MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

BFC20903

STRESS IN BEAMS
CHAPTER 4

Professor Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Samad

Reference:
Chapter 6
Mechanics of Materials, R.C Hibbeler, 8th Edition,
Pearson
 STRESS IN BEAMS

Chapter Objectives
 Determine the bending stress in a beam member
caused by bending
 Determine the shear stress in a beam member caused
by shear

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BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT MEMBER

Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible

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(6-7) (6-8)
FLEXURAL FORMULA
Assumptions:
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hooke’s Law Applies;
i.e. σ=E.є
(6-9)

This equation describes the stress distribution over the cross sectional area

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FLEXURAL FORMULA

M R Z   M Z ;
y 
M   ydF   y  dA   y  max dA
A A
c 
 max
M
c 
A
y 2 dA

However

Flexural
(6-12)
Formula

(6-13)

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EXAMPLE 4
The simply supported beam in Fig. 6–26a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–26b. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress
distribution over the cross section at this location.
30kN

3m 3m

15kN
A B

15kN
EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m,
occurs at the center.
• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the
centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 6–26b.


I   I  Ad 2

2 1
12
0.250.023  0.250.020.162  121 0.020.33 
 
 301 .3 106 m 4

B  
My B
b 
 
22.5 103 0.17 
 12.7 MPa
I
;
 
301 .3 10 6

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in fig. below.

• At point B,    MyB ; B  
 
22.5 103 0.15
 11.2 MPa
B
I 301.3 10 6
 

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UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

The flexural formula was developed

from cross sectional area that are
symmetrical about an axis
perpendicular to the neutral axis such
as the T-beam and Channel section.

Moment Applied About the Principal Axis

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UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (cont.)

= +

(a) (b) (c)

Mz y M yz
   (6-17)
Iz Iy
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UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (cont.)

= +

Iz
tan   tan  (6-19)
Iy
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EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 6–33a is subjected to a
bending moment of 12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress developed at
each corner of the section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where

M y   12   9.60 kN  m
4
5
M z  12   7.20 kN  m
3
5
• The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are

I y  0.40.2  0.2667 10 3 m 4
1
12
3
 
I z  0.20.4  1.067 10 3 m 4
1
12
3
 

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• For bending stress,
Mz y M yz
  
Iz Iy

B  
  
 
7.2 10 3 0.2   9.6 10 3  0.1
 2.25 MPa (Ans)
 
1.067 10 3
 
0.2667 10 3

7.210 0.2  9.610 0.1

3 3
C    4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067 10  0.2667 10 
3 3

7.210  0.2  9.610 0.1

3 3
D    2.25 MPa (Ans)
1.067 10 
3
0.2667 10  3

7.210  0.2   9.610  0.1

3 3
E    4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067 10 
3
0.2667 10  3

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched
using these values, Fig. 6–33b.

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 6–33b,
can be established by proportion.
2.25 4.95
  z  0.0625 m
z 0.2  z 
• We can also establish the orientation
of the NA using Eq. 6–19, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.

Iz
tan   tan 
Iy

tan  
 
1.067 10 3
tan  53.1    79.4 (Ans)
0.2667 10 
3

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COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Transformed homogeneous beam obtained through a
transformation factor:

E1
n
E2
and
dF  dA   ' dA'
dzdy   ' ndzdy
  n '

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EXAMPLE 1
A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a
steel strap located on its bottom side. It has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–38a. If the beam is subjected
to a bending moment of 2 kN.m, determine the normal stress
at points B and C. Take Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• We will transform the section into one made entirely of steel.

bst  nbw 
12
150   9 mm
200

• The transformed section is as shown.

• The location of the centroid

(neutral axis),

y
 y A 0.010.02 0.150   0.095 0.009 0.15
  0.03638 m
A 0.02 0.15  0.009 0.15

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is
1 2
I NA   0.15 0.02   0.15 0.02 0.03638  0.01 
3

12 
1 2
  0.009 0.15  0.009 0.15 0.095  00.03638  
3

12 
 9.35810 6  m 4
• Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B’ and C is
20.17  0.03638 
   28.6 MPa
B'

9.358 10 6 
2 0.03638 
C    7.78 MPa (Ans)

9.358 10 6 
• The normal stress in the wood at B is
 B  n B ' 
12
 28.6  1.71 MPa (Ans)
200
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EXAMPLE 2
The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-sectional area
as shown. If it is subjected to a bending moment of M 60
kN•m, determine the normal stress in each of the steel
reinforcing rods and the maximum normal stress in the
concrete. Take Est = 200 GPa and Econc = 25 GPa.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• The total area of steel is  2

Ast  2  12.5  982 mm 2 , thus

A'  nAst 
200
982   7856 mm 2
25

• We require the centroid to lie on the neutral axis.

 ~yA  0 300mm

400mm
300h'  7856 400  h'  0
h'
2
h'2 52.37 h'20949 .33  0  h'  120.90 mm 7856mm2

• The moment of inertia of the transformed section is

computed about the neutral axis,
1  120.9 
2

I   300 120.9  300120.9   7856 400  120.9   788.67 10 mm
3 2 6 4

12  2  
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• Applying the flexure formula to the transformed section, the
maximum normal stress in the concrete is
60120 .9
 conc max   9.20 MPa (Ans)
788 .67 10 6
60400  120 .9
 'conc   21.23 MPa
788 .67 10 6

• The normal stress in each of the two reinforcing rods is

therefore

 200 
 st  n 'conc   21.23  169 .84 MPa (Ans)
 25 

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SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM

• Transverse shear stress always has its associated

longitudinal shear stress acting along longitudinal
planes of the beam.

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SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM (cont)

• Effects of Shear Stresses:

• Warping of cross section

Distortion of cross
section causes by the
development of non-
uniform shear strain
distribution across the
cross section of the
beam

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SHEAR FORMULA

VQ

It
where Q   ydA  y' A'
A'
 (7-2)

(7-3)
SHEAR IN BEAMS

Rectangular cross section

• Shear – stress distribution is parabolic

6V  h2 2
 3   y 
bh  4 

V
 max  1.5
A
 6V  h2
 3  
bh  4
at y =0

V
 max  1.5
A

𝜏=0
SHEAR IN BEAMS (cont)

Wide-flange beam
• Shear-stress distribution is parabolic
but has a jump at the flange-to-web
junctions.

Limitations on the use of shear formula

• Not on cross sections that are short or flat
• Not at points of sudden cross sectional changes (e.g.
flange-to-web junction in wide flange beam)
• Not at a joint on an inclined boundary

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EXAMPLE 1
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig.
7–11a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80kN, plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beam’s cross-
sectional area.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis
is

I   0.015 0.23 
1 
12 

 2 0.30.023   0.30.02 0.112   155.610 6  m 4

1 
12 

• For point B, tB’ = 0.3m, and A’ is the dark

shaded area shown in Fig. 7–11c

QB '  y ' A'  0.110.30.02   0.66 10 3 m 3  

 B'  
 
VQB ' 80 10 3 0.66 10 3 
 1.13 MPa

It B ' 
155 .6 10 0.3
6


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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• For point B, tB = 0.015m, and QB = QB’,

B 
VQB

  
80 10 3 0.66 10 3 
 22.6 MPa
It B  
155 .6 10 0.015 
6

• For point C, tC = 0.015m, and A’ is

the dark shaded area in Fig. 7–11d.

• Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,

QC   y ' A'  0.110.30.02   0.05 0.015 0.1  0.735 10 3 m 3  

• Thus,  C   max 
VQc

 
80 10 3 0.735  10 3 
 25.2 MPa

ItC 
155 .6 10 0.015 
6

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