANUFACTURES
*STOCHASTIC analysis
*SUPPLY chain management
*PRODUCT life cycle
*STOCHASTIC processes
*INDUSTRIAL equipment -- Maintenance & repair
*INDUSTRIAL productivity
COMPLEXITY (Philosophy)
COGNITIVE ability. Complexity
demand-based production systems
human cognitive
learning curve
stochastic demand times

survey data from 166 small manufacturing

firms
 Major Findings

The indicators are used to identify business reforms and the extent to which these have been
effective in simplifying the procedures, saving time, and lowering the cost of doing business.

Knowing the stages of a local business.

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is best seen as a multidimensional construct made up of goal and

control beliefs, and propositions for how these two different dimensions will play a role during
phases in the process of starting-up a new business are developed. 

Step by step Marketing Strategic Planning can help company improve the outcomes of the
business.

The book studies the finding of the author and the strategies on developing a market strategy
base on consumer behavior.

Creating a marketing plan helps you define the customer you should be going after, where they are and what will
attract them to you. No shop should be in business without a marketing plan that it reevaluates annually, reviews
quarterly and consults monthly.

To understand marketing, it is helpful to understand where it came from. In essence, it started

when entrepreneurs began experiencing difficulties selling their wares. When putting ever
increasing efforts into sales proved ineffective, smart traders instead put effort into identifying
what they would have to do differently to keep trading.
 The findings suggest that companies use sachet marketing to facilitate trials of new products
and to deliver value across the market by making products more affordable and accessible.
The extensive network of corner stores provides the distribution system needed to reach the
farthest and remotest markets. To be successful, the brands must be popular and priced in a
manner compatible with the coinage system in a market.

Planning plays an important role in determining the degree of success realized by a new or
small business. Essential elements to business success are identification of goals, followed by
development of strategies to meet those goals. 

This book contains the topics that can help a business to survive in a very compeptititve
market. On understanding the concepts and applicable theories for a business like Opportunity
Analysis and Selection of Markets.

The Philippines has emerged as one of the rapidly growing food and drinks industries in the

Asian region over the recent past. The country is characterized by various factors, such as its
growing young affluent population, rising disposable income and rising consumer awareness
regarding health and safety concerns. With these factors, the demand for health food and
drinks is surging high, says our new research report, "Philippines Food and Drinks Market:
Emerging Opportunities".

Helps the researches on how o market the products via social media websites and how to
attract the consumers about the product.

SWOT proved to be an adaptable framework tool for analyzing the use of social media to
provide information for increasing a company’s competitive knowledge. Increasing an
organization’s competitive knowledge through the use of social media has many benefits.

This study has shown that a paradigm -strategy characteristics-that is highly related to the
actions of the owner/managers is related to the success of the firms and the owners. The
results showed that process characteristics of action strategies are related to owners' success.
The results were the same for both the economic measures of success (growth in sales, profit,
etc.) and the personal measures of success (reaching one's goals)
 Problems of oversupply of key commodities were unheard of years ago, while the idea of this
surplus being of a high enough quality to offload on to the export market was even more
ludicrous. These changes are a result of improved government financing for the agricultural
sector and the author believes that this will be a key driver of our export growth forecast of
9.5% to 2010. Imports in value terms are set to fall by a marginal 0.1%, a figure that once again
demonstrates the Philippines' improved self-sufficiency.

Results indicated that such individual differences tend to show stability across time. Moreover,
measures of buying patterns tend to be correlated, showing several regularities, some of
which could be observed in all four product categories and others that were detected in
specific product categories. Many of these buying patterns also showed consistency across
time periods.

Findings that included the creation and propagation of a customer-centric focus with high
quality products and
services; inclusion of ideas from all participants within the organization; assurance of adequate
training for all participants in the organization; clarity of vision provided by the
organizational leadership; and, fostering of a collaborative working environment.

This survey can help the researches on finding out how responsive are the people in terms of
buying of bottled water wether distilled or in different way of purifying the water. This
determines the responsiveness of the consumers in the market.
 Entrepreneurs surveyed indicate that it is important for their businesses to make a
contribution to society. Also, the survey reveals the extent to which entrepreneurs will bear
sacrifices for their businesses.

The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the
world's leading organizations. Originality/value - The briefing saves busy executives and
researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information
and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to digest format.

there were 783 065 business enterprises operating in the Philippines as of 2006. Of these,
99.7% (780 469) were micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME) and the remaining
0.3% (2 596) were large enterprises. Of the total number of MSMEs, 92% (720 191) were micro
enterprises, 7.3% (57 439) small enterprises, and 0.4% (2 839) medium-sized enterprises. The
same survey also showed that MSMEs contributed 70% (or 3.3 million jobs) of the total jobs
generated during the period, 30% of the total valued-added in the manufacturing sector and
accounted for 25% of the total exports.

This paper also draws on the wider literature on this topic in order to map out key areas where
further information and evidence on Philippine MSMEs could be useful in informing more
nuanced and possibly better-fitting policies.

this paper presents a logistic model that will empirically test the hypotheses when provided
with sufficient number of observations. This paper then suggests collection of more data and
the use of the regression model presented for future researches.

The ADB, in cooperation with the USAID-funded Growth with Equity in Mindanao (GEM)
Program, is currently undertaking a series of regional stakeholder consultation workshops on
SME development in key cities: General Santos (last July 21), Cagayan de Oro (last July 24),
Zamboanga (last July 25), and Davao (August 8-9).

The SME sector in Mindanao has expanded substantially over the past decade, registering a
robust growth of 207%, from only 72,136 SMEs in 1989 to 149,488 last year.
 As developing countries striving for greater economic competitiveness in a global business
environment, both Malaysia and the Philippines have formulated policies and implemented
programs to support small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) - the backbone of vibrant
economies.

The Philippines can learn from the experience of Malaysia, which has clearly linked SME
development efforts to its industrial development goals, and has set up effective mechanisms
to coordinate various efforts to assist SMEs. Worth noting are programs to improve
productivity and product/service quality, to encourage innovation and technological upgrading
among local firms, to encourage SME linkages, and to develop human capital.

Philippine SMEs have cleverly used the franchising mechanism to develop their businesses

The results suggest that managers and employees in the Philippines behave in similar ways to
those in Western countries, but there are differences, probably related to cultural
characteristics. As the Philippine market becomes more involved with global business, the
importance of service quality increases. The results can be valuable in the formulation of
training, sales and marketing, business development, human resources management, and
strategic planning. Implications for practice are discussed.

Companies must determine what windows of growth opportunities are available for their firms
based on their strengths and consideration of competitive standing. Strengths must be based
on the critical success factors in the industry. Furthermore, the right product value dictates
longevity in business. It would be extremely difficult to have a good marketing program to
push a defective product value. If one of the marketing Ps (product) is poor, all the Ps of
marketing (place, price and promotions) become poor.

Focusing on food also provides new dimensions to popular topics in empire studies. Food
factored heavily into public health and medical policies to combat tropical disease. It appealed
directly to the cults of domesticity, sanitation, and hygiene. Food scholars can compare how
American culinary influences stacked up against previous Chinese, Spanish, and Southeast
Asian influences. And scholars working in contemporary American immigration and can see
how American food policies from a century ago continue to reverberate in America today.

Provides an exceptional perspective on the art and science of high-technology product

innovation, development, and management. Commercialization of high-technology products is
a key aspect of the book. In an impressive treatment, he translates management and
organizational theory into useful everyday practice.
Prepares the country if it can really cope with the innovation, especially this article talks about
a study that innovations is shifting to Asia.

This book helps the researches on understaind the changes in a retail industry and the
strategic options to compete to other companies.

By presenting concepts with their applications, this book illustrates how the reader can make
decisions that will increase cash flow for his or her business. It provides a framework that
enhances decision making—one that deals with time, contribution margin, and opportunity
costs.

The rapid growth and liberalization of the economy, coupled with the inequitable distribution
of wealth, the destruction of the environment and corruption are the main ethical concerns.
Businesspersons and the academe endeavor to find creative solutions for these unique
challenges.

The success of Manila's fast food industry lies in its standard processes, limited menus,
enhancement of values, speed, swift services, and distribution right. Fast food industry has
successfully changed most people's daily habits in many big cities. Nevertheless, fast food
franchises are reluctant to develop in suburban areas. Regarding this, there is still plenty of
room for fast food industry to expand in the Philippines.

The culture students have lived in, academically and otherwise, has influenced their attitudes
that seem to make them more prone to cheating than previous generations.
This can be attributed to the highly permissive environment in which winning
takes precedence over everything else. Parents of generations X, Y, and Z often will do almost
anything for them, but also put on them tremendous pressure to do well in school.
 He suggested that in such a situation, a company first apply for an GMP (good management
practice) certification - similar to an ISO 9000 - certification. After that, it can apply for an
HACCP certification and then secure an SQF citation.

We develop and test an attention-based theory of search by top management teams and the
influence on firm innovativeness. Using an in-depth field study of 61 publicly traded high-
technology firms and their top executives, we find that the location selection and intensity of
search independently and jointly influence new product introductions. We have three
important findings. First, in contrast to the portrait of local managerial search, we find teams
that select locations that contain novel, vivid, and salient information introduce more new
products. Next, unlike information-gathering approaches that merely "satisfy," persistent
search intensity may lead to increases in new product introductions. Finally, level of search
intensity must fit the selected location of search to maximize new product introductions.

The BOP social enterprise development process can be modeled from a systems perspective.
The resulting model provides valuable information to marketingmanagers and others.

Among various methodologies for demand forecasting of new products, the random-
coefficient discrete-choice model using stated preference data is considered to be effective
because it reflects heterogeneity in consumer preference and enables the design of
experiments in the absence of revealed preference data. Based on estimates drawn from
consumer preference data by structural hierarchical Bayesian logit models, this study develops
the overall, strategic, demand-side management for new products by combining market share
simulation and a rigorous clustering methodology, the Gaussian mixture model. It then applies
the process to the empirical case of electronic payment instruments.
 Abstract: Organizing and managing new product development has been perceived as
challenging issues in both academia and industry for several decades. The aspect of
sustainability has often been neglected in new product development although new product
development allows addressing sustainable characteristics upfront in the product life-cycle.
The purpose of this paper is to link sustainability and new product development by providing a
conceptual framework emphasizing the interconnections of sustainability and new product
development with a life-cycle and product-focused perspective. Such a link of sustainable new
product development with a life-cycle and product life-cycle point of view has not been
presented so far. This paper intends to elaborate on this connection, so that it leads into the
subjects of new product development and sustainability, culminating in a life-cycle approach
supporting a sustainable new product development. The conceptual framework indicates that
it is important to involve life-cycle management, and product life-cycle management to reach
a sustainable new product development. The product-focused product life-cycle management
approach gives the necessary structure for a jointly sustainable new product development on
grounds of cross-departmental and cross-company processes, data, and people. The factor of
collaboration integrates the life-cycle-based concepts to reach a sustainable new product
development. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it offers a novel conceptual
framework of a sustainable new product development by means of product life-cycle
management and thus extends current research on green new product development. Second,
it provides a life-cycle management focused approach to support collaboration by complexity
reduction, process harmonization, and technology.

Large integrated supply networks can exhibit several complex system characteristics. In such
systems, researchers tend to misperceive feedback relationships and have difficulty in
identifying dynamic causal behavior, even when they have an understanding of the underlying
structural relationships within a system. Supply-network researchers often make use of
simulation models, but this is only appropriate if a high degree of knowledge concerning the
supply network is available. Many disciplines, including a limited number of supply network
researchers, have used network analysis to represent complex systems, and several advanced
graph theory techniques exist to support such studies. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate
the use of network-analysis approaches in order to analyze supply networks. The research was
carried out in four case-study areas within a sugarcane-production-and-processing
environment and demonstrates two network-analysis approaches. Semi-structured interviews
with stakeholders from different sectors were carried out, and issues (or problems) in the
supply network were incorporated into a single coherent network. An energy-transformation
approach as well as transitivity produced valuable information. A cause-and-effect network-
analysis approach could depict suitable key performance indicators as well as leverage points
within the supply network. These methodologies enable researchers to achieve a high degree
of understanding in a relatively short time span. The analysis of the supply network occur at a
higher degree of abstraction, hence obviating any need to model and understand the intricate
detail of the system before any conclusion can be reached. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
 This paper is grounded on a discrete-event simulation model, reproducing a fast moving
consumer goods (FMCG) supply chain, and aims at quantitatively assessing the effects of
different supply configurations on the resulting total supply chain costs and bullwhip effect.
Specifically, 30 supply chain configurations are examined, stemming from the combination of
several supply chain design parameters, namely number of echelons (from 3 to 5), re-order
and inventory management policies (EOQ vs. EOI), demand information sharing (absence vs.
presence of information sharing mechanisms), demand value (absence vs. presence of
demand 'peak'), responsiveness of supply chain players. For each configuration, the total
logistics costs and the resulting demand variance amplification are computed. A subsequent
statistical analysis is performed on 20 representative supply chain configurations, with the aim
to identify significant single and combined effects of the above parameters on the results
observed. From effects analysis, bullwhip effect and costs outcomes, 11 key results are
derived, which provide useful insights and suggestions to optimise supply chain design.
[ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On one hand we are forced to find out by applying analysis where the sources of our cost
advantages are, on the other hand which are the main sources of the unique value for the
buyer (i.e. of the differentiation). Such findings offer a solid base for implementing changes in
our value change and the value system that might increase the firm's competitive advantage.

Companies strive to minimize supply chain related risks during new product development as
any glitch while developing new products can lead to considerable delay in product launch
with severe financial implications. However, many organizations face difficulty in properly
assessing the vulnerabilities of their globally dispersed supply chains during the product
development stage as no suitable procedure for that purpose seems to be readily available in
the literature. The present research is an attempt to fulfill this requirement. A step-by-step
approach for supply chain risk assessment during new product development, involving group
decision making, is suggested. This approach can use both numeric and linguistic data and
helps in determining vulnerability scores for various sub-systems and for each supplier of the
most vulnerable sub-system. This is followed by failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) which
helps prioritize failure modes of vulnerable suppliers and thus create specific control plans to
mitigate supply related failures. Using this approach, organizations can devise control plans to
alleviate the supplier related risks during new product development. Although, the
methodology is illustrated through an application in aircraft manufacturing, it can also be used
in other discrete and process manufacturing industries.
 Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) and Dynamic Capabilities (DCs) are both
relatively young research fields examining dynamically changing corporate environments and
industries. The food industry is an example of such a dynamic environment. Customers have
high expectations for food safety and a growing demand for sustainably produced food.

In demand-based production systems with stochastic demand arrival times, operations often
take place in random and long-time intervals. Therefore, traditional learning curve models may
not be a good fit for estimating the operation time (OT) in such production environments.
Moreover, the complexity of an operation is another influential factor in OT that is not
quantified. In this article, human cognitive and complexity factors in demand-based production
systems with stochastic demand arrival time are studied. Performing statistical analysis, a
double segment learning curve is developed that is a best fit for OT with break point feature.
The break point indicates the required number of orders received to reach the mastery level of
performing a certain operation. A comparative analysis among existing and the double
segment learning curve models is performed and the operation complexity measure is derived
from the model.
Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis
Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed

The results indicate that ESO is a multi-dimensional construct with three facets - i.e. awareness
of, actions for, and appreciation of environmental sustainability. The empirical evidence does
not support the conventional firm resources-ESO proposition. Research
limitations/implications - A proactive ESO is not necessarily beyond the reach of resource-
constrained small firms.
notes
Author Year Title Journal Country

Talk, planning and

Teachers and
decision making in
Havnes 2009 Teaching: theory Norway
interdisciplinary and practice
teacher teams
Objective/Unit of Analysis

This study explores the internal structure, social meaning and potential resources
for learning and development inherent in the planning and coordination of work in
ITT meetings.
Focus on teacher team talk, the dynamics of the interaction, and the object of
planning, negotiation and decision-making.
Unit of analysis is the team and related interaction, not individuals; article attempts
to say something about the relationship btw the team-talk and the social practices
the team is engaged in as it works.

Main interest is to analyse the team-talk as 'consequential talk' - to identify its

potential implications for Ts' PR.

Article contributes to the research literature by both focusing on the details fo the
interaction in team meetings and analysing the dynamics of group interaction in the
perspective of the situatedness and object-orientation of team-talk.
Research Questions

What is the object of team talk in ITTs?

How does the object of the interaction and the team dynamics
potentially propel or inhibit the accomplishment of the core goals
associated with the ITT structure?
To what extent to Ts interact and talk about an object or a
collective activity that motivates sharing of expertise and brings
together the team as an operative unit?
Method Level

Video observation of teacher team meetings.

Analysis focussed on patterns of talk: three levels of interaction based on

Engestrom: coordination, cooperation and communication

analysis of TT talk as 'consequential talk' - implications for Ts' PR Secondary

school (lower)
UofA: the team and the participation of the individual teachers in joint
discussions and planning of their Tg practices. ... To identify patterns of team-
talk, the focus has been primarily on teh communicative turns - the thematic
continuitis and shifts in teh team-talk adn teh linkage between the individual
teachers' utterances.
Theory

activity theory/sociocultural tradition

learning = changing practice (Lave and Wenger), focus on the establishing and
development fo the team-talk and the interaction in the team as a whole.
The main mechanisms of learning and development are those that establish,
maintain and transform the social practice of a COP (L&W), embedded in the
ongoing social practice of a team; learning and development as the joing
achievement of the team, not as the individual's learning mediated by a team
structure.
Engeström's three levels of interaction: coordination (different objects. script
coordinates their actions without being questioned or discussed), cooperation
(shared object, Ps go beyond confines of given script, but without questioning it),
communication (renegotiation of scripts, objects, and participants' roles and
responsibilites).
Findings

Four patterns of team-talk have been identified -

i) preserving individualism: renegotiating individual autonomy and personal responsiblity - illustrates a recurrent pattern: t
theme might have been introduced as a shared project, task or event, the typical conclusion was that it was either up to th
to do what they preferred, or the final decision would be made by the teacher team. Instead of a transition from individu
modes of work, both systems operate in parallel and in conflict within the same system.
ii) coordination: assuring the social organisation of work; focus restricted to e.g. who is going to teach which part of a proj
the team structure to deal with complex issues of coordination of their interrelatedness and division of labour.
iii) cooperation: creating a shared object or enterprise; starting point the stablishment of a common ground for a joint en
renegotiation (and conflict) over the object, team-talk situated in the activity of planning and undertaking Tg
iv) sharing: clarifying pedagogical motives: this points beyond the creation of a shared object, and in addition to the sharin
script or premises that direct the way the Tg and Lg is being structured. This also brought out new forms of expertise from
discussions.
...The coordination, collaboration and sharing perspective patterns can be interpreted as levels of interaction, referring to
responsibilities and tasks are dealt with in team-talk. The notion of 'level' implies that a pattern can be at a higher or a low
and afford diverse resources for Lg.

The observations illustrate the the relationshiop btw the object-orientation of team-talk and the dynamics of the ITT inter
implied the silencing of diversity and conflicts, while in other patterns diversity was a presupposition and conflicts were to
accepted.
Notes
Author Year Title Journal

A review of res on Teaching and

Veskio et al 2008 the impact of PLCs Teacher
on Tg PR and SS Lg Education

PLCs: A review of Journal of

Stoll et al 2006 the literature Educational
Change
Cochran-Smith, M. and Relationships of
Lytle, S. knowledge and Review of
could also go in the 1999 Practice: Teacher Research in
theoretical studies Learning in Education
section Communities

Teacher
collaboration and
Kelchtermans, G. 2006 collegiality as Zeitschrift für
Pädagogik
workplace
conditions: A review
 T learning in Teaching and
Voogt et al. 2011 collaborative Teacher
curriculum design Education

See also McLaughlin

2011 i 'theoretical
studies' section, this is
part review, part
theory argument

Darling-Hammond, L Teacher Learning: Educational

2009
and Richardson, N. What Matters? Leadership
Objective

Identifying the impact of PLCs as reflected in the title.

Questions:
In what ways does teaching practice change as a result of participation in a PLC? And, what
aspects of the PLCs support these changes? Does the literature support the assumption that
student learning increases when teachers participate in a PLC? And, what aspects of the PLCs
support increased student learning?

Five broad questions structure this review:

1. What are professional learning communities?
2. What makes professional learning communities effective?
3. What processes are used to create and develop an effective professional learning
community?
4. What other factors help or hinder the creation and development of effective professional
learning communities?
5. Are effective professional learning communities sustainable?
Article provides a framework for considering various initiatives related to T learning that, in
spite of appearing similar, are very different in purpose and hence have different consequences
for Ts.
inquiry as stance (based on K of PR): authors put this forth as permitting closer understanding of
K-PR relationships as well as how inquiry produces K, how inquiry relates to PR, and what Ts
learn from inquiry within communities. The intention is to offer a way of rethinking T Lg that is
not based on particular strategies or methods, but on the images and assumptions that underlie
methods and on the educational pruposes that drive T Lg initiatives, i.e. a framwork for
theorising T Lg on the basis of fundamental ideas about how K and PR are rlated and how Ts
learn within communitise and other contexts.
Unit of analysis = underlying conception of T Lg.

Review focussed on 'collaboration and collegiality as meaningful organisational realities', (and

excludes the pedagogy of cooperation; formal relationships of supervision, coaching or
mentoring; forms of collaborative action research; teacher leadership and participatory decision
making).
Article argues for the relevance of organisational context, and that the cultural and structural
working conditions in schools determine and mediate actual teacher collaboration, as well as
how 'collegiality' is experienced.
Focus on Ts' collaborative (re-)design of curriculum materials. Rationale: research on T
collaborative curriculum design tends to focus on measuring effects on T learning and on
curriculum implementation, rather than on the processes of collaborative design that promote
T learning. Aim of the study is to better understand the T learning that takes place in TDTs
during collaborative design activities and during classroom implementation of the design.
Research questions:
1 - Which changes in Ts were observed during collaborative curriculum design and classroom
implementation respectively?
2 - Which change sequences, mediated by reflection or enactment processes, were encouraged
during the TDT intervention?
3- Did participation in the TDT contribute to long-lasting change?
4 - Which factors in the environment influenced the intervention?
Contains
An overview of the characteristics of PLCs +
review + implications and suggested next
setps.
Overview of the concepts and its
development; the characteristics of PLCs,
discussion of whether they are supportive of
Lg, processes used to develop PLCs, what
factors help or hinder them being effective.
Method
A review of 10 American studies and
one English study on the title topic.
Sources are not clarified but build on
previous work references in
introduction. Presentation structured
thematically. (I think the method
aspect here is weak).
Distinctions: knowledge for/in/of practice.
Table with overview of conceptual
Table with overview of conceptual
framework, p. 252, serves as
framework, p. 252: K/P relationships; images
structure for discussing K for/in/of
of K; images of Ts, Tg, and professional PR;
PR.
current initiatives.

Definition and discussion of 'collaboration'

and 'collegiality', and the relationship
between the two.
Discussion of shift towards interest in
collaborative work. Selection approach not made explicit,
Discussion of a) different forms of T appears thematically based.
collaboration, b) development of a balanced
view on Ts' collaboration and autonomy, c)
take into account the agenda - 'collaboration
for what'
Systematic review of literature about
teacher design teams (search criteria
outlined on page 1237); nine articles
included in the final review (see page
1238).
The empirical data in each article
then considered in the light of the
Model of Professional Growth, with
four domains: external domain,
personal domain, domain of practice,
domain of consequences.
Theory
Model of Professional
Growth (Clarke &
Hollingsworth) used for
analysing processes of
collaborative design in
teacher design teams
(TDTs).
Findings

The collective results of the studies suggest that well-developed PLCs have positive impact on both Tg PR and SS achieeme
Looking across the sample: four characteristics that appeared to promote changes in Tg cultures: collaboration, a focus on
In gen, the res tells us that successful collaborative efforts include strategies that "open" PR in ways that encourage sha
To summarize the findings across the reviewed literature in terms of our two initial research questions: (1) participation in
more student centered. In addition, teaching culture is improved because the learning communities increase collaboration
and continuous learning; (2) when teachers participate in a learning community, students benefit as well, as indicated by
student learning outcomes indicated that an intense focus on student learning and achievement was the aspect of learnin
findings from the literature provide preliminary evidence of the benefit of learning communities for teachers and their s

RQ1: Appears to be consensus on: a group of people sharing and critically interrogating their practice in an ongoing, reflec
way, operating as a collective enterprise; communities of continuous inquiry and improvement. At the heart of the PLC co
learning. Community here typically implies shared beliefs and understandings, interaction and participation, interdepende
relationships. The community focus emphasises mutually supportive relationships and developign shared norms and value
towards the acquisition of K and skills, orientation to clients and profiessional autonomy.
RQ2: Five characteristics of PLCs highlighted in the literature: shared values and vision, collective responsiblity, reflective p
individual learning. In addition, authors' research emphasises: mutual trust, respect and support among staff members, in
that professional community is an important contributor to instructional improvement and school reform (however this p
between PLCs and enhanced student outcomes.
RQ3: Four 'headings' of different kinds of processes wrt creating and developing PLCs: focussing on learning processes; ma
resources; interacting with and drawing on external agents.
RQ4: individuals' orientations to change, group dynamics, school context
RQ5: Little longitudinal research yet.
Argument: the construct inquiry as stanceinherent in knowledge-of-practice is intended to offer a closer understanding o
and what Ts learn from inquiry. Ts who take an inquiry stance work within inwuiry communities to generate local K, envisi
and research of others. Funamental to this notion is that the work of inquiry communities is both social and political. The n
practice is practical. T lg is about forming and reforming frameworks for understanding PR. The conception also moves bey

Empirical research illustrates benefits as well as complexities of T collaboration, and benefits do not automatically follow f
Different forms of collaboration and collegiality: [Little 1990, four types: storytelling & scanning for ideas, aid &assistance
organisational support is important but not sufficient], [informal exchange can be as important as formal structures, Leona
On collaboration and autonomy: [Hargreaves: constrained, strategic and elective individualism], [Clement and Vandenber
btw autonomy and collegiality in a school constitutes a working condition that strongly influences whether and to what ex
specifically whether it is 'polar' or 'circular'], : conclusion: 'for the goals of school improvement and teachers' professional
seems to provide the most promising way ahead', p. 227.
The content or agenda of collaboration and collegiality ('for what'): Ts seem to value most agendas oriented towards the
itself to solving problems that arise in the day-to-day classroom practice/ finding practical solutions; another important as
lesson collaboration which does not necessarily enhance professional development - Munthe & Clement/Vandenberghe: c
seem to contribute more to the status quo than to change or improvement; some benefits are primarily social-emotional (
collaboration and professional learning; in other words, collaboration can be conformist and block initiatives of change.
Jeffrey: increased performativity - led to T collaboration focussed on seeking reassurance on what is the right thing to do/
T collaboration can also imply a higher work load and contribute to burn out and stress.
Collaboration is not positive per se; content, impact, personalities, organisational cultures, processes of sense making ha
Collaborative culture and community: Nias et al: four areas in which collaborative culture influence teaching practice: aga
initiatives; the role of conflict - collaboration often appears only to the extent it does not threaten cultural norms or the re
engage in conflict appear to have a greater potential for continual growth and renewal, hence the challenge is to find a ba
controversy.
Article discusses each reviewed article with reference to each RQ; findings are relatively diverse.
*The TDTs analysed complies with most of the characteristics previously identified in the literature as being conducive to i
list)
*The studies main described T change as a result of the collaborative work in the TDTs, and there were only a few indicatio
* Studies showed that the stimuli and support offered in the external domain were crucial in directing the learning paths o
*Few environmental factors were reported that influenced the work of TDTs.
List of practical implications on page 1243. among others: i) findings point to the importance of appropriate stimuli and su
TDT, and ii) clarity among team members about the goals and the design task is crucial.
Kan brukes til…

Som generell henvisning til veksten i kollaborative arbeidsformer og team work som en form for
professional development
Useful for a more detailed reference on how the concept evolved/ what it entails.

Definition of professional learning communities: Appears to be consensus on: a group of people

sharing and critically interrogating their practice in an ongoing, reflective, collaborative, inclusive,
laerning-oriented, growth-promoting way, operating as a collective enterprise; communities of
continuous inquiry and improvement. At the heart of the PLC concept is the notion of community, and
the notion of collective learning. Community here typically implies shared beliefs and understandings,
interaction and participation, interdependence, concern for individual and minority views, and
meaningful relationships. The community focus emphasises mutually supportive relationships and
developign shared norms and values, whereas the focus on proifessionals and professionalism is
towards the acquisition of K and skills, orientation to clients and profiessional autonomy.
Definisjon av 'collaboration'
First
page:
concise
summary
of key
findings
in
research
on T
professio
nal
developm
ent
publication
definition