MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

BFC20903

STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
CHAPTER 2
Professor Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Samad

Reference:
Chapter 10
Mechanics of Materials, R.C Hibbeler, 8th Edition,
Pearson
 STRAIN TRANSFORMATION

Chapter Objectives

 Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate system for strain

components
 Determine principal strains and maximum in-plane shear strain

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APPLICATIONS

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 The rubber specimen
is constrained between
two fixed supports, and
so it will undergo plane
strain when loads are
applied in the
horizontal plane

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION

• In 3D, the general state of strain at a point is

represented by a combination of 3 components of
normal strain ϵx, ϵy, ϵz and 3 components of shear strain
γxy, γyz, γxz.

• In plane-strain cases, ϵz , γxz and γyz are zero.

• The state of plane strain at a point is uniquely

represented by 3 components (ϵx, ϵy and γxy) acting on
an element that has a specific orientation at the point,
see Fig. 10-1

• Plain strain element is subjected to two normal strain ϵx

ϵy and shear strain γxy

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)

Note: Plane-stress case ≠ plane-strain case (due to Poisson’s Ratio effect)

EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)
• Positive normal strain ϵx and ϵy cause elongation
• Positive shear strain γxy causes angle AOB to become
smaller
• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule
• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the
normal and shear strain components are to be
determined) will be defined using the angle θ. The angle
is measured from the positive x- to positive x’-axis. It is
positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)
• Normal and shear strains
- Consider the line segment dx’
dx  dx' cos
(10-1)
dy  dx' sin 

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)

x-axis
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)

y-axis
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)

Assume
fixed in
position
 EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)

x'   x dx cos   y dy sin    xy dy cos

The normal strain along the line dx’ is dx  dx' cos
dy  dx' sin 
x'
 x'    x cos2    x sin 2    xy sin  cos (10.2)
dx'

x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2 (10-5)
2 2 2
Normal strain in y’ x y x y  xy
direction substitute  y'   cos 2  sin 2 (10-7)
(θ+90) for θ in Eqn 10-5 2 2 2
 EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)

dy'   x dx sin    y dy cos   xy dy sin 

    x   y sin  cos   xy sin 2  (10-3)

By substituting     x   y sin   90cos   90   xy sin 2   90

(θ+90) for θ in
Eqn 10-3
   x   y cos sin    xy cos2 
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)
 x ' y '       2 x   y sin  cos    xy cos 2  sin 2   (10.4)

 x' y' x y   xy

    sin 2  cos 2 (10-6)
2  2  2

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EXAMPLE 1
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain  x  50010 6  ,  y  30010 6  ,  xy  20010 6 
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 10–5a.
Determine the equivalent strains acting on an element of the
material oriented at the point, clockwise 30° from the
original position.
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2

 x' y' x y   xy

    sin 2  cos 2
2  2  2

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• Since θ is positive counter-clockwise,
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 500   300  6  500   300  6
 10      200 10 6
10 cos2 30       sin 2 30
  
 2   2   2 

  x '  213 10 6  (Ans)

 x' y'  y  

  x  sin 2  xy cos 2
2  2  2
 500   300  6
     200 10 6
10 sin 2 30  
  cos2 30
 
 2   2 

  x ' y '  793 10 6  (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
By replacement, taking θ = 60° (You can also use Eqn 10-7 but use θ = -30°)

x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 500   300  6  500   300  6
  
10    200 10 6
10 cos2 30      sin 2 30
  
 2   2   2 
 
  x '  13.4 10 6 (Ans)

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PRINCIPLE STRAINS AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE
SHEAR STRAIN
• Similar to the deviations for principal stresses and the
maximum in-plane shear stress, we have

• Principal Strains

 xy
tan 2 p  (10-8)
x y

x y x y    xy 

2 2

1, 2        (10-9)
2  2   2 

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PRINCIPLE STRAINS AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE
SHEAR STRAIN

• Maximum in-plane shear strain

x y 
tan 2 S    (10-10)
  
 xy 
 max in -plane   x   y    xy  x y
2 2

      ,  avg 
2  2   2  2

(10-11) (10-12)
PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN (cont)

NOTE:
• When the state of strain is represented by the principal
strains, no shear strain will act on the element.

• The state of strain at a point can also be represented in

terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In this case
an average normal strain will also act on the element.

• The element representing the maximum in-plane shear

strain and its associated average normal strain is 45°
from the element representing the principal strains.

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EXAMPLE 2
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a 6
state of plane strain defined by  x  350 10  ,  y  20010  ,  xy  8010 
6 6

which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 10–7a.

Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the point
and the associated orientation of the element.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Looking at the orientation of the element,

x y    350  200 

tan 2 s      
    80 
 xy 
  s  40.9 and 131

• For maximum in-plane shear strain,

 max in plane   x   y    xy 
2 2

     
2  2   2 

  max in plane  556 10 6  (Ans)

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MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN

• A geometrical representation of Equations 10-5 and 10-

6; can be written as shown below:

  x' y ' 
2

 x'   avg 2
  
 2   R 2
(10-13)
 

where
x y   x   y    xy 
2 2

 avg  and R      
2  2   2 

• Sign convention: ε is positive to the right, and γ/2 is

positive downwards.
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MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN
MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN (cont)
EXAMPLE 3
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the
components:
 x  250 10 6  ,  y  150 10 6  ,  xy  120 10 6 
Determine the principal strains and the orientation of the
element.

x y
 avg 
2
  x   y    xy 
2 2

R      
 2   2 
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EXAMPLE 3
 x  250 10 6  ,  y  150 10 6  ,  xy  120 10 6 
x y
 avg 
2
  x   y    xy 
2 2

R      
 2   2 

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Maximum in-plane shear strain. From the coordinates of point E, we
have
 x ' y ' max in plane

2

 208.8 10 6 
 
x' y' max in plane
 418 10  
6

 avg  5010 
6

• To orient the element, we can determine

the clockwise angle (from Mohr Circle)

2 s1  90  28.35
 s  36.7 (Ans)
1
READING QUIZ

1) Which of the following statement is incorrect

for plane-strain?

a) σz = γyz = γxz = 0 while the plane-strain has 3 components σx,

σy and γxy.

b) Always identical to the state of plane stress

c) Identical to the state of plane stress only when the Poisson’s ratio
is zero.

d) When the state of strain is represented by the principal strains,

no shear strain will act on the element.

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