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Social Sroblems PDF
Social Sroblems PDF
Unit – XII
Sociology of Nursing
Social Problems
Social disorganization
Control& Planning: Housing, Illiteracy, Food
Supplies, Prostitution, Rights of Women &
Children.
Vulnerablegroups: Elderly, Handicapped,
Minority groups and Marginalized groups,
Child Labour, Child Abuse, Delinquency and
Crime, Substance abuse, HIV/AIDS.
Social welfare Programs in India
Role of Nurse
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
Socialdisorganization is the process opposed to
social organization.
Socialdisorganization implies some breakdown in
the organization of society.
Social
organization and social disorganization is the
dual aspects of the whole functioning of society.
When the parts of social structure do not perform
their functions efficiently and effectively or perform
badly there occurs an imbalance in society.
That imbalance is called social disorganization.
Socialdisorganization disturbed the social
equilibrium and society gets out of gear.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL
DISORGANIZATION
Emile Durkheim – “social disorganization as a state
of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or
consensus (agreement or compromise) among the
members of a society”.
Thomas and F. Znaniecki – “social disorganization as
a decrease of the influence of existing rules of
behaviour upon individual members of the groups”.
Mowever – “social disorganization is the process by
which the relationships between members of a group
are shaken”.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
DISORGANIZATION
Individualization.
Industrialization.
Cultural lag.
Natural catastrophes.
War.
Causes of Social Disorganization
1. Division of Labour
According to Emile Durkheim, extreme division of
labour is the cause of social disorganization.
Extreme division of labour gives rise to economic
crises of all kinds, class struggles, and industrial
strife, and leads to the demoralization of
individuals, the family, and the community.
5. War
War disturbs the economy of a country and
introduces confusion and disorder in society.
War leads of scarcity. There is economic crisis
during the war period.
War also affects the male-female ratio.
POVERTY
POVERTY
Poverty as a social problem is very much out of
control in India.
It
means the condition of an individual in
which he is unable to meet out his basic needs.
Itis measurable only in terms of the living
standards and resources of a given society at a
particular time.
Itis that condition in which a person either
because of inadequate income or unwise
expenditures.
TYPES OF POVERTY
Biological factors
Social factors
CAUSES OF POVERTY
Personal factors:
Itincluded the physical weakness, defects or diseases
which may be hereditary or accidental.
All these factors affects the capacity of the worker to
compete and earn sufficiently for his livelihood.
Political and Economic Factors:
The government did not render any assistance to the
cultivators to adopt new techniques of agriculture,
producing lack of education facilities and followed the
laissez faire policies.
Industrial revolution in the 18th century brought many
drastic changes in agriculture.
CAUSES OF POVERTY
Biological factors:
Absence of any family planning scheme and this led to
increase in poverty.
Technological and environmental factors:
Scarcityof raw materials and fuel and uncertainty of
rains were also some of the reasons for poverty.
Social factors:
The joint family system (discourages youngsters), the
caste system (traditional occupation) and the religious
beliefs (karma theory and fate theory) disturbs the
growth of the industrial sector and economic
development.
STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING
POVERTY
Five year plans
Nationalization of bank
20 Point Programme
State Poverty Programmes
IRDP (Integrated Rural Developmental Programmes)
TRYSEM (Training Rural Youth for Social
Employment)
NREP (National Rural Employment Programme)
RLEGP ( Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme)
JRY ( Jawahar Rozgar Yojana)
Antyodaya Programme
Garibi Hatao and Bekari Hatao Programme
HOUSING
HOUSING
Houselessness,Overcrowding, Slums and rental are
serious problems in urban areas.
The houses of the poor are not only over crowded
but lack privacy.
The darkness of the houses drives the children out
into the street creating problems for the parents in
controlling their children.
There are certain unique characteristics of Indian
culture which drives its housing set-up. The most
common structure is for the extended family
(usually referred to as joint family) to live in the
same house.
CONDT…
Withmodernization there are migration form rural
and growing section of nuclear families in urban
areas also creates housing problems.
According to the Times of India, "a majority of
Indians in urban area have per capita space
equivalent to or less than a 10 X 10 feet room for
their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet
needs.".
Year by year the urban population rate are
increase. But the facilities not given for equally to
all.
These reasons slums, poor sanitation, low standard
of life is increasing.
Causes of housing problems
Industrialization
Urbanization
Growth the population
Migration from one place to another place
Welfare programmes
The subsidized
Housing finance
Socialization of urban land
Environmental improvement of urban slums
Various urban development programmes
Urban basic services for the poor
Integrated development of small and middle town
Mega cities scheme
ILLITERACY
ILLITERACY
Illiteracy in India has, since long before independence,
been regarded as an obstacle to development.
Who can read but cannot write are not literate.
Formal education in a school is not necessary for a
person to be considered as literate.
Who is literate?
One who can read and write some language is literate.
UNESCO has defined a literate person as “one who
can with understanding both read and write a short
simple statement on his every day life”.
CAUSES OF ILLITERACY
High rate of population growth in relation to low rate of
adult population gaining literacy.
Ineffectiveness of primary schools in enrolling and
retaining students.
Traditional outlook of lower-caste people is using young
children for their occupation,
High level of poverty.
Non-conducive educational policies of the colonial rulers
to the spread of education
Low allotment of funds till the Seventh Five Year Plan.
STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING
ILLITERACY
National Policy on Education
National system of education laying down:
To establish education all over the country.
Reinforcing the integrative aspect of society and
culture.
Establishing a value system necessary for an
egalitarian, democratic and secular society.
Education implemented through various channels
Establishment of centres in rural areas.
Worker’s education through the employers.
Radio, TV, Films as mass and group learning media.
Programmes of distance learning.
Organizing assistance in self-learning.
National Adult Education Programme (NAEP)
The NAE Programme was launched on Oct. 2, 1978.
package with envisages are:
Imparting literacy skills to the target illiterate
population.
Their functional development.
Creation of awareness among them regarding laws
and policies of the government.
ICDS PROGRAMME
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) was started in
1975 in pursuance of the National Policy for Children. There
is strong nutrition component in this programme in the form
of supplementary nutrition, vitamin ‘A’ prophylaxis and iron
and folic acid distribution. The beneficiaries are preschool
children below 6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers.
PROSTITUTION
PROSTITUTION
Its world’s oldest profession.
Its not only personal disorganization
Its affect family and the community at large.
It is a burning social problems the globe.
Combinations of factors are enhancing the prostitution.
“A prostitute is a persons who agrees to have sexual
intercourse with any persons, who offers money or in kind”.
Causes of prostitution
Biological:
BiologicalSex urge is human being
Socio-Economic:
Socio-Economic Poverty, Mother’s occupation,
Industrialization, Urbanization,
Lack of family and social control and
Lack of moral teaching.
Causes of females
Economic factor: with out any support
Ignorance: rural girls, employment posts
Unhappy marital relations:
Inordinate sex desire:
Desire for new experience:
Restrictions on widow remarriage:
Devadasi system:
Causes of males
The unmarried persons: leads bachelors to prostitution.
The married person: unsatisfactory marital
relationship, temperamental or cultural differences
between the couple.
The widower or the divorces
TYPES OF PROSTITUTES
The overt prostitute:
Professional registered, unregistered prostitute who live in
brothel houses.
Act as entertainers, supplements to their legitimate
earnings.
Clandestine group:
The occasional prostitute: who alternates periods of reforms
with period of active prostitution.
The incidental prostitute: Inadequate legitimate income, by
the role of sex favour increased income.
Married women occasionally resort to mercenary and
adulterous practices.
Lower status of women which the guardian enters into
agreement with a member for a stipulated period.
Legislation on prostitution
Bombay prevention of prostitution Act 1923,
Madras 1930, Bengal 1933, UP 1933,
Punjab 1935, Bihar 1948, MP 1953.
Suppression of Immoral Act 1956.
Future Programme
Sex education
Employment opportunity for women
Removal of certain social customs
Publicity and propaganda
RIGHTS OF WOMEN
RIGHTS OF WOMEN
The Department of Women and Child Development
created in 1985 and implements the policies and
programmes relating to women and child welfare.
Social legislation
Compare to other religion Hindu women suffered from
many legal disabilities.
After the New Constitution of India in 1950. Women’s
position was changed that is
Equal of rights to women with men.
Rights to vote and get elected.
Panchayati Raj bodies seats are reserved.
72nd and 73rd Amendment Bills dealing have provided
30% reservation seats for women.
Social legislation Acts
The Hindu Succession Act 1956
The Hindu Guardianship Act 1956
Lack
of education has been a great hindrance to
women’s progress.
The Central Government gives financial
assistance to the educationally backward states
for establishing schools and colleges exclusively
for girls.
Loans
and grants are given for construction of
women hostel buildings.
The
SC/ST girls receive higher rates of post-
matric scholarship as compared to boys.
Adult education centres providing education
for women especially Health, Nutrition, Child
Care and Family Planning.
The curriculum also includes skills like
teaching, stitching, embroidery and knitting
etc..
The Ministry of Welfare has launched
Functionally Literacy Programmes for Adult
women.
The Central Social Welfare Board gives
grants to Voluntary Organizations for women
education.
Employment and Income Generating
Programmes
Health check-up
Referral services
Non-formal (pre-school) education and health
Nutrition education to all women.
The focus point to provide an anganwadi in every
village, or a ward of an urban slum area.
Other programmes
The Welfare Department of Child Welfare are:
Day Care Centre for children of working and ailing
women
Early childhood education centre
Ananad pattern Integrated Family Welfare Programme
National Award for Child Welfare
Celebration of Children’s Day
Mid Day Meal Scheme for School-going Children
Public awareness programme through mass media
agencies like radio, television, children’s films.
And also interduce
Children’s park
Painting competitions
Cultural programmes
Children’s publications
Children’s libraries
Bal Bhawans
Doll’s Museum
Children’s film Society
Children’s Book Trust
Children’s fair etc.
ELDERLY
ELDERLY
Thepopulation of the old people of 60-plus age is
estimated to be about 60 million in India.
Most of the elderly people in villages.
Once the elderly people commanded great respect
due to the traditional norms and values of Indian
society but now the situation has undergone a
change.
Because of disintegration of joint family system
and recent changes in social values, social
structure and economy resulting form
industrialization, urbanization and impact of
western culture.
These elderly people are now neglected by their children
and they feel “unwanted”.
The generation gap is widening and the children find it
difficult to adjust with their elderly parents.
Consequently the aged now suffer from numerous
familial, social, economic and psychological problems.
Government Organizations
The problems of the aged can be mitigated by
providing necessary welfare services to them by way of….
Reasonable amount of old age pension
Free medical care
Housing facilities in the form of old age homes
Recreational facilities to relative their loneliness
Usual courtesies extended to them
VOLUNTARY
ORGANIZATIONS
Various voluntary organizations and associations
concerned with the care and welfare of the elderly
people.
But particularly Help-Age India and Age-Care India are
carrying on in the field of the care of the aged.
HELP-AGE INDIA
It was established in 1978 on the pattern of Help the
Aged Society of England.
It is a voluntary organization working national wide for
elderly people care.
In India it operated throughout the country with a
network of 22 centres in major cities.
Its head office in New Delhi.
It also conduct various events like
Painting competition
Debates
Grandparents meet etc.
Problems of abuses
Physical abuse:
abuse burns, fractures, human-bite, abdominal
injuries, bruises etc.
Sexual abuse:
abuse difficulty in walking and sitting,
complaints of pain, bleeding, venereal disease,
pregnancy.
Emotional abuse:
abuse failure to provide food, cloth, shelter,
care and supervision, alcoholism, sex relation, smoking
etc.
The victims of abuse:
on the three types of child abuse, namely,
physical, sexual and emotional.
Physical Abuse:
Boys are more battered than girls
School going children run greater risk to being physically
abused than those who do not go to school.
Older children (14-16 yrs) are more abused physically than
younger children (10-13 yrs).
Non-working children are beaten more than working
children.
A large number of abused children belong to poor families.
Mother abuse children physically more than fathers.
Sexual abuse:
Girls are more victims of sexual abuse than boys.
A high proportion of children become victims of
sexual abuse when they are 14 or above 14 years
of age.
Malesare usually abused sexually by one person
while girls are generally assaulted by more than
one person.
Inabout two-third cases, the perpetrators have
secondary relationship with the victims.
Boys are generally the victims of “employment-
related” abuse while girls are generally the
victims of “acquaintance-related”.
Emotional abuse:
Boys are more emotionally maltreated than girls.
Working children are as much neglected as non-
working children.
School-going children are a little more maltreated
than non-school going children.
In a large number of cases, the parents who
neglected the child are those whose income is low
and liabilities are many; who are middle-aged,
illiterate or less educated; and who are engaged in
low-status jobs.
Causes of child abuse
causes of physical abuse:
Relation between parents and children
Disobeying parents
1. It is legally forbidden
2. It is intentional
3. It is harmful to society
4. It has criminal objective
5. Some penalty is prescribed for it.
Confinement of Correction of Criminals
Two methods are mainly used in our society in
punishing/treating the criminals.
Imprisonment and release on probation
Prisons
1. Psychological causes:
like relieving tension, depression, removing inhibitions,
satisfying interest, removing boredom, getting kicks,
feeling high and confident, and intensifying perception.
1. Social causes:
Like facilitating social experiences, being accepted by
friends and challenging social values.
1. Physiological cause:
Like increasing sexual experiences, removing pain and
getting sleep.
1. Other cause:
Like improving study, depending self-understanding and
solving personal problems, etc.
Control over Substance Abuse
3. Rehabilitation centre:
Of addicts treated under rehabilitation centers .
4. Counseling to the Parents:
Communicate with openly with the children, listen to their
problems patiently and teach them how to handle the
problems
Take interest in children’s activities and their circle of friends
Set an example for children by not taking drugs or alcohol
Keep track of prescribed drugs in home
5. The teachers:
They can discuss dangers of drug abuse with the students by
taking informally and openly
They can keep themselves interested in their students’
interested and activities.
They can encourage them to volunteer information of any
incident of drug abuse
They can talk about the problems of adolescence and guide
students how to solve them
They can help them in selecting career options and setting
goals
They can encourage them to discuss their crises with them and
help them to the best of their abilities in facing these crises.
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease
which is caused by a virus called Human Immuno-deficiency
Virus or HIV.
This virus is fatal and dangerous because it destroys the
immune system (the capacity of the body to fight diseases) in the
human body.
This virus is smaller than even bacteria and is not observable
even with the microscope.
This virus can be transmitted to other persons in a number of
ways.
AIDS is the last stage of infected with HIV and developing
AIDS.
No vaccine has been invented till today as a cure for AIDS or for
protecting people for the HIV.
High Risk Groups and Means of Transmitting the
Virus
HIV infection is not contagious in the same
sense as measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis,
cholera, plague or small pox
It mainly spreads through a sexual route and
blood to blood contact.
It may be said that HIV spreads mainly through
four sources:
1. Sex with an infected partner – heterosexual as well as
homosexual.
2. Transfusion of blood and blood products infected with
HIV
3. Injection drugs with infected syringes or needles
4. Infected mother to her unborn child.
Stages in the Development of the Disease
1. Initial HIV infection:
In this stage, with the entering of HIV virus in the
body.
Within few weeks which resembles influenza of flu
with symptoms like fever, bodyache and headache.
1. Persistently enlarged glands:
In the next stage, a person develops enlarged but
painless glands in the neck and armpits which are
free of any symptoms.
The early symptoms of AIDS are fatigue, weight-loss,
chronic diarrhoea, prolonged fever, cough, night
sweats and lymph gland enlargement.
3. AIDS-related complex:
In this stage, the virus damages the immune system
which produces symptoms like attacks of diarrhoea,
sweating, loss of weight and extreme weakness.
3. Full-blown AIDS:
This stage is reached after an average of nine to ten
years form the time of containing the HIV infection.
The immune system is totally destroyed and many
infections and cancers are produced.
The patient becomes very weak and always feel tired.
This stage is easily recognized by doctors.
A man does not survive for more than three to four
years after this stage.
Caring for the Infected
Indian government had identified 13 medical college
hospitals all over the country where facilities for the
effective clinical management were to be set up.
However, so far only four institutions at Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai and Calcutta have these facilities.
Besides about 100 surveillance centres have been
established for detecting AIDS infection.
There is also a plan under the National AIDS Control
Programme to train one specialist from each hospital in
metropolitan cities in the early detection of AIDS cases.
These specialists, to be called PRADS (Physicians
Responsible for AIDS Diagnosis) will provide training to
at least one doctor in each district.
Social welfare programmes
in India
SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMMES
IN INDIA
The Department of Social Work created in 1964.
Ministry of Welfare under the Central Government is
responsible for general social welfare.
It plans in 1985 social welfare programmes and co-
ordinates welfare services maintained by the Government
of India, the State Government and the National
Voluntary Agencies.
A Central Social Welfare Board was set up in August
1953 to distribute funds to voluntary social service
organizations for “strengthening, improving and
extending” the existing activities in the field of social
welfare and for developing new programmes and carrying
out pilot projects.
ROLE OF NURSE