1

V J V •• -<-• ' v. "<" -ay,-

—'**""-

ORNL/Sub/2913-i
NRC-5

FLANGED JOINTS WITH CONTACT

OUTSIDE THE BOLT CIRCLE —
ASME PART BDESIGM RULES

E C Rodabaugh
S E Moore

(Work funded by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Under Interagency Agreement 40-495-75

May, 1976

m N0T5CE This document contains information of a preliminary

)
nature and was prepared primarily for internal use at the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory It is subject f o revision or correction
and therefore does not represent a final report

Work Performed By

BATTELLE
Columbus Laboratories
50b King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201

Q t 1 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

i ft i
Oak; R
Ae
operated by'
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATiON ['/
c for the
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
a f <
Contract No W-7405-26
V tt w

s> Y >x
DISTRIBUTION orjHlS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED"
ti
 • V. .
Printed in the United States of America
'..• ;>•<
' • >' f.y ':;!•,;•: '" [/:_'• Available from,. -
National Technical Jnformatlqn Service , y
; ; V U. S. Department of Commerce
•••<
' 6285 PortRoya! Road •>
Springfl«ld,yirdnla 22161 ,. 1 .V.
vA ' <
Price: Printed Copy $4.60; Mlcrofiche$2.28
Ih'iA
, a

•<jf
Thi* report wa« prepared as an account of work sponsored b y t h e
Unltnd State* Government. Neither the United States nor, the Energy Be*
search and Development Adminlnretlory nor the Nuclear': Regulatory,
Commission, nor any of. their ernpl6yee», nor any of their'contractor*,
Bibcontractort/ or their employed; mokes any Warranty, express or Im-
*V-0 plied, or assume any j ^ l liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness or usefulness of'.1 any.; information, apparatus, product, or
process disclosed, or represents that its use, would not infringe privately
r/ . , owned rights. •'.' * /' •

• ••', . c;
 *OI>Ci
t y u t ^ d l •)< loMfNTIOt »««"
04 l«w»r| K* t'wm |M>|1
fw^i^wn. »» i&i-y »«»,
i^tNifiiiMtMt, « iMf4«iiM, aikiri
•%m«<*t.. M t w M i *vt

twt** U44 m HM

FLANGED JOINTS WITH CONTACT

OUTSIDE THE BOLT CIRCLE—
ASHE PART B DESIGN RULES

by

E. C. Rodabaugh
S. E. Moore
 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION . 1

NOMENCLATURE 3

IDENTICAL PAIR OF FLANGES 5

Regime Where 0 A > 0, h c - (A-C>/2 il

Regime Where 8 A - 0, h c < (A-Q/2 . 15

STRAIGHT HUB FLAKGE BOLTED TO A FLAT COVER 17

APPLICATION EXAMPLES 21

Flanged Joints Selected Eor Examples 21

Stresses and Allowable Pressures by Part A Rules 23

Identical Pair, Part B Rules 27,

Flange/Cover Joint, Reference (3) Theory 31

Discussion of Significant Aspects . . . 39

TEST DATA .

COMPUTER PROGRAMS . . . . . . ..... 69

Output Data, FLGB 49

Output Data, COVER B .50

RECOMMENDATIONS 53

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 54

REFERENCES 5S

APPENDIX A
COPY OF "AXISYMHETRIC, NONIDENTICAL, FLAT-FACE FLANGES WITH METAL-TO-
METAL CONTACT BEYOND THE BOLT CIRCLE" BY WATERS AND SCHNEIDER . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B

LISTING OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FLGB AND COVER B B-l

 ill

LIST OF TABLES

Page

TABLE I . PART B RULES 7

TABLE 2 , DIMENSIONS OF A P I - 6 0 5 FLANGES USED I N

IN APPLICATION EXAMPLES 22

TABU 3. PART A RULES, STRESSES ( P S I ) AND ALLOWABLE

PRESSURES ( P S I ) FOR A P I - 6 0 5 FLANGES 24

TABLE 4 . PART B RULES, VALUES OF S^, o b , H/A b AND Z,

IDENTICAL PAIR AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1 28

TABLE 5 . PART B RULES, STRESSES ( P S I ) FOR A P I - 6 0 5 FLANGED JOINTS,

IDENTICAL PAIR AS SHOWN I N FIGURE 1 30

TABLE 6 . FLANGE/COVER JOINT, VALUES OF S [ , C b , H/A b AND

0 2 0 , JOINT AS SHOWN I N FIGURE 2 33

TABLE 7. FLANGE/COVER JOINT, STRESSES ( P S I ) IN STRAIGHT-HUB FLANGE.

API-605 FLANGED JOINTS, JOINT AS SHOWN I N FIGURE 2 35

TABLE 8 . FLANGE/COVER JOINT, STRESSES ( P S I ) IN COVER FLANGE,

A P I - 6 0 5 FLANGED JOINTS AS SHOWN I N FIGURE 2 37

TABLE 9 . MAXIMUM PRESSURES I N PSI FOR Sb • 25,000 P S I ,

S f ® 2 0 , 0 0 0 PSI 41

TABLE 10. COMPARISON OF TEST DATA FROM REFERENCE ( 9 ) WITH

CALCULATED RESULTS, ANSI B16.S, 12" - 300 CLASS
WELDING NECK-TO-WELDING NECK, IDENTICAL PAIR;
AND WELDING NECK-TO-BUND, FLANGE/COVER 48

TABLE 11. OUTPUT DATA IDENTIFICATION, COMPUTER PROGRAM FLGB . . . . . 51

TABLE 12. OUTPUT DATA IDENTIFICATION, COMPUTER PROGRAM COVER B . . . . 52

 iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

FIGURE 1. CONFIGURATION OF IDENTICAL PAIR FLANGED JOINT 6

FIGURE 2. CONFIGURATION OF FLANGE/COVER FLANGED JOINT 18

FIGURE 3. LOCATIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF FLANGE STRESSES, PART A

AND PART B RULES (IDENTICAL PAIR) AND STRAIGHT-HUB
FLANGE OF FLANGE/COVER FLANGED JO.'NT 25

FIGURE 4. OPERATING BOLT STRESS, AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL

BOLT STRESS, S £ . IDENTICAL PAIR, p = P 1 0 0 26

FIGURE 5. FLANGE STRESSES, o h AND orrC, AND FACE SEPARATION OF

BORE, Z, AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT STRESS, S
IDENTICAL PAIR, 26" - 150 CLASS, p = P 1 0 0 29

FIGURE 6. OPERATING BOLT STRESS, o b , AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL

BOLT STRESS, S ^ FLANGE/COVER, p « P 1 0 0 32

FIGURE 7. FLANGE STRESSES, o h AND CTrC, IN STRAIGHT HUB FLANGE AS

A FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT STRESS, S ^ FLANGE/COVER,
P " P 100 34

FIGURE 8« LOCATIONS AND DIRECTION OF STRESSES ON COVER 36

FIGURE 9. STRESSES, a r t , AND a r C , IN COVER AS A FUNCTION OF

INITIAL BOLT STRESS, Si. FLANGE/COVER, p - P 1 Q 0 38

i
 V

FOREWORD

The work r e p o r t e d h e r e was performed f o r the Oak Ridge National

L a b o r a t o r y a t B a t t e l l e - C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s under Union C a r b i d e Corpora-
t i o n , Nuclear D i v i s i o n , S u b c o n t r a c t No. 2913 as p a r t o f t h e ORNL D e s i g n
Criteria f o r P i p i n g and N o z z l e s Program, S. E. Moore, Manager. This
program i s funded by the O f f i c e of N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Research of the
U. S. N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Commission, D i v i s i o n of Reactor S a f e t y Research
(RSR) as p a r t of a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t w i t h i n d u s t r y t o d e v e l o p and v e r i f y
a n a l y t i c a l methods f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e s a f e t y of n u c l e a r pressure-vessel
and p i p i n g - s y s t e m d e s i g n . The c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t i s coordinated through
t h e Design D i v i s i o n , P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Research Committee, Welding Research
Council. The c o g n i z a n t RSR-NRC p r o j e c t e n g i n e e r i s E. K. Lynn.
The study o f ASME - P a r t B f l a n g e d j o i n t s d e s c r i b e d i n this
r e p o r t i s a p o r t i o n o f a t h r e e - p a r t study of f l a n g e d p i p i n g j o i n t design
b e i n g conducted i n s u p p o r t o f codes and s t a n d a r d s d e s i g n r u l e s assess-
ment. R e s u l t s from t h i s study w i l l be used by a p p r o p r i a t e ASME Code
groups i n d r a f t i n g new and improved d e s i g n r u l e s .
Other r e p o r t s i n t h i s s e r i e s are:

(1) E. C. Rodabaugh, F . M. O ' H a r a , J r . , and S. E. Moore,

FLANGE: A Computer Program for the Analysis of
Flanged Joints with Ring-Type Gaskets, ORNL-5035,
January, 1976.

(2) E. C. Rodabaugh and F . M. O ' H a r a , J r . , Evaluation of

the Bolting and Flanges of ANSI B16.5 Flanged Joints—
ASME Part A Rules (to be published).
 BLANK

iS&tSSSES^ MWauCTBcii jifra ntwwrrr-

 INTRODUCTION

The ASME B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Code, S e c t i o n V I I I , Division

hereinafter r e f e r r e d t o as t h e Code*, g i v e s r u l e s which a r e s u b d i v i d e d into
" P a r t A" and " P a r t B". P a r t A covers f l a n g e d j o i n t s where c o n t a c t between
f l a n g e s occurs through a g a s k e t l o c a t e d i n s i d e the b o l t h o l e s . Part B
covers f l a n g e d j o i n t s w i t h c o n t a c t o u t s i d e t h e b o l t holes.

The t h e o r y behind t h e F a r t B Code r u l e s i s developed and d i s c u s s e d

i n References ( 2 ) , (3), ( 4 ) , and ( 5 ) . At p r e s e n t , t h e Code r u l e s cover only
j o i n t s c o n s i s t i n g of an i d e n t i c a l p a i r o f f l a n g e s used w i t h a self-sealing
(e.g., elastoraeric 0 - r i n g ) gasket. R e v i s i o n s t o the Code r u l e s , however, are
under c o n s i d e r a t i o n which a r e i n t e n d e d both t o s i m p l i f y t h e p r e s e n t r u l e s and
t o expand t h e coverage t o T i o n i d e n t i c a l flanges.
The ASME B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Code, S e c t i o n I I I , Division
( N u c l e a r Power P l a n t Components) i n c l u d e s b o t h P a r t A and P a r t B r u l e s in
s u b s e c t i o n NA, Mandatory Appendix X I . However, s u b s e c t i o n NB f o r C l a s s 1 Com-
ponents does not appear t o r e c o g n i z e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f l a n g e d j o i n t s with
contact outside the b o l t c i r c l e ; i . e . . P a r t B type. For example, NB-3231
r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e b o l t a r e a i s to be d e t e r m i n e d by the p r o c e d u r e s o f Appendix
E but Appendix E i s a norutiandatory appendix a p p l i c a b l e t o f l a n g e d j o i n t s with
contact i n s i d e the b o l t holes; i.e., Part A type. Nevertheless, NB-3231
appears t o r e q u i r e i t s use r e g a r d l e s s of whether the f l a n g e j o i n t i s designed
t o P a r t A r u l e s or P a r t B r u l e s . Examples p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t suggest
t h a t i t c o u l d be u n c o n s e r v a t i v e t o d e s i g n t h e b o l t i n g by Appendix E procedures
if, in fact, the f l a n g e d j o i n t i s P a r t B; i . e . , w i t h c o n t a c t o u t s i d e the b o l t
circle.

* I n t h i s r e p o r t , u n l i k e t h e m a j o r i t y of o t h e r r e p o r t s of t h i s s e r i e s o f
r e p o r t s , t h e terra "Code" r e f e r s to S e c t i o n V I I I , D i v i s i o n 1 ; n o t S e c t i o n
III. R e f e r e n c e t o S e c t i o n I I I o f t h e Code i s s p e c i f i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d where
so i n t e n d e d . Reference t o p o r t i o n s o f e i t h e r t h e "Code" o r t h e ASME
S e c t i o n I I I Code a r e i d e n t i f i e d as i n those Codes; e . g . , UA-57 o f t h e "Code"
or NB-3231 of t h e ASME S e c t i o n I I I Code.
 2

Subsections NC and ND f o r C l a s s 2 and Class 3 Components of the ASHE

Section I I I Code r e f e r d i r e c t l y t o Appendix X I as a p e r m i s s i b l e f l a n g e d joint
d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e ; see N C - 3 2 6 2 . 3 , NC-3362, and ND-3362.
T h i s r e p o r t c o n s t i t u t e s t h e l a s t o f a s e r i e s o f t h r e e r e p o r t s on the
subject of b o l t e d - f l a n g e d j o i n t s . Reference (7) describes the theory applicable
to T a r t A flanged j o i n t s . Reference ( 8 ) examines t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f ANSI B16.5
f l a n g e d j o i n t s when used w i t h g a s k e t s i n s i d e t h e b o l t h o l e s . This report (a)
summarizes t h e t h e o r y f o r P a r t B f l a n g e d j o i n t s , (b) p r e s e n t s examples which
show t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between P a r t A f l a n g e d j o i n t s and P a r t B
flanged j o i n t s , (c) presents the a v a i l a b l e t e s t data r e l e v a n t to the character-
i s t i c s of P a r t B flanged j o i n t s , ( d ) g i v e s l i s t i n g s o f two computer programs
which can be used t o e v a l u a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of P a r t B f l a n g e d j o i n t s , and
( e ) g i v e s recommendations f o r Code r e v i s i o n s and o t h e r a s p e c t s of P a r t B f l a n g e d -
joint design.

L a t e r i n t h i s r e p o r t , we w i l l be g i v i n g examples of t h e application
o f t h e t h e o r y which i n v o l v e s b o t h t h e C o d e ^ rules for Part B flanges; for
i d e n t i c a l p a i r s , and t h e t h e o r y o f Reference (3) for a flange bolted to a flat
cover. It i s p e r t i n e n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e b a s i c t h e o r e t i c a l approaches used i n
these two r e f e r e n c e s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h each o t h e r ; hence cross-comparisons
between t h e two k i n d s o f j o i n t s a r e on a c o n s i s t e n t basis.
 3

NOMENCLATURE

A " o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r of flange
n
A^ t o t a l cross s e c t i o n r o o t a r e a of bolts
A ® t o t a l r e q u i r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n a l l.oot a r e a of bolts
m
W
- H1/Sb
a - (A + C ) / 2 B 1

B i n s i d e diameter o f flange

B B + 8
r o

b « e f f e c t i v e gasket s e a t i n g w i d t h
a
C bolt circle diameter
D =• d i a m e t e r o f b o l t hole
E = modulus of elasticity
Ef « modulus of e l a s t i c i t y o f f l a n g e material
E^ » modulus of e l a s t i c i t y o f b o l t material
G « mean d i a m e t e r of gasket
g « t h i c k n e s s of hub
° 2
H « 0,785 G p

Hc - (M p + M s ) / h c

H d - 0 . 7 8 5 B2p
Hp = gasket s e a l i n g force, ( t a k e n as zero h e r e i n )

h =» r a d i a l d i s t a n c e from b o l t c i r c l e to f l a n g e - f l a n g e b e a r i n g circle
where the slope o f t h e f l a n g e i s c a l c u l a t e d t o be z a r o .

h
cmax - ( A ~ C > / 2
hD = ( C - B - g o ) / 2
hG - (C-G)/2
hT = (2C-B-G)/4
j = 0.550 ( g Q / t ) »'B1/go
K = A./B
k = 2[(K2 + 1)/(K2-1) + 0.3]/(B^/gQ)
I = e f f e c t i v e b o l t l e n g t h = 2 t + ( 1 / 2 ) nominal b o l t d i a m e t e r f o r each t h r e a d e d end
M^ = moment a c t i n g on end o f hub, p i p e o r s h e l l a t i t s j u n c t u r e w i t h back
face of flange ring
 4

Np - V d + H T h T + H
GhG
= MJJ + Q t / 2
N = number o f bolts
p = pressure
- a l l o w a b l e p r e s s u r e us l i m i t e d by b o l t stress
P^ = a l l o w a b l e p r e s s u r e as l i m i t e d by f l a n g e o r cover s t r e s s
PlOO = r a t e d p r e s s u r e a t 10Q F .
Q shear f o r c e between f l a n g e r i n g and end o f hub, p i p e , o r shell
r_ = b o l t - h o l e f l e x i b i l i t y factor

tan

r = E^/E^ ( t a k e n as u n i t y herein)
r g = 1 - Si/ob (Code: 1 - S±/Sb)
S^ = a l l o w a b l e b o l t s t r e s s a t d e s i g n temperature
S^ = a l l o w a b l e f l a n g e s t r e s s a t d e s i g n temperature
S^ = i n i t i a l b o l t s t r e s s ( b o l t prestress)
S' = i n i t i a l b o l t s t r e s s such t h a t h = ( A - C ) / 2 and E6 = 0, for i d e n t i c a l p a i r joints
X C A

= i n i t i a l b o l t s t r e s s f o r t a n g e n t i a l c o n t a c t at d i a . A, f o r f l a n g e / c o v e r joints
t = flange r i n g thickness
t = cover thickness
c
Z = f l a n g e f a c e a x i a l s e p a r a t i o n a t bore
0 = (C + B 1 ) / 2 B 1
9 = f l a n g e or cover rotation
= rotation a t outside diameter, A
0g = R o t a t i o n a t b o r e , B
v = Poisson's r a t i o ( t a k e n as 0 . 3 h e r e i n )
o^h = c a l c u l a t e d b o l t s t r e s s , P a r t A r u l e s
o^ = o p e r a t i n g b o l t stress
oc - c o n t r o l l i n g flange stress
o o
o, , o „ , o „ = f l a n g e s t r e s s e s , see F i g u r e 3
ro, to, n rc. rfl
a , a , a , a , a = cover s t r e s s e s , see F i g u r e 8
 5

IDENTICAL PAIR OF FLANGES

Rules for analysis of an identical, pair of flanges are given in

the Code, Appendix II, Part B. The type of bolted-flanged joint under con-
sideration is shown in Figure 1. A significant portion of the text of the
Code rules is included herein as Table 1. The rules given in UA-57 and UA-58
are difficult to understand and follow. The reasons for this are discussed
in the following, where we identify Code equations with a prefix "C".
First, we note that S. is defined in UA-47 as "Allowable bolt stress
(4)
at design temperature". According to Waters ? theoretically, this is not

the correct quantity for use in Equation (C13) or in the definition of r in

s
UA-47. We will define the quantity o^ as the "operating bolt stress", and
use it in place of S^ in Equation (C13) and in the definition of r g ; which
is in accordance with the basic theory behind the Code rules. The intent of
the Code in using S,
h for a,b will be discussed later herein.
Second, we note that Equation (C-13) in Table 1 contains four
"unknowns", h , S.(in r = 1-S./a,),a, and M . The Code states that M can
c' i s i b b s s
be neglected in Equations (C13) and (C14), but this doesn't help very much
because these equations still contain four unknowns: h^, S^,ff^,and
There are at least two unknowns in each of Equations (C13) through (C28),
except Equations (C21) through (C24).
After some study, the Code user will find that there is an explicit
solution in the Code rules provided that he
(a) Starts with Equation (C27) and works backwards through
the equations given in the Code, and
(b) Assumes a value of h or E0.. If he assumes h < (A-C)/2
C A C
then E6 A = 0 . If he assumes > 0, then h c = (A-C)/2.

The details of this explicit solution are given later herein.

At this point, it is pertinent to note that the basic theory is
applicable to a pair of identical flanges of given dimensions and material
properties (v and E), loaded with

(a) Internal pressure, p, and

(b) An initial bolt stress, S .
 .N-bolt holes,
Diam. D
O-ring groove
and gasket
J=L

B
C

FIGURE 1. CONFIGURATION OF IDENTICAL PAIR FLANGED JOINT

 7
TABLE 1: PART B RULES, FROM CODE ( 1 \ SHEET 1 OF 4
PART B—FLAT FACE FLANGES WITH
METAL-TO-METAL CONTACT OUTSIDE
THE BOLT CIRCLE
The rules in Part B apply specifically to bolted
flanged connections where the flanges are flat faced
and bolted together directly or separated by a metal
spacer such that there is metal-to-metal contact. It
is assumed that a self-sealing gasket is used approxi-
mately in-line with the wall of attached pipe or vessel.
The rules provide for hydrostatic end loads only and
assume that the gasket seating loads are small and
may in most cases be neglected. It is also assumed
that the seal generates a negligible axial load under
operating conditions. If such is not the case, allow-
ance shall be made for a gasket load Ha, dependent
on the size and configuration of the seal and design
pressure.
Proper allowance shall be made if connections are
subject to external forces other than external pres-
sure, and if gasket seatingrequirements are significant.
The flange design methods outlined in UA-57
through UA-59 are applicable to circular flanges
under internal pressure, and designed to operate in
identical pairs. As with flanges with ring type gas-
kets, the stress in the bolts may vary appreciably
with pressure. There is an additional stress increase
due to a prying effect; that is, each bolt acts as a
fulcrum with hc as the lever arm. As a result, fatigue
of the bolts and other parts comprising the flanged
connection may require consideration (sec UG-22)
and controlled prctensioning of the bolts may be
necessary. It is important to note that the operating
bolt stress is relatively insensitive to change in pre-
tightening stress up to a certain point. Thereafter,
the two stresses arc essentially the same.
The formula for the calculated strain length I of
the bolts is generally applicable. However, variations
in the thickness of material actually clamped by
each bolt, such as sleeves, collars, or multiple washers
placed between a flange arid the bolt heads or nuts,
or by countcrboring, must be considered in fixing a
value for I for use in the design formulas. A large
iricreasc in I may cause undesirable flexibility in the
entire flange assembly and, as a result, the stresses
may be under or overestimated.
UA-57 Bolt Loads
(a) Flange Thickness. The following approximate
formula may be used for obtaining the necessary
flange thickness to resist bending at the bolt circle.
It is based on a loading due to hydrostatic end force
only, with no compensation of a moment, either fa-
vorable or unfavorable, due to continuity with a hub
or shell; allowance is made for removal of metal at
the bolt holes, equivalent to 40 percent of the total
bolt circle circumference.
(b) Required Bolt Load. The flange bolt load
used in calculating the required cross-sectional area
of bolts shall be determined as follows:
(1) The required bolt load for the operating
condition, W,„„ shall be sufficient to resist the sum
of the hydrostatic end force, H, exerted by the
maximum allowable working pressure on the area
bounded by the diameter of the gasket reaction, and
the contact force H c exerted by the mating flange on
the annular area where the flange faces are in contact.
To this shall be added the gasket load H„ for those de-
signs where gasket seating requirements arc significant.
(2) Before the contact force Hc can be deter-
mined, it is necessary to obtain a value for its mo-
ment arm hc. Due to the interrelation between bolt
elongation and flange defection, h c involves the
flange thickness, t, operating bolt stress Sb, initial bolt
pre-stress factor ra and calculated strain length I,
elasticity factor rE, and total moment loading on the
flange Mp+Ms- The relation between these quanti-
ties is expressed by Formula (13), provided that the
resulting solution for hc is not greater than ( A - C ) /
2, in which case dA, the slope of the flange face at its
 8

TABLE 1: (CONTINUED), SHEET 2 OF 4

outside diameter, equals zero. Note that the moment (b) For all flanges with hubs, including flanges
arms for MP are given in Table UA-50. integral with or welded to pipe or shell as in Fig,
UA-57(3), ( 4 ) , (4a), ( 5 ) , (5a), or (5b); the inter-
at*lrErsSbBx action moment MH, hub moment Mu, shear Q, slope
he = 0.929 y j i Mp + M (13)
at flange-hub junction 0tl, and internal pressure P arc
s
interrelated in accordance with these formulas:
If the value of h c calculated by Formula ( 1 3 )
exceeds (A — C)/2, the actual value of ho is to be M „ = - ( j - y J,EOj,t>+J,Pty(fy (17)
taken as hcttmx = (A—C)/2, and the face of the
flange then has a slope at its outside diameter equal
Q=-(j-)SJ>E0Bp+Jtpr/(fy (18)
to 9a radians, as expressed by Formula ( 1 4 ) .
MB=M„ + Qt/2 (19)
E0A=rJpM-0.290^ (14)
A —C BfQt E{8»-0A)V=JM>,+hMf, (20)
For loose type and optional type flanges without If the flange contact distance h c is less than ht m a i ,
hubs, the moment Ms in Formulas ( 1 3 ) and ( 1 4 ) 9A=0. Otherwise, there is an additional relation
equals zero. For all other flanges, Ms in these two between M« and 0* given by Formula (14). How-
formulas may be neglected, provided that a final ever, a good approximation for OA may be obtained
check calculation is made to establish the adequacy by using Formula ( 1 4 ) with Ms assumed equal to
of the bolting and flange stresses. For calculation of zero.
Mh, see UA-58. The symbols / , , / 3 , , . , h represent the dimen-
(3) The contact force Hc is determined by For- sional characteristics of flange and hub, and contain
mula (15a) for loose type and optional type calcu- the ratio factors / and k for all types of hub, with
lated as loose type flanges without hubs, and by Ci, c.„ Cj, etc. for tapered hubs and hubs of loose
Formula (15b) for all integral type flanges, and type flanges. See UA-47 for j and k, also Fig. UA-58
hubbed flanges of the loose or optional type where for j, k, and applicable c factors.
advantage may be taken of significant interaction
between flange and hub. A = 0 . 9 5 1 C { £ ^ + C , / ] (21,
Hc=Mr/hc (15a)
, 5 A 9 (22)
Hc=(MP+MB)/hc (15b) ^= i,[ £ !
lTSr + l A 0 0 C i
]
(4) The required bolt load for operating con-
U 9 0 1 (23)
ditions is determined in accordance with Formula iutM
(16). C C4
7/ , —
- 1 10 .fi3 -iQ
8 'i*( ~~k)
l + g J k
(24)
W,„=H+HC+H0 (16)
(c) Total Required and Actual Bolt Areas, and
Flange Design Bolt Load. The total required cross-
sectional area of bolts, A„„ equals Wmt/Sb. A selec-
tion of bolts to be used shall be made such that the /.«/.-1.738^- (26)
actual total cross-sectional area of bolts A t , will not
(c) Allocation of c factors. For loose type flanges
be less than A,„. The flange design bolt load W shall
with constant thickness hubs, sec Fig. UA-58(3) for
be taken equal to WM1.
c„ c„ and c3. h and 3, equal zero.
For loose type flanges with tapered hubs, sec Fig.
UA-58 Flange-Hub Moments, Shear, Dcflcction and
U A - 5 8 ( 9 ) , ( 1 0 ) , and (11) for c„ cu and c,. J*
Slope of Flange Face
and /< equal zero.
(a) For loose type and optional type calculated as For integral flanges with constant thickness hubs,
loose type flanges, without hubs, the interaction c,, c2, and c 3 = l , c 1 = 0 . 8 5 , c 6 = 0 .
moment Ms, hub moment M„, and shear Q are as- For integral flanges with tapered hubs, see Fig.
sumed to be nonexistent. The slope and deflection U A - 5 8 ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) , and ( 8 ) for c„ c „ c a , c„
at the flange i.d. are computed by Formulas (27) and c s .
and ( 2 8 ) . (d) The slope of the flange face at its inside diani-
 9

TABLE 1: (CONTINUED), SHEET 2 OF 4

cter is given by Formula (27), derived from the preceding formulas. For loose type flanges with hubs
preceding formulas (17), (13), (19), and (20). for which credit is taken, but internal pressure has
This formula is applicable to .ill types of flange, with no barreling effect, the factors 7, and /« are taken as
or without hubs. equal to zero.
(e) The axial separation of two identical mating
flanges at their inside diameter is given by Formula
E0„ = 7—« (27) (28), and applies to all types of flanges.
1 + / » ( / , + Vi Ja)
12(1-^) 2
z= O'C + M - ho(^hc +
The value of EQ„ as found from Formula (27), is rCEt3
substituted in Formulas (17), (18), and (20) to
obtain the values of hub moment Mu, shear Q, and +*Chur0 J + =
interaction moment Ms-
For loose type flanges without hubs or with hubs
for which credit is not taken for their reinforcing
value, the factors / „ J„ h, and / , equal zero In all + 2(/Ic+M<>a (28)
 10

TABLE 1 (CONTINUED), SHEET 4 OF 4

UA-59 Calculation of Flange Stresses Radial, at bolt circle

(a) Before calculating the flange stresses, the as- Sn-~6 (M,.+Ma) (37)
sumed operating and initial bolt stresses shall be t'inC-nD)
verified or corrected to the actual design values by Radial, in flange adjacent to hub
means of Figs. UA-59.1 or UA-59.2. In using this
figure, proceed as follows: (38)
(}) Compute the value of x2 and mark it on
the vertical scale. Circumferential, in flange adjacent to hub
(2) Compute the value of ? . / i c / ( " - B , ) or (39)
2hCmtx/(C—Bl), as may be applicable, and mark it
on the curve. Longitudinal, in hub adjacent to flange
( j ) With a straightedge on these two points,
*o _ P B l , 6 Mn (40)
mark the value of where the straightedge cuts the
horizontal scale. ^"Tf^lSS?
Circumferential, in hub adjacent to flange
(4) From this value of *„ compute the design
value of the initial bolt stress.
(41)
NOTE: If Ma = 0 and A, is not significantly greater than
Am, the foregoing procedure may be omitted,
+ 0.075
(b) The flange stresses shall be determined in 81 irBtgf
accordance with the following formulas: Longitudinal, at small end of tapered hub (42)
(]) For loose type ring flanges (including op- Sut= (In preparation)
tional type calculated as loose type) having a rectan- Circumferential, at small end of tapered hub (43)
gular cross section:
Sm = (In preparation)
® u circle
at bolt (29)
t2 ( 3 . 1 4 C - n D ) * Use -f- sign for contact face of flange or inside of hub,
— sign for back face of flange or outside of hub.
5 « = 0 at inside diameter (30)
(c) The flange stresses calculated by the formulas
*ST= ±
5A6Mi
Bt2
E9At
M S M & H in UA-59 (b) shall not exceed the following values:
(1) Longitudinal hub-stress Su not greater than
S, for cast iron 1 and except as otherwise limited by
+ — - (see Fig. UA-59.3 ) (31)
( l ) ( a ) and ( l ) ( b ) , not greater than 1.5 St for mate-
(2) For loose type flanges with hubs (including rials other than cast iron.
optional type calculated as loose type); the hubs (a) Longitudinal hub-stress Su not greater
considered as reinforcement (see Fig. UA-57 (4a), than the smaller of 1.5 Sf or 1.5 S„ for optional type
( 5 ) , (5a),and ( 5 b ) : flanges designed as integral (Fig. UA-57 (4a), ( 5 ) ,
Radial, at bolt circle ( 5 a ) , and (5b), also integral type (Fig. UA-57 (4))
e _ 6(Mp+Ma) where the neck material constitutes the hub of the
S (32)
"-* r-(rC-nD) flange.
Radial, in flange adjacent to hub (b) Longitudinal hub-stress not greater
•c = J 2 6Ma than the smaller of 1.5 Sf or 2.5 S„ for integral type
(33)
flanges with hub welded to the neck, pipe or vessel
* wBtt - 7rBxt*
wall.
Circumferential, in flange adjacent to hub
(2). Radial flange stress Su not greater than St.
_ QZ , (EtQ„ 1.8 A f , \ (34)
(3) Tangential flange stress ST not greater than
Longitudinal, in hub adjacent to flange Sr.
S + S r
6Mu (35) (4) A l s o , n o t g r e a t e r t h a n .9/and "
;/i= i -
not greater than 5/.
Circumferential, in hub adjacent to flange
EtO„ t I AM,, (36) 1
When the flange material is cast iron, particular care
*B,t T B, ±
nB,g," should be taken when tightening the bolts to avoid excessive
slress that may break the flange; an attempt should be made
(3) For flanges integral with pipe, shell or to apply no greater wrenching effort than is needed to assure
tapered hub (sec Fig. UA-57(4)): tightness in Ihe hydrostatic test.
 11

The p r e s s u r e , p , shows up e x p l i c i t l y i n t h e Code e q u a t i o n The o t h e r load

w h i c h t h e Code user can s p e c i f y f o r f i e l d i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 xnitial bolt
s t r e s s , S^. When t h e u s e r assumes a v a l u e o f h c o r E 0 A , he i s implicitly
assuming some unknown v a l u e o f S^. However, i t i s not p r a c t i c a l to specify
h o r E0 for control of f i e l d installation. Accordingly, t h e Code u s e r
C A
e v e n t u a l l y must c o n v e r t h or E0 A t o a v a l u e of S^ which w i l l y i e l d the
v a l u e assumed o r i g i n a l l y f o r h c o r E8^. I t would seem more u s e f u l if
t h e Code e q u a t i o n s were m o d i f i e d so t h a t t h e Code u s e r would assume
(specify) a v a l u e of S^.
As i n t i m a t e d a b o v e , t h e r u l e s must be d i v i d e d i n t o two regimes
of a p p l i c a b i l i t y , ( 1 ) where h = (A-C)/2, 0 >0, and ( 2 ) where h c <_
C A
(A~C)/2, 6^ = 0 . An e x p l i c i t s o l u t i o n f o r these two r e g i m e s w i l l be
d e v e l o p e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g two s u b s e c t i o n s ; first c o n s i d e r i n g h C or E0 A
as t h e independent v a r i a b l e ( a l o n g w i t h p) , t h e n c o n s i d e r i n g S.j^ as t h e
independent v a r i a b l e (along with p).

Regime Where 8 A > 0 , h = (A-C)/2

We w i l l c o n s i d e r as an i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e and f i n d E6g, M g ,
S i and as f u n c t i o n s o f EG^. E q u a t i o n (C27) gives

£ 6 b = Ax + A2E9A , (1)

where

J5(J2 + JA/2)p/(g0/t) + J6Mp/t3

1
1 + J5(Jl + J3/2)(g{j/t)2

l_
2
1 + J5(JL + J3/2)(go/r)2
 12

The v a l u e s of A^ and A2 a r e known q u a n t i t i e s ; in particular, J,. and Jg a r e

known because h c i s known t o e q u a l (A-C)/2,
E q u a t i o n ( 1 ) can be s u b s t i t u t e d i n E q u a t i o n (C20) t o give:

(A 1 + A 2 E9A-E6A)t = J5Mg + J6Mp _ (2)

Solving Equation (2) f o r M :

s

M = A , + A.E6. , (3)
s 3 4 A '

where

A, t - J,M
1 6 p
A =
3 J

(A,-l)t-
A =
4 — J — ~

Equation (016) gives:

W . , f M + M I
(4)
h G
s M c

Using E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) t o d e f i n e M as a f u n c t i o n o f E 6 . , E q u a t i o n ( 4 ) can be
8 A
w r i t t e n as

a b - A5 + A6E6A
(5)

where

+ A.
A os +
5 + 3 t h ^G
*b
t [ "
 13

Equation ( C 1 4 ) , using Equations ( 3 ) and ( 5 ) t o d e f i n e M and a, as f u n c t i o n s

S D
of E6„, becomes
A

r_,(A
a 3 + A,E6. - S . ) £ 0 . 2 9 ( A - C ) ( M ^ + A_ + A , E 0 . )
r?a _ O A x E -J H A

3 W >
B l .t '

Equation ( 6 ) can be w r i t t e n i n the form

S ± = A? + A 8 E 6 A , (7)

where
2
0.29 x 4 . x h
A = A £- (M + A )
J
' * B.at r I P
1
E

2h 0.29 x 4 x h 2
» _ A — — A
x A
8 6 ~ r 2. ~ _ 3 . 4
r B1, a t r i
E

Equations ( 1 ) , (3), ( 5 ) , and ( 7 ) e s t a b l i s h v a l u e s o f E6_, M , a. ,

U S D
and S i f o r use i n Equations ( C 1 7 ) , (C18), (C28) and (C37) through (C41).
Using S^ = 0 as the lower l i m i t on S ^ l e a d s , by Equation ( 7 ) , t o t h e upper
bound l i m i t on E0. o f
A

E0 A = - A ? / A 8 ; ( a t S± = 0 ) . (8)

The lower bound l i m i t on E6. i s 0 .

The o t h e r independent parameter which we wish to use i s the inter-
nal pressure, p. If H^ i s assumed t o be zero ( e l a s t o m e t r i c 0 - r i n g g a s k e t )
then M p i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o p and A^, A ^ , A^, and A^ a r e a l s o p r o p o r t i o n a l to p.
A c c o r d i n g l y , Equations ( 1 ) , (3), ( 5 ) , and (7) can be w r i t t e n i n t h e form
 14

E9b - Ajp + A 2 E9 a (9)

Ms .AJ P + A4E8a
(10)

a b =A; P + A6E9a
(11)

(12)

where

A^ = A ^ p , A^ = A^/p, etc.

The constants A^, k^ •••• Ag depend only upon the dimensions of the
flanged joint and the material properties. Accordingly, Equations (9) through
(12) give a set of linear relations'-ips between the independent variables E6
Pi
and p and the dependent variables E9„, M , a, , and S.. Therefore, it becomes
o S D 1
very simple to use S^ rather than E9A as the independent variable, i.e., from
Equation (12)

E0a - ( S r A 7 p)/Ag . (13)

By using E6 a from Equation (13) for E6A in Equations (9), (10), and (11) , we

obtain a set of equations with independent variables S^ and p and dependent

variables E8_, M , a, , and E0..

D S D A

Using Equations (9) through (12), the stresses by Fquations (C37)

through (C41) can be written in the form

o. - C P + D E0A ; j = 1,2, . . . 1 0 . (14)

 15

where

°j = any one of the 10 flange stresses

Cj and D^. arc constants that depend only on the flanged
joint dimensions and material property, v.

The independent variable ES^ can be changed to S^ by use of Equation (13).

To obtain the allowable pressure, P , permitted for a specific
max
flanged joint, the stress limits given in the Code must be met. These are

(15)

V S
T * Sf (16)

S
H1' SH2» S H3' S H4 - 1,5 S
f (17)

(S
H1 + S
R)/2' (S
H1 + S
T ) / 2 - Sf» <18)

where

= the a l l o w a b l e b o l t s t r e s s a t d e s i g n temperature
and Sf = t h e a l l o w a b l e f l a n g e s t r e s s a t d e s i g n temperature.

I n Equation ( 1 8 ) , t h e Code does not e x p l i c t l y s t a t e whether stresses

on o p p o s i t e s u r f a c e s a r e so l i m i t e d . We w i l l assume n o t ; i . e . , Equation (18)
a p p l i e s t o s t r e s s e s on t h e same s u r f a c e . Even w i t h t h i s assumption, 38 s t r e s s e s
or s t r e s s combinations must be examined t o e s t a b l i s h P and t h e v a l u e of
max
E9. a t which Y can be o b t a i n e d .
A max

Regime Where 0. = 0 , h < (A-C)/2

A C ^^

We w i l l c o n s i d e r h as t h e independent v a r i a b l e and f i n d E8 , M ,
c B s
erb and S^ as f u n c t i o n s o f h c « The e q u a t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d from Equations (9),
<10), ( 1 1 ) , and ( 1 2 ) by o m i t t i n g t h e t e r m i n £8^, i.e.,

E6B - p (19)
 16

(20)

(21)

(22)

However, A ' , A i , A ! , and A' a r e now f u n c t i o n s o f h because J_ and J , a r e

1 J 5 7 c 5 o
f u n c t i o n s o f h^. The dependent v a r i a b l e s and a l l s t r e s s e s a r e s t i l l propor-
t i o n a l to the i n t e r n a l pressure, p.
The c o n s t a n t s A^, A^, and A^, however, a r e not l i n e a r functions
of h . N o t e , f o r example, i n the d e f i n i t i o n o f A7 under E q u a t i o n ( 7 ) that
2
t h e r e i s an h - term. I n d e e d , A 7 t u r n s out t o be a f i f t h o r d e r polynominal
c /
i n h^ and S^. A r e l a t i v e l y e f f i c i e n t way t o handle t h i s , which i s incorporated
i n the computer program FLGB ( l i s t e d i n Appendix B ) , i s to s t a r t w i t h h £ =
( A - C ) / 2 and decrease i t i n steps u n t i l t h e computed v a l u e of S^ matches the
i n p u t v a l u e o f S^; t h i s r e q u i r e s a s m a l l f r a c t i o n of a second of computer
time. Having o b t a i n e d t h e v a l u e of h c which corresponds t o t h e i n p u t v a l u e
of S^, t h e r e m a i n i n g a n a l y s i s uses Equations ( 1 9 ) through ( 2 1 ) f o r E0g, M g ,
and 0, ; and E q u a t i o n ( 1 4 ) w i t h E9. = 0 f o r t h e stresses.
 ETH

STRAIGHT HUB FL.-.NGE BOLTED TO A FLAT COVER

The type of bolted-flanged joint under consideration is shown in

C3)
Figure 2. The basic theory is given by Waters and Schneider - ; a copy of
which is included herein as Appendix A. Nomenclature in this portion of the
report is that used by Waters and Schneider . The solution to the analysis
is given in the form of three equations which must be solved simultaneously
for the unknowns Mi» M2, and Q. The pressure load is explicitly included
in the equations. The initial bolt stress is implicitly contained in the
assumed value for b or 03f.
The three equations to be solved for M^, M^,, and Q are

3(l-v) R
m
8. + 0' + 8. (FR - 4M,) (23)
lc c 3c 3 m 1
E t
c c

2R 2 g 2 4R 2 B 3
0.. ^ + 0 ; + (Q) (24)
if f 3f - f i r - - f i r <m2 - Q ^

K + K Q + (9 + 9 + 2
A B lf f W "

2 2 ?
2R 8 2R B
(m Q t / 2 ) (q) + u (25
- T T T 2 - f " ~ E V 2 ' >
s S

The right-hand sides of Equations (23), (24), and (25) are expressed in
terms of the unknowns, M^, M,,, and Q; and quantities which depend only on
the dimensions and material properties. The terms on the left are obtained
(3)
in terms of the unknowns by equations given by Waters and Schneider as
noted below.
Equation in

Quantity Reference (3)

6
lc <9>
e; (10)
0lf (14)

0f (15)
 ETH

'N- bolt holes, O-ring groove

Diam. D and gasket
\

_CL

- G

- B
- C
- h

FIGURE 2. CONFIGURATION OF FLANGE/COVER FLANGED JOINT

 ETH

The above relationships introduce other quantities which can be expressed in

terms of the unknowns by other equations from Ref. (3):

Equation in
Ouantitv Reference (3)

M (5)
lb
M
lu (7)

H (6)
2b
M (4) and (7)
2U

Using the relationships indicated above, Equations (23), (24), and (25)
reduce to a set of equations in the unknowns M^, and Q and the selected
independent variable (which is indirectly the initial bolt load parameter)
b or The user may assume that the independent variable is:

(1)
v 9, > 0 for b = b : or
' 3f max
(2) 6,, = 0 for b < b o .
^ ' 3f max

The value of b is involved through its use in Equations (9) and (14) of
Reference (3). Subsequently, the initial bolt stress, S^,, required to
satisfy the value assumed for the independent variable b or 0 ^ is calcu-
lated from an equation which expresses equality between bolt elongation and
separation of the flanges at the bolt circle.
Having obtained Mj, ll^, and Q, the values of bolt stresses and
flange stresses are obtained from Equations (35) through (48) of Reference (3).
The values of other "unknowns" used in these Equations are obtained as follows:

Equation in
Unknown Reference (3)

Mlb (5) (Note that SMj^ = M ^

^ b <6>

M
lu <7>

^ u <8>
6
<25> 6
3f " °> b
< b
max
 20

6 (27) 0 „ > 0, b = b
3£ max
B (30)
v 6--. = 0, b < b
' 3f ' max
B <31) 6
3f > 0, b = b
max

The loading parameters b or 0g f are not readily "controllable" in

field installation, hence, it would be desirable to use the intial bolt
stress S^ as the independent variable along with the pressure. The relation-
ship between S^ and b or 0 ^ is given by Reference (3) Equations (29) and
either (25), for b < b , or by (27), for 0,- > 0. For 0,, > 0, it is
mEX jt jr
possible to express the solution as a linear set of three equations with
unknowns M^, l^, and Q, and with S^. as the independent variable. However,
for 0 ^ ~ 0 (and b < h m a x ) use of S^ instead of b as the independent variable
leads to a set of three nonlinear equations.
 ETH

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

The purpose of this part of the report is to give the reader an

indication of the characteristics of Part B flanged joints by means of specific
examples. It is deemed informative to select, as examples, flanges which are
designed for use as Part A flange joints. These flanges will have a certain
pressure rating according to the Part A Code rules. The reader can then see
how the pressure rating is changed when the same flanges are used except with
full-face contact and an 0-ring gasket.

Flanged Joints Selected for Examples

The particular flanges selected for examples are taken from API
Standard 605, "Large-Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges". This standard covers
26 inc.h to 60 inch sizes with nominal pressure ratings (class) of 75 , 150 and
300 pounds. We have selected the smallest (26 inch) and largest (60 inch) of
each class to serve as examples herein, a total of six flanges. The dimensions
of the flanges are shown in Table 2.
Three sets of calculations were made..

(1) Straight-hub flange using Part A Code rules (gasket inside the bolt
holes) with an asbestos gasket; gasket factors m = 2.75, y = 3700.

(2) Identical pair of flanges as shown in Figure 1, using Part B rules.

An elastometric 0-ring gasket was assumed, giving H_ = 0. The gasket
(j
diameter G used in these calculations
was the same as shown in Table 2.
(3) Straight-hub flange bolted to a cover as shown in Figure 2. Calculations
were based on the theory as given in Reference (3). An elastomeric 0-ring
gasket was assumed, giving H^, = 0. As in Reference (3), the gasket was
assumed to be in line with the shell wall,' hence G = 2R m.

Calculations were made for pressures equal to the API-605 rated

pressures at 100 F for the three classes noted below:
100 F Rated
Class Pressure, psi
75 140
150 275
300 720
 TABLE 2: DIMENSIONS OF API-605 FLANGES USED IN APPLICATION EXAMPLES

Nom. Bolt
Size, B, in. g , in- t , in. G, in. Diam. in.
Class D , in. A, in. (1) t, in. h ) C, in. N i n 2 (4) (5)
o v -

75 26 30.000 25.5 .562 1.312 1.192 28.5 36 7.272 27.138 5/8

60 66.000 59.5 .812 2.188 2.672 63.875 44 24.244 61.750 1

150 26 30.938 25.5 .719 1.625 1.719 29.312 36 10.872 27.339 3/4
60 67.938 59.057 1.378 3.000 3.837 65.438 52 48.308 62.171 1-1/4

300 26 34.125 24.930 1.348 3.500 3.000 31.625 32 29.728 28.171 1-1/4
60 73.938 57.531 2.703 5.938 6.587 69.438 40 136.920 63.910 2-1/4

(1) B = D q - 2 t g , where T = P 1 Q 0 D q / ( I . 7 5 X 20,000), P 1 ( ) 0 = rated pressure at 100 F; t g >_ 0.25".

(2) g Q = (X - B)/2, where X = diameter of hub at base.
(3) t = C v 0.25 P..«.720,000 , see ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1, par. UG-34.
C 1UU
(4) G - effective gasket diameter by Part A rules for a gasket with O.D. = API-605 R-dimension
(O.D. of raised face) and with I.D. = D q + 0.25".
(5) Bolt hole diameters are 1/8" larger than bolt diameters.
 ETH

Allowable stresses were .issumcd to be* the same chose cited in

API-605, i.e., S b » 25,000 psi for the bolt material and S f » 20,000 psi for the
flange material.

Stresses and Allowable Pressures by Part A Rules

Table 3 shows the t:;i lcul.uctl stresses ;ind allowable pressures for
the flanges with raised faces, i.e., Code Part A calculations.
Locations of the calculated scresst's arc shown in Figure 3. !*«rt A
rules define a "controlling stress", as shown in footnote (2) of Table 3. The
allowable pressure, P p as controlled by flange stresses, is Sf/°c* We are
using S F » 20,000 psi and, since o was calculated for a rated pressure at 100 F
p
of PJQQ, and c c is proportional to p, the value of P f is {20,000/^1 x i 0 0"
Hie allowable pressure, P^, as controlled by bolt strength, is
W c a r e u8
* n ® ®b ™ 2S»QOO P 8 * an<
*» 8
* n c e °ajj w a s calculated for a
pressure of Pj0q and oflb is proportional to p , the value of P^ is (25,000/oabJ
P
* 100'
It should be noted that, under Part A Rules, the adequacy of the
flange docs not depend
** upon the mating flange; i.e., it is not considered as
a flanged joint. Also, the adequacy of the flange does not depend upon the
value of the initial bolt stress, S^. Indeed, S^ is not even considered in
Part A Rules although initial bolt stresses are discussed in Appendix S of
the Code.

Identical Pair, Part B Rules

In contrast to Part A rules, the stresses and allowable pressures

under Part B rules depend upon the initial bolt stress, S^. Figure 4 shows
the variation of o^,the operating bolt stress, as a function of S^. The
variation of o^ with S^ is linear up to the particular value of which
m
makes h (A-C)/2 and EG = 0; this particular value of S. is identified

* Part A Rules can lead to flange and bolt stresses which are not proportional
to the pressure. This happens when W m 2 = nbGy is larger than W,^ =
(0.785 G 2 + 2 nbGM)p. In the examples cited herein, W m l > W m 2 .
** The theory for flanges with gasket inside the bolt holes, considered -as a
flanged joint, is described in Reference (7).
 ETH

TABLE 3: PART A RULES, STRESSES (PSI) for p= P 1 0 Q AND

ALLOWABLE PRESSURES (PSI) FOR API-605 FLANGES

o h (l) P P
°rB<» °c °ab b f
Class Size Radial Tang. Hub (2) (3) (4) (5)

75 26 4550 2200 17440 11630 13900 252 241

60 5230 1707 27720 18480 19600 179 152

150 26 7580 4010 26550 17700 18800 366 311

60 7780 3210 26290 17530 19820 347 314

300 26 6810 7480 26520 17680 19980 901 814

60 10180 6410 31140 20760 20030 899 694

(1) See Figure 3 for locations and directions of stresses o o.„, and a,
ro to ]
(2) <Jc ® largest of o r B , o t B , 2 S h /3, (oh + ° r B )/2 and (ah + a tB )/2.
(3) a g b = bolt stress, larger of W^/Aj^ or Wm2/Afe
(in these examples, W ^ > W ^ ) •
(4) P. = the allowable pressure as controlled by the bolt strength =
(25000/aab) x P 1 0 Q

P = AP1
100 "605 rated
pressure at 100 F.

(5) P f = the allowable pressure as controlled by the flange strength =

(20000/V « * 100 -
 ETH

Stresses are shown on "Out" surfaces.

Code Part B Ref. (3) Symbol

Equation Equation

37 42 °>C

38 40 °"r B

39 41 °"tB

40 37 °h

FIGURE 3. LOCATIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF FLANGE STRESSES, PART A

AND PART B RULES (IDENTICAL PAIR) AND STRAIGHT-HUB
FLANGE OF FLANGE/COVER FLANGED JOINT
 ETH

FIGURE 4. OPERATING BOLT STRESS, a b AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT STRESS,

S i (IDENTICAL PAIR, p = P 1 0 Q )
 ETH

as S 4 . Values of S^ are shown ln Table 4. For S^ < Sj, o b Is a linear function

of S^. For S^ > S^, o b is almost a linear function of S.^ and is slightly larger
than S^. In Figure 4, for S^ > S^, the difference between S^ and cannot be
seen with the scales used.
The variation of a, and a _ for the 26 inch - 150 class joint are
h re
shown in Figure 5. Stresses for all six joints are shown in Table 5. It can
be seen in Table 5 that Figure 5 is typical for all of the six joints. The
value of o, goes down with increasing S, j all other stresses increase with
increasing S^. Stresses are linear with S.^ up to S^. Above S^, the flange
stresses are nonlinear with S ^ but change only slightly with increase in S ^
The face separation at the flange bore (Z) is also shown in Figure
5. Values of Z at S i = 0 and S^^ = S^ are shown in Table 4. The face separation
decreases by an order of magnitude as S^ is increased from zero to S^. Above
S^, the separation decreases very slightly with increasing S^.
 ETH

TABLE 4: PART B RULES, VALUES OF Sj , o b > H/A^ AND Z, FOR

p - P i n n > IDENTICAL PAIR AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1

>
S o b (psi) for S ± (psi) s Z (Mils) for Sj^ (psi) =
i
i
a H 0 S
psi °b b i
Class Size Cl) 0
H/Ab
25000 (2) (2)
H/Afa

75 26 29160 18620 1.67 27920 2.51 11130 5.41 0.48

60 48180 30980 1.79 40050 2.32 17290 15.05 0.76

150 26 42510 24310 1,64 35230 2.37 14850 9.56 0.94

60 52120 27070 1.57 39230 2.27 17280 19.78 1.47

300 26 46790 17920 1.06 33440 2.21 15100 15.35 1.29

60 49710 22290 1.32 36220 2.15 16870 31.91 3.09

(1) S ± = initial bolt stress at which h c = (A-C)/2 and E 8 A » 0 , p = P

(2) Z = separation between flange faces at bore. E = 30,000,000 psi.
 ETH

22 - = flonge stress, outside surfoce

of hub
= flange stress, radial, at bolt
circle

= face separation at bore

FIGURE 5. FLANGE STRESSES, a h AND a r C AND FACE SEPARATION OF BORE,

Z, AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT STRESS, S ± (IDENTICAL
PAIR, 26" - 150 CLASS, p = P...)
 30

TABLE 5 : PART B RULES, STRESSES ( P S I ) FOR p = p FOR API-605

FLANGED JOINTS, IDENTICAL PAIR AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1

Radial Tangential^ Hub ( 1 )

Eq. 37 Eq. 38 Eq. 38 Eq. 39 Eq. 39 Eq. 40 Eq. 40
Out In Out In Out In
Class Size S a
i rC °rB °rB °tB °tB a
h a
h

75 26 0 2280 2430 -2380 2590 -2970 11990 -8750

25000 5100 100 -400 1720 400 3110 130
60 0 2930 2590 -2560 3450 -3850 17830 -12640
25000 4860 930 -1120 2910 -750 9110 -3920

150 26 0 3140 4600 -4440 4580 -5500 20230 -15220

25000 6750 1700 -2020 3420 -1500 10220 -5200
60 0 2940 5290 -5160 4810 -6000 22880 -16850
25000 6590 2520 -2770 4100 -1970 13420 -7390

300 26 0 930 6480 -6350 9110 -9600 30940 -23920

25000 6040 2610 -3370 6460 -3480 16840 -9820
60 0 2310 8000 -7900 8710 -9190 31260 -23240
25000 8240 3740 -4450 6830 -3310 18490 -10470

(1) See Figure 3 for locations and directions of stresses. Stresses are also
identified in this table by Code equation numbers; see Table 1.
 31

Flange/Cover Joint. Reference (3) Theory

Figure 6 shows the variation of a^ as a function of S^. The

variation of a, with S. is similar to that for the identical pairs (Figure 4)
b i
i.e., linear up to S^ and essentially o^ = S^ for Sj > S^. Values of S^ are
shown in Table 6. By comparing Table 4 with Table 6, it can be seen that
S^ is much higher for the flange/cover joint.
The variation of a, and a - for the 26-inch-150 class joint are
h re
shown in Figure 7, along with the stresses for an identical pair. It can be
seen that stress o^ has changed sign for the flange/cover joint as S^ is
increased from zero to 40,000 psi. This indicates that, at high values of
S i > the flange is forced to rotate with the cover and the cover bends the
flange over backward. Values of the rotation at the bore of the flange ( ^ Q )
are shown in Table 6, indicating this effect in terms of rotations.
Stresses in the flanges of flange/cover joints are shown in Table
7. Because of the "reversing effect", in some joints, the maximum stress
in the flange occurs at high initial bolt stresses, e.g.; the 26-inch-75
class.
Locations and directions of stresses in the cover are shown in
Figure 8. Stresses in the covers of flange/cover joints are shown in Table
8 and the values of o ^ and a for the 26-inch-150 class are plotted in
Figure 9. The stress at the center of the cover is usually the maximum
stress in the cover for S^ up to 40,000 psi; however, in the 26-inch-300
class a r C is the highest. The value of crrt i s relatively insensitive to
changes in S^.
 ETH

S-,, ksi

FIGURE 6. OPERATING BOLT STRESS, Cfb, AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT STRESS,

Si, FLANGE/COVER, p = P n
 ETH

TABLE 6: FLANGE/COVER JOINT, VALUES OF S^ , a b > H/A^ AND

0„ n , FOR p = JOINT AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 2

e
ob (psi) for S i (psi) = 20^ 1 0 3rad
'^ for S
i

S
psi _%_ 0 i
Class Size (1) 0 H/Ajj 25000 H ^ Afa (2) (2)

75 26 48510 33070 3.36 41420 4.21 9830 0.16 -1.51

60 81800 46040 2.57 57110 3.56 16060 1.36 -3.46

150 26 60860 33860 2.62 45190 3.50 12920 1.40 -0.98

60 82320 37050 2.33 50920 3.27 15590 2.24 -1.68

300 26 53140 21660 1.83 36620 3.10 11820 1.52 -0.09

60 61800 25440 1.86 40290 2.95 13670 2.08 -0.28

(1) S± = initial bolt stress at which tangential contact occurs at diameter A

(2) e 2 0 = rotation of flange ring at bore,

E = 30,000,000 psi.
 ETH

Sj, ksi

FIGURE 7. FLANGE STRESSES, Oh AND O r C , IN STRAIGHT HUB FLANGE AS A

FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT STRESS, Si, FLANGE/COVER,
 35

TABLE 7: FLANGE/COVER JOINT, STRESSES (PSI)FOR p - P 1 0 Q IN STRAIGHT-

FLANGE (API-605 FLANGED JOINTS, JOINT AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 2 )

Radial Tangential Hub

S1, Eq. 42 Eq. 40 Eq. 41 Eq. 41 Eq. 37 Eq. 37
worn.
In Out In Out
Class Size psi CT
°rC °rB °tB tB °h °h

75 26 0 6840 310 1440 780 2340 830

25000 9380 2290 1650 2450 10450 -7280
60 0 6240 -970 2150 -280 -3640 8770
25000 8600 930 2410 2100 7010 -1880

150 26 0 6700 -3000 2030 -1520 -9490 14370

25000 10460 -150 2220 700 1132 3750
60 0 6230 -4550 1890 -2210 -14360 20250
25000 10400 -1525 2550 260 -3360 9270

300 26 0 3120 -5410 4940 -4660 -19640 26300

25000 7990 -2070 3940 -1250 -6130 12790
60 0 4750 -7790 3910 -4280 -22570 30230
25000 11080 -3480 3890 -970 -8540 16200

(1) See Figure 3 for location and direction of stresses. Stresses are also
identified in this table by Ref. (3) equation numbers; see Appendix A.
 ETH

/°"tB
'<rrt (radial and tangential)

-to r
tc

^ " i n " surface j j ^ ^ S e e Figure 3

I I
B i - L - J

^ i — f

Stresses are on "Out" surface

Ref. (3) Symbol

Equation

46 "rC

44 a
rB

47 °tC

45 °tB

48 °rt

FIGURE 8. LOCATIONS AND DIRECTION OF STRESSES ON COVER

 ETH

TABLE 8: FLANGE/COVER JOINT, STRESSES (PSI) FOR p = P IN COVER FLANGE,

API-605 FLANGED JOINTS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 2

Radial (1) Tangential^ Center^

S
Nom. i Eq. 46 Eq. 44 Eq. 47 Eq. 45 Eq. 48
Class Size psi a a
°rC rB °tc tB °rt

75 26 0 8750 1520 8850 7800 18300

25000 11820 3910 8050 6840 15900
60 0 4510 180 9640 9050 21330
25000 6100 1470 9200 8530 20030

150 26 0 6450 -1410 9570 8510 20140

25000 9810 1120 8750 7500 17620
60 0 4210 -1710 10040 9240 21870
25000 6750 120 9500 8500 20040

300 26 0 4500 -6610 10460 9170 21990

25000 11230 -1760 9000 7230 17140
60 0 436G -4960 10370 9190 21950
25000 9500 -1460 9380 9010 18460

(1) See Figure 8 for location and direction of stresses. Stresses are also •
identified in this table by Ref. (3) equation numbers; see Appendix A.
 ETH

Sj, ksi

FIGURE 9. STRESSES,a rc , AND C r C , IN COVER AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL BOLT

STRESS, S i 5 FLANGE/COVER, p = P 1 0 0
ETH

Discussion of Significant Aspects

Hydrostatic End Load Versus Operating Bolt Stress

In looking at Figure 1 or Figure 2, and considering force equilibrium

in the axial direction, many analysts might jump to the conclusion that the
strength of the bolts is sufficient if the bolt material yield strength is
something greater than H/A^ defined as:

J L „ SiIA}£e . (26)

In at least one Type B flanged joint in a missile casing with an elastomeric

O-ring seal, the assumption that Equation (26) actually represented the stress
in the bolts was made. The bolts used in the joint had a very high strength
and ultimate strength only slightly higher than the yield strength. The bolt
area was designed to withstand the test pressure end load, H, with what was
thought to be a comfortable margin on yield strength of the bolt material. The
intended test pressure wasn't reached because the bolts snapped off at a lower
pressure.
The theory described herein shows the fallacy in assuming that
Equation (26) actually represents the total load on the bolts. Table 4 shows
examples of ratios of a^/(H/A^) up to 1.79 while Table 6 shows ratios up to
3.36. These are ratios at S^ = 0. Accordingly, even for the limited range
of examples covered herein, we find cases where Equation (26) is unconservative
by factors of up to 3.36. However, with respect to the API-605 flanged joints,
the calculations do not indicate any need for concern about the static (non-
fatigue) strength of the bolts; even if such flanges are used with full-face
contact with O-ring seals and are used in identical pairs or with covers of
thickness as required by Code Section VIII-Division 1, Paragraph UG-34. The
reason for this is that API-605 states that "The flange ratings are based on
use of ASTM A193, Grade B7, allow steel stud bolts...". This bolt material
has a minimum specified yield strength of 105,000 psi. The worst case is the
60"-75 class joint as shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that for any credible
 40

value of S i (e.g., S t = 45000/v^"= 45000 psi; d = bolt diameter = 1.00" for

the 60"-75 class) the value of is well below 105000 psi. While it is
true that o^ may greatly exceed the allowable volt stress of 25000 psi given
in ASME Code Section VIII-Div. 1, the bolts would not be expected to yield.

Another significant aspect of the value of H/Aj^ is that, if it is

not equal to or less than the operating bolt stress a, , the calculation is
b
not valid. This condition did not arise in any of the examples cited herein,
but was encountered when checking identical pairs of ANSI B16.5 flanged joints
of the higher pressure classes; specifically the 16"-900 class, 8", and 16"
and 24"-1500 class and 4", 8" and 12"-2500 class. The assumptions inherent
in the general application of beam theory to describe the flexural behavior
of the flanges can lead to a force at A which keeps the edges in contact.
Since the force cannot exist, the solution is invalid when a^ < (H/A^), how-
ever, the method of analysis is only capable of indicating that such a problem
of separation exists when it is the result of a large flange-hub interaction
moment. The general problem, however, is associated with low values of S^
and flanges which are stiff with respect to the bolting. The problem of
flange separation is touched on in Reference (5).

Conditions at S. = 0
1

An initial bolt stress of zero is significant because in some appli-

cations of elastomeric 0-ring joints in flanged joints, the design is motivated
by the fact that it is not necessary to tighten the bolts to high stress levels
in order to obtain a leak-tight joint. Accordingly, during installation, the
nuts on the bolts may be "finger tightened"; corresponding to S^^ = 0. Further,
the user of Code design procedure normally seeks a minimum-cost design which
meets the Code rules. In terms of the examples given herein, the user may
want to use the flanged joints at the highest possible pressure permitted by
the Code rules. This highest possible pressure will depend upon both the
strength of the bolts and the strength of the flanges.
With respect to the bolts, Part B Rules require that a b not exceed
It is apparent from Figures 4 and 6 that the smallest value of is
obtained for S. = 0. Values of P, , the maximum pressure as limited by the
i b
bolts, are shown in Table 9.
 TABLE 9: MAXIMUM PRESSURES IN PSI FOR S = 25,000 PSI, S = 20,000 PSI

Type A Type B
Nom.
(2)
Identical Pair Flange Cover
Class
(1)
Size S
i'
psi P
b P
f >„ F
f V 2)
Flange
P
f
Cover
P
f

75 26 0 252 241 188 350 106 409 153

(140) 25000 252 241 118 454 70.5 357 171
60 0 179 152 113 236 76.0 373 131
25000 179 152 71.2 304 42.4 396 140

150 26 0 366 311 283 408 203 574 273

(275) 25000 366 311 159 545 111 612 307
60 0 347 314 254 361 186 407 251
25000 347 314 130 474 82.6 486 274

300 26 0 901 814 1004 698 831 821 655

(720) 25000 901 814 381 1026 333 1190 814
60 0 899 694 808 • 691 708 715 656
25000 899 694 358 985 287 982 771

(1) Value in parenthesis is P-j^g. t h e API-605 rating at 100 F.

(2) For S, = 25000 psi, the value of P, is such that S. = S! = a
 ETH

With respect to the flanges, Part B Rules require that the control-
ling stress not exceed S^. The controlling stress is defined as the largest
of (2/3) S , S , S„, (S + S, )/2 and (S„ + S, )/2. For the examples herein,
h r t r h t h
at S^ = 0, the controlling stress is always (2/3) S^. Values of P^, the
maximum pressure as limited by the flanges, are also shown in Table 9.
For the 75 and 150 classes, it can be seen in Table 9 that the
maximum pressure is limited by the bolts and not by the flanges. Accordingly,
for these flanges, the Code user is implicitly encouraged to use S^ = 0 be-
cause it gives the maximum pressure for a given flanged joint. In the 300
class, he may obtain a higher allowable pressure by using S^ > 0; as discussed
later herein.
However, if S^ = 0, some potential problems arise. As indicated
by Figure 4, each full pressure application will increase the bolt stress
from zero to and, if there are many full-pressure cycles, fatigue of the
bolts might occur. Similarly, as indicated by Figure 5, the stress o^ will
vary from zero to a relatively large value with each pressure cycle. Finally,
as indicated in Figure 5 and Table 4, the separation at the bore (Z) might be
sufficient to permit partial extrusion of the 0-ring with subsequent "nibbling"
of the 0-ring with each pressure cycle. In most applications, the number of
pressure cycles would not be sufficient to make these potential problems be-
come "real" problems. Nevertheless, these aspects do indicate some motivation
for using a high initial bolt stress.
 ETH

Conditions at S. > 0
1

It can be seen in Table 9 that, for the 300-class flanged joints

at S^ = 0, the maximum pressure is limited by the flange strength rather than
the bolt strength. Noting that the controlling flange stress (which is (2/3)0^
at S^ = 0) decreases with increasing S^, a higher maximum pressure is
permissible at some nonzero value of S^. Because of the linear nature of the
solution between S^ = 0 and S^ = S^ the highest permissible pressure can be
found from the data given in Tables 4 and 5. It turns out that, for the 26-
inch 300-class identical pair, the highest pressure is obtained at S^ = 8050
psi, at which both P^ and P^ = 804. For the 60-inch 300-class identical pair,
the highest pressure is obtained at S i = 3920 psi at which both and P f = 737
psi.
It is apparent that there is not much motivation in the Part B Rules
to use high initial bolt stresses for the examples selected. However, it is
informative to consider the maximum pressure for the maximum values of a.
b
permitted by the Code, i.e., a^ = S^. These values are shown in Table 9 for
the specific bolt material, SA-193 Grade B7, with = 25,000 psi at 100 F.
The value of P, in Table 9 is such that S. = S!, hence, S. = a, = 25,000 psi
b x i x t>

Comparison of Type A with Type B, Identical Pair

Comparisons in terms of allowable pressures are also shown in Table

9.

(1) The allowable pressures of the flanges considered as Type A confirm

the 100 F rating pressure given in API-605. That is, the calculated
allowable pressures are essentially equal to or exceed the rated pres-
sure of 140 psi, 275 psi, and 720 psi for the 75, 150, and 300 class,
respectively.
(2) The maximum allowable pressures of the flanged joints, if they are
considered as Type B, are lower than when they are considered as Type
A, usually because of the bolt strength limitation, At S i = 25,000
psi, the values of P^ average about one-half of the P^QQ rated pressures.
Accordingly, the bolt area must be approximately doubled to obtain the
same pressure rating as given to the flanges under Type A rules.
 ETH

(3) For the 26-inch 300-class identical pair at S.^ = 0, it can be seen in
Table 9 that P f is higher for Type A than for Type B; i.e., 814 psi
versus 698 psi. For both types, the controlling stress is (2/3)0^. This
appears to indicate that the "full-face" edge restraint increases rather
than decreases the flange rotation. However, the major part of this anomaly
is due to that fact that Part A rules ignore the average longitudinal hub
stress due to pressure, whereas, Part B rules add the average longitudinal
hub stress; pB^/(4g Q ) to the hub-bending stress.

Comparisons of Type A, Type B, Identical

Pair and Type B, Flange/Cover

Comparisons in terms of allowable pressures are shown in Table 9.

(1) The allowable pressures for the flange/cover joint, with the exceptions
of the 300 class at S^ = 0, are controlled by the bolt strength as
indicated by P^. Values of P^ for the flange/cover joint are lower
than for the identical pairs joint and, in the worst case (60-inch
150 class flange/cover at S i = 25,000 psi), the allowable pressure is
only 0.3 of the Type A rated pressure at 100 F.
(2) The covers, with thickness as required by the Code for pressure equal to
]?100 (see footnote (3) of Table 2), in some cases have values of P^ <
Thus, if Reference (3) theory were introduced into the Code, there would
be a contradiction in the Code for design of flat covers.
(3) The values of P^ for a flange used as an identical pair and the same
flange bolted to a cover are not the same. As can be seen by comparing
Table 5 with Table 7, the stresses are quite different.

The Code Limit of a, < S, and S. < S,

b — b I — b

As remarked earlier, the Code uses S, (the allowable bolt stress)

D
in place of a^ (the theoretical operatng bolt stress). Accordingly, the Code
places an upper limit on o^ of S^. This is analogous to the design rules for
Part A flanges. However, Part B rules place an explicit restriction on the
 ETH

initial bolt stress, S^. Part A rules do not place an explicit restriction on
S^ and, indeed, Appendix S of the Code states that "... it is evident that an
initial bolt stress higher than the design value may and, in some cases, must
be developed in the tightening operation, ....". A more explicit limit on S^
is given the ASME Boiler Code, Section III, Nuclear Power Plant Components,
wherein Paragraph NB-3232.1 states that the maximum value of service stress,
averaged across the bolt-cross section, shall not exceed two times the allowable
bolt stress.
In examining the API flanges as examples, it is apparent.that, if S^ and
0, are both limited to S, , major increases in bolt areas would be required in
b b
using such flanges as Part B flanges with elastomeric O-ring gaskets. It is
not apparent that such large increases in bolt area are really necessary. In
Part A rules, the effect of internal pressure on bolt stresses is ignored
whereas in Part B rules, the effect of internal pressure on bolt stresses is
directly incorporated into the rules. Accordingly, it is not apparent that
the same design bolt stress limit needs to be imposed in both Part A and Part
B rules. It appears that the Part B rules could incorporate limit a of
a, < 2 S, with adequate conservatism. For design purposes, this would auto-
D — D
matically limit S^ since S^ is always less than In practice, however,
the Code has not and probably will not control S^. Accordingly, the design
rules should be such that for any feasible value of S^, such as realized by
ordinary wrenching techniques, the flanged joint will be satisfactory.
 46

TEST DATA

The only available test is that reported some 20 years ago by

(9)
Schuster and Rupe.x ' Tests were run on 12-inch 150 class ANSI B16.5
flanged joints with the raised face on the flanges removed for the purpose
of determining if the pressure capacity of ANSI B16.5 standard flanges
could be increased by the use of elastomeric O-ring gaskets. Two types of
joints were tests:
(1) Welding-neck flange bolted to a welding neck flange.
Pipe with 0.5-inch nominal wall thickness, about 12
inches long, was welded to each welding neck flange
and closed with a cap.
(2) Welding flange (and its attached pipe) bolted to a blind
flange.
The gasket was an 0-ring with 13.53 inches inside diameter. No further details
are given about either the 0-ring or the 0-ring groove.
Tests consisted of prestressing the bolts to S^, then introducing
pressure into the test assembly (through a small connection provided in the
attached pipe) and determining the bolt stress, a^, under pressure. Bolt
stresses were determined by measuring the bolt elongation. Reference (9)
does not describe just how this measurement was made but, unless extreme care
were taken, it is unlikely that the elongation measurements are more accurate
than + 0.001 inch. The effective bolt length (two-flange thickness plus one-
bolt diameter) is 5.125 inches. Assuming a modulus of elasticity of the bolt
material of 30,000,000 psi, the reported bolt stresses are subject to an un-
certainly of + 30,000,000 x 0.001/5.125 = 5800 psi.
Calculations were made of values of a,b for the given values of S.,
x
using the theory described herein. The only description of the flanges in
Reference (9) is that they were "ASA 300-12-inch flanges", hence, nominal
dimensions of ANSI B16.5 flanges were used; including the assumption that the
bolting consisted of sixteen, 1-1/8-inch nominal size, 8-thread series, root
area per bolt of 0.728 square inch. Because the computer programs are not
developed to handle variable thickness hubs, the actual welding neck hub,
which varies from a thickness of 1.375 inches at the base to 0.500 inch at
 ETH

the attached pipe, was simulated by a uniform hub thickness of 1.000 inch.
This is deemed to be a fairly good simulation of the actual variable hub
thickness. Calculations were also run for uniform hub thicknesses of 1.375
inches and 0.75 inch; with relatively minor effect on the calculated value
of a. .
b
Measured and calculated values of a^ at the test pressure are shown
in Table 10. An informative way to compare the test results with the calcu-
lated results is to compare the values of a^/(H/A^). If there were no "prying
effect" due to contact outside the bolt circle, a^ would simple equal H/A^
by equilibrium in the axial direction. The test data consistently give a
lower value of than the calculated results. This indicates that
the theory is conservative, but the tests are not sufficiently well defined
to conclude that this is always true. In addition to uncertainties of dimen-
sions and measured bolt stresses, the machining accuracy in removing the raised
face for the tests could significantly affect the test results. Tests aimed
specifically at evaluating the validity of the theory are needed.
 TABLE 10: COMPARISON OF TEST DATA FROM REFERENCE ( 9 ) W I T H CALCULATED RESULTS,
ANSI B16.5, 12" - 300 CLASS WELDING NECK-TO-WELDING NECK, IDENTICAL
PAIR; AND WELDING NECK-TO-BLIND, FLANGE/COVER

, psi a b / (H/A^
°b
S P» Calc.
i> Calc. Calc. Calc.
psi psi Test s n = i.oo" H / g = 1.00" g = 1.375" g = .75"
Joint (2)
V Test ° (3) ° (4)
(1) (1) ° (3) psi ° (4)

Identical Pair 10200 3500 51800 75590 43200 1.20 1.75 1.41 2.08
26900 3500 62000 81180 43200 1.44 1.88 1.57 2.18

Flange/Cover 11360 3500 49700 73370 43200 1.15 1.70 1.59 1.81
24200 3600 66740 79440 44430 1.50 1.79 1.69 1.90

(1) Test data on S^ and a^ . Subject to uncertainty of about + 5800 psi.

(2) Test pressure at which o^ was measured.
(3) Calculated based on uniform-wall hub, g Q = 1.00" is best estimated of "equivalent" hub.
(4) Calculated based on different values of g to indicate effect of this dimension.
 ETH

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

In order to carry out the evaluations discussed herein, two computer

programs were written:

(1) FLGB, which performs the calculations for an identical pair

of integral, constant thickness hub flanges using Part B
rules of the Code; Table 1 herein.*

(2) COVER B, which performs the calculations involved in

Reference (3) for a constant thickness hub flange bolted to
a flat cover.

The listings of these two programs are included herein as Appendix B.

The input data is described by "comment" cards at the beginning
of each program. The output data is described in the following.

Output Data, FLGB

The program prints out the input data followed by three sets of

data for:

(1) S± = 0

(2) S1 = S»1 (E0.

A
= 0 and h C = (A-C)/2)

(3) The specific input value of S ^

The first two sets of data provide a simple way to obtain the dependent
variables for any values of S i between zero and S^. The variables are all
given by an equation of the form:

* The Part B rules of the Code provide rules for other types of flanged joints;
i.e., loose type flanges with constant thickness hubs, loose type with
tapered hubs, and integral flanges with tapered hubs. These types differ
in the values of c^, C2> c„, c^, and c,.. The computer program FLGB can be
modified to Include these other types By (a) removing the three cards which
set c^ = c_ = c„ = 1.; c^ = 0.85 and c,. = 0.0; and (b) expanding the READ
statement to read in these five constants. Values of the constants are
identified in UA-58(c) of the Code. Minor changes in stress calculations
would also be needed as shown in UA-59 of the Code.
 ETH

V - Cx P + C 2 S ± , (27)

an
where V is any variable (e.g., o^, y flange stress) C^ and C^ are
constants.
The third set of data represents any input value of S., either
i i f
less than or greater than S^. If the input value of S^ is greater than S^,
an additional line of data is printed out as indicated in Table 11. If the
input value of S^ is so high that h c is less than 0.1 (A-C)/2, the program
aborts and prints out a message: SHC LESS THAN .1 * SHCMAX, NO ANSWER.
The output symbols are defined in Table 11. In addition, flange
stresses are identified by the equation number used in the Code; see Table
1 herein.

Output Data, COVER B

The program prints out the input data followed by three sets of
data for

(1) S. = S'. (b = b and 9__ = 0)

i i max 3f
(2) S± = 0

(3) The specific input values of b and S g f The program does

not use S^ as input.

The first two sets of data provide a simple way to obtain dependent
variables for S^ between zero and S^; using an equation of the form shown by
Equation (27). It may be noted that the second set of data, labeled FOR SI = 0,
prints out a value of SI which is not exactly zero. The program uses linear
interpolation to find the value of S^ from trial values of such that S
is essentially but not exactly zero.
The third set of data represents any input value of b (except zero)
with 0 3 f = 0 or any value of © 3 f with b = (A-C)/2. This input can be used for
values of S ^ either less than or greater than S^.
The output symbols are defined in Table 12. In addition, flange
stresses and cover stresses are identified by the equation number used in
Reference (3), Appendix A.
 ETH

TABLE 11: OUTPUT DATA IDENTIFICATION, COMPUTER PROGRAM FLGB

Program
Symbol Definition

SI S^ = initial bolt stress

SB o^ = operating bolt stress
CMS M g = total moment on flange ring due to continuity with hub, pipe,
or shell, = M„ + Qt/2
rl
ETHA E = modulus of elasticity times rotation of flange ring at out-
side of ring
ETHB E 9D = modulus of elasticity times rotation of flange ring at bore
ZETA Z = axial separation between flanges at bore, Code equation (C28),
see Table 1
SHCM * h = (A-C)/2
cmax
*
SHC value of h c to approximately give input S^
*
XSI * value of S i corresponding to SHC.
SI input value of S^.

* These are printed out under "FOR INPUT VALUE OF SI" only if S i > S^. The
program uses an iteration to determine a value of h £ (SHC) which gives, to
a close approximation, the input value of S^. Comparison of XSI with SI
indicates accuracy of the solution.
 ETH

TABLE 12i OUTPUT DATA IDENTIFICATION, COMPUTER PROGRAM COVER B

Ref. (3)
Program Symbol Note
Symbol See App. A No. Notes

Ml M
1 (1) (1) M^, M^, and Q are obtained by solution
of equations (23), (24), and (25) of
this report.
M2 M (1)
2
(2) Rotations of cover at flange bore:
Q Q (1)
0, + e ' + 0 , =0.„
lc c 3c 13
6
TIC 1C (2)
Equation (R13) is Ref. (3) Eq. 13
TCP 0' (2)
c
(3) Rotations of flange at flange bore
T13 0 by Eq. (R13) (2)
6 + 6 + 0
lf f 3f " e 20
CD

TIF (3)
1-1
<4-1

Equation (R20) is Ref. (3) Eq. 20

TFP 8 (4) Symbols in parenthesis are used in
f
text of report on flange/cover joints.
T20 9 by Eq. (R20) (3)

M1B M
lb
SI (4)
°i < s ±>
SIGB (4)
 53

RECOMMENDATIONS

Part B Rules of the Code should be simplified and made more consistent
with Part A Rules. In the simplified form, the value of initial bolt
stress should not appear as a design parameter. The simplified method
should be formulated so that the flanged joint is adequate for any
credible value of S^. The computer programs included in this report
could be used to check the validity of simplified methods over an
appropriate range of variables.

Consideration should be given to increasing the allowable bolt stress

for Part B flanged joints.

A simplified method is deemed suitable for the Code; i.e., Section VII-
Division 1. Such a simplified method would also be suitable for Class
2 and Class 3 components under the Nuclear Power Plant Components, ASME
Code Section III. However, the more complete theory should be retained
for Class 1 components under ASME Code Section III.

Tests on two or more Part B flanged joints should be conducted to evaluate

the validity of the theory.
 54

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to express their appreciation to Mr. R. W.

Schneider, Gulf and Western, Energy Products Group, Bonney Forge Division,
for his review of a draft of this report. Mr. Schneider's comments and
suggestions contributed significantly to the report.
Table 1 and Appendix A are copyrighted material published by
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Permission for inclusion
herein was granted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
 55

REFERENCES

(1) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, "Pressure
Vessels", 1974 Edition. Published by the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 345 E. 4th St., New York, New York 10017.

(2) Schneider, R. W., "Flat Face Flanges with Metal-to-Metal Contact Beyond
the Bolt Circle", J. of Engineering for Power, Trans, of ASME, Vol. 90,
Series A., No. 1, January, 1968, pp 82-88.

(3) Waters, E. 0. and Schneider, R. W., "Axisymmetric, Nonidentical, Flat

Face Flanges with Metal-to-Metal Contact Beyond the Bolt Circle", J. of
Engineering for Industry, Trans, of ASME, Vol. 91, Series B., No. 3,
August, 1969, pp 615-622.

(4) Waters, E. 0., "Derivation of Code Formulas for Part B Flanges", Welding
Research Council Bulletin No. 166, October, 1971.

(5) Schneider, R. W. and Waters, E. 0., "Some Considerations Regarding the

Analysis of Part BT Code Flanges - 1974", ASME Paper No. 75-PVP-48.

(6) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 1, "Nuclear
Power Plant Components", 1974 Edition. Published by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, New York 10017.

(7) Rodabaugh, 0'Hara and Moore, "FLANGE, A Computer Program for the
Analysis of Flanged Joints With Ring-Type Gaskets", 0RNL-5035,
January, 1976.

(8) Rodabaugh, E. C., and O'Hara, Jr., F. M., "Evaluation of the Bolting
and Flanges of ANSI B16.5 Flanged Joints—ASME Part A Rules" (to be
published).

(9) Schuster, E. C., and Rupe, V. L., "Getting the Most for Your Flange
Dollar Using 0-Rings", Pipe Line Industry, October, 1955.
 APPENDIX A

"AXISYMMETRIC. NONIDENTICAL, FLAT FACE FLANGES WITH

METAL-TO-METAL CONTACT BEYOND THE BOLT CIRCLE"
BY E, 0, WATERS AND R. W. SCHNEIDER.
Journal of Engineering for Industry, August 1969
Reference (3) Herein
 A-1

E. 0 . WATERS Axisymmetric, Nonidentical, Flat Face

Professor Emeritus,
Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.
Mem. ASME
Flanges With Metal-to-Metal Contact
R. W. SCHNEIDER
Manager of Engineering,
Beyond the Bolt Circle
Bonriey Forge Division,
Bonney Forge and Foundry, Inc.
A method of analyzing a pair nf nonidentical, axisymmetric flat face flanges with metal-
Allentown, Pa. Mem. ASME
to-metal conflict beyond the boll circle is described. The design method lakes into ac-
count interaction between opposing flanges in u bolted closure and provides for com-
patibility of deformations of all elements comprising the closure. The case of a blind
enter to an integral flange having a hub of uniform thickness is described in detail.
Ihnueier, the same analytical approach can be extended to cover a tapered, htibbcd flange
or the general situation where a reducing flange is substituted for the blind cover.

Introduction flanges is shown in Fig. 1.

T a n Suico.MMiTTEE on Bolted Flanged Connections
(Pressure Vessel Research C o m m i t t e e of t h e Welding Iteseurch
Council) a n d t h e T a s k G r o u p 011 Full Face Flanges ( A S M E Sub-
group on Openings and A t t a c h m e n t s ) are cooperatively develop-
ing informal ion for t h e rational design of flat face flanges with
metal-to-metal contact beyond t h e bolt circle. T h e research
lopic w a s projHtsed b y A K M E Special C o m m i t t e e t o Review Code
Stress Basis as a result of inquiries from i n d u s t r y to t h e ASM IS
Boiler a n d Pressure Vessel C o m m i t t e e . It is designated Topic U
—Stresj.es in Bolted Flanged Connections [SI.1 A design basis
was presented in a recent, paper [2]; however, it is limited t o the
special case of s y m m e t r i c a l configurations where t h e flanges com-
prising a "Insure a r e identical in all respects. Such n system of
1 of flanges that complies with t h e foregoing conditions. I t is im-
Numbers in bracket.-, dcnigmitc Keferciici's at end of paper.
Contributed by the Pressure Vessels and 1'ipiiiK Division for presen-
tation lit the Winter Aiinuul Meeting, New York, Deceinl>er 1-5. 1908
iif THE A.VKUICAN SOCIETV OK MKCII.\N-IC.\I. ENOIXKKKS. Manu-
script received at ASM 10 Headquarters, Julv 2,'i. 19(>K. Pap®1" N"-
<iS—WA/PVP-5.
T h i s paper describes how the s a m e theory ['2), with a few minor
revisions, can be used for t h e general case of unsyminetrical con-
figurations where t h e flanges a r e no longer a " m a t c h e d p a i r . "
T h e following conditions a r e imposed:
1 T h e flanges are axisymmetric a n d for service under internal
pressure.
2 T h e flanges are bolted directly together since t h e use of a
spacer requires other changes in theory.
,'i Gasket seating loads are negligible and t h e gasket, groove
detail allows full nietal-to-metal contact at a relatively low initial
bolt stress. Also, t h e gasket is approximately in line with t h e
pipe or vessel wall.
4 T h e flanges and bolts have stable elastic properties a n d t h e
design t e m p e r a t u r e is below the creep range.
Although the analysis which follows is limited t o t h e assembly
shown in Fig. 2, t h e theory is equally applicable to a n y o t h e r pair
portant to note that t h e basic t h e o r y which w a s f o r m u l a t e d to
facilitate t h e analysis of symmetrical configurations [2] h a s been
retained. It has been amplified, however, to handle t h e new p r o b -
lems created b y the interaction of nonidentical flanges. I t was

-Nomenclature^
.t = cross-sectional area of one bolt at root, of thread or bolt loud p e r b e a m
section of least diameter, sq in. A f , d u e to the load
n = width of b e a m between bolt circle and outside Ka = outward radial deflection of shell flange due to p r e s -
diameter = (/»',. 4- ( + i , . . « / 2 ) / / f » , in. sure
Ji - calculated operating bolt load p e r beam at design I'I{,„ V(l?,„ +V* + KJ . „ ..1 .
pressure, l b / b e a m
h = distance f r o m bolt circle to flange-flange bearing A-„ = factor
H
E, |_(/?,„ 4-
:tor s» that. KHQ is o u t w a r d radial deflection of
circle, in. shell
shell flange d u e t o shear force Q
h = d i s t a n c e f r o m bolt circle t o the o u t e r edge of flange,
in.
= *=.r(/?„ -f L)> + Rm +
(ff„, 4-
hBf I - /?„,
0.3 J, sq in/lb

c = w i d t h of b e a m between midradius of shell and bolt f, = effective s t r a i n length of bolts and s t u d s = tc + I,

circle = ( I i „ + t/2)/H„„ in. 4- nominal bull d i a m e t e r 4- thickness of washers
it = diameter of b o h hole, in. for t h r o u g h s t u d s , or t, + A nominal bolt
K„Ej, ) modulus of elasticity of cover material, flange m a - d i a m e t e r 4- thickness of washers for headed b o l t s
J* = terial, bolt, material, and shell material, re- L = width of flange, in.
{ =
E,„ E, \ spectively, psi distance f r o m midthickness of shell to b o l t circle,
/, /', f" = factors used to account for the increased flexibility in.
of flanges d u e to bolt holes .1/, = meridional bending m o m e n t at radius R m in cover,
F = axial load d u e (o pressure = P!t„J2, l b / i n . lb i n / i n . (positive as shown iu Fig. 4 ( a ) )
Ii = shell Ihirkncss, in. ,1/. = effective meridional bending moment, a t bore of
A' -•• bolt stiffness - \'.\E,.'f,. lb/in ' b e a m or !,Cvririal an next litipr)
 A-2

I
I
J 0
— V H
Fig. 2 O n * type c l nonfdentical flanges t o w h i c h t h « analysis applies

Fig. 1 Examples o f symmetrical configurations
considered essential to approach the problem in this manner
since il. is a prime goal of I he cooperating commit tees to develop
u single me I hud of analyzing flat face flanges—irrespective of
whether they are symmetrical or imsyiiinietrical configurations.
Subscripts c and / are used to indicate cover and shell flange,
respectively; c is also used to denote a circumferential stress,
e.g., a,. Letters » and ft, as subscripts, denote unbalanced and
balanced moments, respectively.
Design
Review o f Symmetrical Configurations. In the c a s e of a pair of
identical flanges, such as illustrated in Fig. 1, it was shown that
PI:
1 Kl.it face flanges behave differently than so-called "con-
ventional" flanges.
2 Flexural behavior of a flange can lie described using licain
theory considering the flanges to be composed of discrete, radial
beams.
.'! The discrete, trapezoidal elements can be modified to
equivalent elements uniformly a in. wide from the holt circle to
the outside diameter and r in. wide from the bore to the boll
circle for a beam of unit width at /',„.
•t Under internal pressure, the flanges bear against each ol her
beyond the bolt circle. T h e location of the centroid of the reac-
tive forces can be calculated by using beam theory and assuming
that line contact occurs where (he slope of a beam is calculated
to be zero under the imposed loads.
A typical free-body diagram of such a flange is shown in Fig.
•i. Since the mating flange is a duplicate in ali respects, it will
be acted upon by the same xysteru of forces. It is nbviors that
Mich a structure is in static, equilibrium and it is equally obvious
that the Minimal inn »f moments mast equal zero in order lo use-
beam analogy to represent the behavior of the flanges. There-
fore, in the case of a pair of uonidenlical flanges, when —.1/ ^ II,

-Nomenclature-

shell-flange which includes Ql r /'2 term, lb in/in. v. heu h < /'urn, radians
(positive its shown in Fig. 4(a)) 0: = slope of flange at bolt circle due to balanced loading
A" = number of bolts/in. of circumference of bolt circle, only when b < .'/,„:„, radians
in.-' ft, —• slope of flange at O.I), due to balanced loading only
.V = number ol bolts/beam =» .\(/{,„ + i")//,',„ when b > !>„,„„ radians
I' = design pressure, psig 0/ = additional change in slope of cover and shell llauge
Q = shear force a t flange-shell junction, lb/in. (positive respectively, due to unbalanced loading, radian*
>.LS shown in Fig. 5) /3 = factor in shell equations = {: 1(1 - v2)/U,„'h'\' \
It,,, = radius to midthiekuess of shell, in. in." 1
S — ratio, Afi/Afi, dimensioiiless 6 -- total initial strain iu a bolt due to preteusiouiug
If = thickness of shell flange, in. = (7/,/£,„ in.
/,. = thickness of cover flange, iu. a n = calculated operating bolt stress at design pressure,
in = total outward radial deflection of shell tlange at psi
07 = initial bolt stress due to pretensioning, psi
= I<a + Kb Q + (0., + 0/)t,f2 a e = calculated circumferential stress in shell al flange-
when b < &,„„, or = KA + KhQ + ( f t / + On + shell junction (membrane plus bending stress),
Q/Yt/'l when b > b psi
max, in. n n = calculated longitudinal stress in shell at flnnge-
«s = outward radial deflection of shell due to pressure shell junction (membrane plus bending stress), psi
- I ' / r j a - v/2)/E,h, in. <t„ = calculated radial stress in flange, psi
v = Poissuu's ratio <rr = calculated tangential stress in flange, psi
01 = slope of flange at li,„ due to balanced loading only
Transactions ol the A3ME
 A-3

ORNL-DWG 66-10294
B F

Anon
(•DIRECTION)
t
4
~P ff
f—b—"
1
T (•DIRECTION)
HE- 'm
o —
B F
B /tf F

e F
'mo*
. M ~F

s- 0
))
- P
T
I
i = L
d
b—J

R tu
B F
Fig. 3 Free-body diagram of one flanga of an identical pair (tymmofrical
configuration) Fig. 4 Foe-body diagram of an unrymmelrical configuration

it is necessary lo implement, beam analogy to account, for t h e

presence of unbalanced moments. .1A,, Ej'
(4)
Untymmetrical Configuration where ISM yl 0. Fig. 4(a) is a free- •Hit,3 ' K?
body diagram on unsymmelrical conriguration which cannot, b e
treated by beam analogy alone since Mi ^ M i . If Aft = M 2 a n d T h e foregoing equations m a y be combined and rearranged to
//,„ of one flange equals R,„ of t h e other, t h e o r y presently avail- present all moments in t e r m s of M i :
able [2J would suffice notwithstanding ihat t h e flanges differ in
thickness. However, since /i t h e total elongation of t h e A, - + „ (.->)
bolts must b e apportioned between the flanges in such a m a n n e r as
lo m a t c h t h e deflection of each flange at the bolt, circle.
M-.k = M„, (0)
T h e problem created b y M i & Mi can lie solved b y considering
Mi lo be comprised of two moments Mu, and'/Wi,,. I n a similar
manner, M t is comprised of A fit, and iWJl4. T h e s e changes a r e (7)
reflected in Fig. 4(6). B e a m analogy 12] can be used t o calculate
the effects of Mu, a n d ilty, if it is required t h a t Mu, — Ma. The /(S - l)(ES/Ei*)\ „
unbalanced portion of each moment. ( M u a n d M«„) can b e con- (S)
sidered as producing rigid-body rotat ions only. If t he unbalanced
momoii's are apportioned correctly, each flange will undergo t h e T h e slope of either flange at a n y radium is calculated using b e a m
same amount, of rigid b o d y rotation in the s a m e direction which analogy 12] and the m o m e n t s M,i. or M-n,; then, t h e additional
means that, t h e bolt stress and the flange-flange c o n t a c t circle rigid-body rotation produced b y ,1/,,, or Mi„ is a d d e d to t his value.
are determined b y Mu,, Mu,, and F. Thus, m a x i m u m use can be DUptncement oF Free-Body Elements. F i g . 5 is a f r e e - b o d y dia-
made of existing theory [2]. T h e following e q u a t i o n s can be gram of t h e bolted closure shown in Fig. 2. T h e existing t h e o r y
written: available for symmetrical configurations [2], plus t h e foregoing
modifications required to a c c o u n t for t h e unbalanced m o m e n t s
Mtl, + Mi„ = Mi <0 are sufficient t o write all of t h e compatibility equations.
•U,.„ + = M, (-') T h e counterclockwise change of slope of t h e cover flange at
l i „ d u e to Mu, is calculated using b e a m analogy ['-]; i t is:
Mi = SMi (3)

(0)
I n order for flanges t o undergo t h e s a m e amount, of rigid-body
rotation in t h e s a m e direction, t h e unbalanced m o m e n t s must be
in t h e p r o p o r t i o n : T h e counterclockwise rotation d u e to Mu, is 13]:

Journal of Engineering for Industry

 A-4

itiul the outward radial ili'lleeiiun is |.">|:

•> it „;-(]' '-'/'V0
>1. Hi EJi (.l/j - Ql ,•'•>) - ((,)) + «, (21)
Continuity Equation!. ICquatiiins ( I I ) or ( 1 2 ) a n d t Ki) arc equated
t o express rotnlional conlimiity of the cover at. radius /«*,„.
Similarly, equal ions (10) or (17) and (20) arc equated to show
slope compatibility of t h e shell-flange and shell. Finally,
selling equal ion (IS) or (III) equal t o equation (21) shows that
Ihe shell and its flange undergo identical, radial displacements.
Before t h e set of equations can be solved, all balanced and
W—Q ) V.. unbalanced m o m e n t s must be expressed in terms of .1/, (or .!//)
using equations (Ij), (.V/, (li), (7), and (S). T h e resulting three
-Otf/2 y /
equations will contain four unknowns, namely, .l/i (or Mj), .S\ Q,
a n d b. When t h e flanges pivot about their O.I),, b is known
(b = /;„,„«) a n d 0.i, a n d 0.1/ replace it as an unknown. T h e equa-
tions c a n lie solved simply b y assuming a v a l u e of h, or values of
Mlb-Ot,/?• *iy » Ut - Of,/2 0.v and 0i/ whe II f' — 'fiimxt which eliminates t h e extra unknown.
When t h e flanges h a v e t h e s a m e O.D., which is usually t h e case,
Oar and 0.1/ must he in I he ratio B*. '0, / = E j l ^ / E . I S since I lie
balanced m o m e n t s are equal (,Uih = A/•_>,.'). Subsequently, it
will be necessary to calculate Ihe amount Ihe bolts must be pre-
stressed in order lo satisfy t h e assumption regarding b or Os.
A p a r a m e t e r s t u d y may be made by performing a set of calcu-
lations for numerous values of h a n d Ox, f r o m which the general
relation between prestress and operating bolt load is rcadib -
Fig. 3 Frm-body diagram of blind cevtr lo thall-flang* combination
o b t a i n e d . This is explained in detail in t h e t w o sections of Ihe
p a p e r which follow.
Required PrejtroM in Bolli. T h e theory presently available for
5.21 J{,„M,„
Or' = — : (l«) analyzing a " m a t c h e d set - ' of flanges [21 can b e used for calcu-
fcV.»loKl„| Utm + L)/BJ lating the amount of prestress required to yield Ihe value as-
Therefore, I lie slope of I he cover flange al I!„, becomes; sumed for b or Br.. It is necessary to m o d i f y the calculations
slightly, however, since t h e theory applies lo a pair of identical
(<U«„ = ft, + 0,'; b < /,„„„ (II) flanges where t h e elongation of t h e bolls is evenly distributed
between both llanges. When the flanges a r e different, their
(Qc)n,„ = Ou + 0/ + e,r: b > b (l-») relative stillness determines how ihe total elongation of a boll is
T h e counterclockwise nihil ion of I hc central portion of Ihe apport ioncd.
blind cover a t l{,„ is | 4 | : Consider two llanges l r and l t having the same 0.1). with
Mih a n d Mj>, acting al radius II m ; for example, t h e assembly
,fl, )l;„
(o ad ---
- v)nm (!'.....
11 „. 4,1/,) shown in Kig. .*>. T h e total separation of Ihe (langes at the bolt
r fl«)
Vr1 circle must equal the total bolt elongation, or:

T h e clockwise change of slope of t h e shell flange al 11 „ due lo (22)

Afih is calculated Using lienm analogy | 2 | ; it is:
!lr + .'// = - «

where \ir is the u p w a r d deflection of the cover flange anil /// Ihe
d o w n w a r d delleetinn of t h e o t h e r linage, b e t t i n g x be t h e frac-
tion of Ihe total boll elongation required to m a t c h t h e dcllfctioii
T h e clockwise rotation d u e t o JUJ„ is |;>]: of Ihe cover flange:
.•.21/i,„1.l/..„ 2/),.'( I - f')(-!/„, + F(J
(I".) x(MK - 5) = CM)
«/' = E/tf
ZTTTrlogin !(/.',„ + L)/H„\ Er'il.3 '
Therefore, (he .slope of t h e shell flange a t /',„ becomes:
(. - x) , » / * _ 6) = (24)
hjitl/
(0/)n,„ = 0U + 6/; b < fclllttx (1G)
where J is simply / / £ , / ( / / £ , + lrzEr).
(0/)k,„ = 0„ + 0/ + 9„; b > /,,„„< (17) ICqiitttions (23) a n d ('24), respectively, reduce t o :
An examination of equations (4), (10) and (15) will show thai //',y _ ^ e^S r _ (A-6 - E)bc/n
B/' = —6 C ' which, b y the s t a t e d sign convention, represents equal (25)
rig'd b o d y rotations in t h e s a m e direction. \'f) 2/v7J(l - /•' + Mu,/( J
T h e o u t w a r d radinl deflection of t h e shell flange where it joins (b,\ (I - _ (KS - P)bj/t~\
= (2(1)
t h e shell is [2|: \l) 2A'f"(l - V-) L + J
= K, + K„Q + (0„ + 0/)f,/2: b <(;,„„, (IS) When h > !>,„.,I lie flanges h a v e a .slope of ftv and fli/ al A',,, +
( + Ii due to the balanced loa<ling only (plus an fidoitioual
II, = KA + K„Q + <0,/ + 6/ + ds,)tj/2\ b > ?)„,„ (10)
rotation of 0 / a n d 6 / , respectively as a result of t h e unlmlanced
T h e clockwise rotation of t h e shell where it joins t h e llange is m o m e n t s ) and equations (25) and (20) become:

/ U 1 = *E,fit* r _ [A.'(5 + dub /i) - F)b mux/n

0 •>RmP 4A' *B* \ f ) -1KP(\ - K») L F + Ma/1
~ «?) - Wi - Qtj/2) (20)
EJi EJ) (27)

Transactions of the ASME

 A-5

iu, v = All iilternative procedure may also be found useful, when the
V r) 2A7'"(V- Vv designer is governed b y the restrictions of maximum allowable
boll stress, mid at the same time wishes lo find I he value of /«
x j - , _ |A"«5 + ftA ,mJ(t —
CJK)
that will give a sufficiently high pre.-tless to the bolls. This may
be done by a slight rearrangement of equation (211) or (24), ami
complete or partial neglect of M,i, or M v , (which are themselves
Si net; h, •= lif ~ b, either equation (2.">) or (20) cim be used for f u n d ions of b) iu comparison with /•'(. A preliminary s t u d y of
calculating & when b < b„ Ml ; equation (27) or (2K) is applicable symmetrical flanges of the metal-to-inetal full-face contact type
wlien b > b„„„ Tlie equal ions may tie solved graphically using has indicated t h a t such neglect litis a relatively small effect on
Fig. II. Counecl the proper value on the ordinate for the cover the computed value of a , , and may obviate the need for any ex-
(or flange) and the appropriate value oil the curve marked b/C; tensive parametric study. This is especially true since the actual
extend llie line and extract 8 from the number rend off the ab- operating value of a , is subject t o a rather wide range due lo as-
scissa foi' the cover (or llange). The required p res tress in the sembly conditions.
bolts becomes: Ji (7 V' 4
By definition, - = - , a u d i = <j,(JK,,, so I lint It f K —
h A .1 hk/ f,
Kb 5 «= (aa - a,)t,/lC,,.
(20)
A'~M Making this substitution in equation (2,'!)

and this amount of preslress will yield the value assumed for b
or ftt iviid ft/.
Dalerminlng Operating Bolt Load. T h e o p e r a t i n g bolt l o a d / b e a m is
found using the free-body diagram of Fig. •"> and taking moments
about H. Either flange can be used since the unbalanced momenta
Mi„ and M t u cause equal a m o u n t s of rigid-body rotation in the
same direction and thus do not affect the operating bolt load and
Mib = Mih. The equations for li become:
n =F + 0 + AU b< (30)
J - (E\
< h„
1(2(1 - v*)(Af,b + Ft) \Eb)' ''
T h e same substitutions iu equation (24) will prove thai l>f = bc,
due to the definition of x following equation (24), and the faet
that — Mtb. Having found b, the total operating bolt load
is calculated according to equation (30) or (!JI); the lolal pre-
load is somewhat less than this in the ratio of <r,/a u .
If br > i»,„Al according to equation W2), /J„,„, governs, a n d ten-
tative values of ftr nud ft; may be found by noting that equation
(23) now becomes

x(H/h - d) = elcbmax H —— (•).»)

bfii,*
« = /-•(i + , - - ) + AU(,--); '> > i>" (:ti)
Making the same .ubstitutions for H/K and S as before, noting
thut b t >= bf = I),,*- and solving for £! r ft„ gives
Ec(, 2(1 - v^b^Uy, 4- I'D
E,0» = x(a„ - a,) — CM)
0RNL-0W0 65-13250 a!,1
rTTt.8.:. I I I
A similar manipulation of equation (24) gives a formulr. for
i i
Efln. As previously slated, the calculations necessarilv make
bc •= bf; however, it will be found t h a i , for uiisyntmetrival

flanges, 6, c = ft/.
b/J OR bmot/J WHEN b>bm
Caleuloilon of Sirettat. T h e perl incut stresses are found using
-. i « the following formulas, and with the exception of <T(, all occur at
t h e design pressure:
i- i :
I l Initial bolt stress:
K&
a, = cr.)
A'.i
^ . u i1 U' P
I . Operating bolt stress:
:
f M !/; i i 1
1.3 i-r •
.-t .. A'M
p.- i I I
- p . -t.z- .—1 —I
Ivongiaidiiml stress in shell:

-1.0- j- = ± C-r,
k S
—/—-08 • - Circumferential stress iu shell:
/- 0.7 (outside surface)
-<—</•—0.6 0.5
0 I

K%.F OR WHEN
TC = | jV + (Ml - Qt,/-2)(3>lt,„ -
- Qt,/2)
h
, - Qplt,
]
CIS)
Circumferential stress iu shell:
OR
(inside surface)
0R WHEN
t>mot/u-y)yF

Fig, 6 Curve for finding S

Journal of Engineering for Industry

 A-6

ltiulial stress in hIicII flange: Tangential stress in cover flange

(adjacnif to shell) (at liolt I'ircli')
(i.l/.j .rUMOt, + 0S) , ,"] , .
am -t (•Ml) aT
i?
T a n g e n t i a l stress in shell flange:
(adjneciit lo shell) ar + b > /»„„,« (47b)
' " H it it,,, + ()
OTI Stress at cenlwof cover:

b<bmx (4 Ui) r„ = 0> =- ± — - - a.w, (•IS)

On fj! +
c
pj± ^MlL + Oi/ + 0,') + vans*
•III,,, 4 where:

h>h ftlft) Oi/ = - - - „ r-," ' '' < ( MIK)

V /
Hadial stress in shell flange:
(ill boll circle) «('/ ,)'(/' - /'')(/")(I - v') , =,
<>if ~ ; " '''" fnif/)

" " = ±
1}
(H,n + A ' _ Ou = ,7 ,-.: ; b < b,„.„ (,'it)u)
Ft + M-j, \/l„ + t )
X (/?,„ + iyn,r + (Mm) (42)
0jr rr~r~ « = (•><>»)
I W - ' A,"/,3
Tiingential stress in shell flange:
(at. bolt circle)
Discussion and Conclusions
T h e p a p e r for t h e design of symmetrical configurations | 2 |
gave a few simple f o r m u l a s for approximating an a d e q u a t e llangc
art
-'if ( - a thickness a n d t h e required amount of boiling. At this time, it is
n o t obvious bow lo provide similar formulas for uiisymnu'lrii'iil
configurations, such a s t h e one shown in Fig. 2, d u e lo t h e m a n n e r
(4:;«) in which a pair of flanges interact. It was implicit in t h e same
paper that only small a d v a n t a g e s could be expecled b y using a
Inpered h u b on flat face flanges. T h i s generalization is n o
art longer valid in t h e case of unsymmctrical configurations. A
comprehensive investigation of a configuration of t h e t y p e shown
rBfifty + + <V) , „~1 , ^ , in Fig. 2 revealed:
±
L — w t „ , + o — +
} • > ( } 1 T h e cover is capable of turning t h e m a t i n g shell flange
"inside o u t " over its full w i d t h when t h e ratio of t h e flange stiff-
Hadial stress in cover flange: nesses is of t he order of 4 : 1 as it WHS in t he case under consider-
("I It.) a t ' o n . Specifically, t h e shell flange underwent a negative r o t a -
lion; for t h e cover flange a counterclockwise rotation is posi-
(id/,
am = ± — , (44) tive, whereas, for I he shell flange a clockwise rotation is positive.
2 Increasing t h e preslress in t h e bolls causes u reduction in
t h e bearing circle, t h a t is, ft becomes less. T h i s is also I he case
T a n g e n t i a l stress in cover flange: for symmetrical configurations.
(at lt,„) S Increasing t h e pre-jtress in t h e bolts causes an increase in
Al,, Mi, a„, a,„ a n d t h e a m o u n t b y which t h e shell flange is
_ r'BMBu + OS) ,1 .
7T\ - i I h vani* U h < Am,,. ma) t u r n e d "inside o u t . " At low values of prestress, it is possible for
t h e shell flange t o h a v e a negative slope at its O . l ) . a n d a positive
one at. t h e shell flange j u n c t i o n .
. fEMB,c + e,e + 0S) . ."I . . . .....
art = OR t-V<Tm*\i l> > I'm.-,* (4.lfj) 4 In general, most of t h e significant stresses decrease t h e
lower t h e prestress in t h e bolts. However, flange separation a t
t h e gasket increases and along with it t h e propensity for leakage
Radial stress in cover flange:
and gasket blowout. Also, t h e lower t h e preslress, t h e greater
(at bolt circle)
t h e difference between tr, a n d cr,, a n d t h e greater t h e propensity
for p r e m a t u r e fatigue failures of t h e bolts.
a hi = =fc 5 Hesults obtained using p l a t e and shell t h e o r y exclusively
f* \1 - ,\'<l)
compared very favorably with analyses based on t h e m e t h o d
+ A' _ described in this paper. T h e greatest differences a p p e a r e d in wV2
and Q with t h e differences decreasing with increasing v.ihies of
Ft -(- Mn \R.+ tJ
(«„, + t)/R„
+ (Jl/l.) (4«) a,. Nevertheless, agreement was better t h a n required over
(ffl- t h e entire range of prostruss.
T h e configuration which was studied extensively is defined by
t h e following p a r a m e t e r s :
* Use the positive value if the radial stress is tensile on back face
of flange, otherwise, use negative value. R m = 1 0 . 0 0 in.

Transactions ol the A3ME

 A-7

TabU 1 Comparison of propoiad malhod with plala and shall thaory

ASSUMED VALUE OF b HID 0j

CALCULATED VAUJK OF THE h'l. 50 In. b >1.10 in. b-o.ao m .

1 N M C A T K 0 PAI'AMKTER o3f-o,000544 rad. ht "0 rod. 0}f-0 rad.
9 3 c . 0 . 000137 rad, 8j c -0 rad.
9
3c• 0 rad.

0[, psi 0 22,300 31,200

a~a, psi 21,000 20,900 33,800

(21,0001 (33,800)

Mj, lb-ln/in. 266 356 375

(242) (329) (340)

M 2 , lb-ln/in. 36 189 213

(143) (211) (238)

0, lb/in. 72 lie 129

(97) (137) (139)

Flange rotation at OD radians -0 00247 -0. 00282 -0.00273

(-0 00255) (-0.00279) (-0.00259)

Flange rotation at BC radians -0 00143 -0. 00195 -0.00208

(-0 00153) (-0.00199) (-0,00202)

Flange rotation at Rn, radians -0 ooooia -0. 000227 -0.00032

(-0 000166) (-0.000385) (-0.00040)

Cover rotation at OD, radians 0 00317 0 00282 0.00273

(0 00290) (0 00258) (0.00259)

Cover rotation at BC, radianB 0 00343 0 00304 0.00289

(0 00 3 30) (0 00292) (0.00287)

Cover rotation at radians 0.00378 0. 00346 0.00333

(0.00 IBS) (0 00352) (0.00348)

C= 1 .."ill in. in t h e continuity e q u a t i o n s ; two additional equations with two

l>„m<= 1 .">«> in. unknowns will result.

ic = ().!)()() in.
Acknowledgments
ij = ()..->(>8 in.
T h e readers' a t t e n t i o n is called to the I n t r o d u c t i o n concerning
A' = 0 . 2 7 7 b o l l s / i n . of circumference committees involved with flat face flanges. T h e a u t h o r s are
(. = 2 . 4 0 in. appreciative of t h e support and suggestions offered b y t h e co-
operating subcommittees a n d , in particular, lo their chairmen,
,t = 0 . 1 0 2 s q in. W. I!. Mikesell a n d J . A. .Mot I ram. At t h e t i m e the paper was

„ h =

=
()..•»()() in.
.'«) X 10" |>M
l> = 1(10 psi
T h e results of some (if the calculations m a d e according Lo I lie
procedure described in this paper are shown in T a b l e 1; the
values in parentheses were obtained using plate and shell theory.
T h e ell'eet of t h e bolt holes was disregarded which is equivalent
to s e t t i n g / , / ' , a n d / ' equal lo unity.
Certain a d j u s t m e n t s were m a d e in plate t h e o r y in order to
handle t he analyses when b became less (han bum* at higher values
of prestrcKx. Due to t h e difficulty of using plate t h e o r y to find
l>, when 6 < 6,,iux, b e a m analogy was developed for t h e analysis of
symmetrical configurations (2). Beam analogy was then ex-
tended in this paper for the analysis of unsyminelrical, axisym-
metric, flat face flanges.
It should be obvious that t h e m e t h o d described in detail for
I he closure shown in Fig. 2 is applicable to o t h e r situations. If
t h e blind cover is replaced b y a reducing flange, an annular
plate a n d a shell must, be s u b s t i t u t e d for the circular plule of
radius /«*„, in Fig. ,">. Corresponding changes m u s t then be made
prepared, t h e membership consiMed of L, M . Cassid.v, I). B. Lee,
W. 1!. .Mikesell, J . A. Mot t r a m , 11. linm.sdell, 11. l i m i t , 1!. \V.
Schneider, K. <). Waters, a n d I). U. Wesstrom. T h e assistance
given by C. F. liaison, Jr., Executive Secretary of l ' V R C , was
considerable. Finally, t h e a u t h o r s a r c indebted t o L. M . Cassidy
who m a d e the m a n y plale and shell calculations of a particular
configuration for comparison with results o b t a i n e d by t h e method
described in this paper.
References
1 Larson, ('. !•'., " I ' V l i C liesearcli on Topics Proposed by
AS.MIi," Welding Journal, Vol. 45, No. 2, 100(5, liesearch Supple-
ment, pp. 49-s to 54-s.
2 Schneider, It. \ \ \ , "Flat l''nce Flaunts With Metul-to-Metal
Contact Beyond the Bolt, Circle," Journal of Enyim-urinu for 1'owvr,
THANB. AS.Mi;. Series A, Vol. 90, No. 1. Jan. 1908, pp. 82-88.
3 Waters, K. O., Hosslieiin, D. B., AVesstrom, D. B., and Williams,
F. S. G., "Development of General Formulas for Bolted f l a n g e s , "
Appendix WA, Taylor Forge and I'ipe Works, Chicago, Illinois.
4 lioark, Ii. J., "Formulas for Stress and Strain," McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1943, Table X.
5 Timosheiiko. S„ "Theory of Plates and Shells," McGraw-Hill,
New York, l'J40, pp. 389-395.

I'nnioH in t'. S. A

Journal of Engineering for Industry

 APPENDIX B

LISTINGS OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMS FLGB AND COVERB

Note: The computer programs listed herein were developed for the purpose
of making the calculations involved in this report. They were not
developed for general use ; however, the programs are available in
punched card form from E. C. Rodabaugh, Battelle, Columbus Labora-
tories, 505 King Avenue, Columbus Ohio 43201.
 FRIGnAM PL55 <IN=UT, OI'TPUT,14Pt£60 = H P U T )
C RZJI3£0 .7/26/76
C INPUT DATA SYMPOLS
C A = RING O.O. , B = PORE, T = THICK., GO = HU3 WALL, G = GASK£T OIAM.,
C C = -30LT CIft:LE TIAi-t., 3L = BOLT LENGTH, ' = PRESSURE, N = NUH3ER OF EOLTS,
C 0 = 31 AM. DP 30LT HCL£S, SAB = TOTAL BOLT AREA, SI = INITIAL 30LT STRESS
99 fr£AO 1, A, B, T, GO, G, C, 8L, = , N, D, A3, SI
1 FORMAT CSF10.5/1110,3F10.5)
IF(tOF,6 0) 101,2
2 COMTINUt
PRINT 51
51 PJRMBT(5UH INPUT OATA * » • * » » » • • » » » » • » • j
PRINT 4 0
it9 FORMAT{118H A 8 T GO
I G C BL P )
PRINT 3, A, B, T, GO, G, C. BL, P
3 FJRNfiT 11P8E15.5/)
PRINT 52
52 FORMATl 50H M D AB 51 )
11 FORMAT (1P1I10,3E15.5//)
PRINT 11, N, 0, AB, SI
JJ = 0
R1 = B * SO
SJ = . 55* <GO/Tl * SORT(81/GO)
CK ' A/31
CK2 = CK*CK
Z = CCK2 «• 1. > / (CK2 - 1.)
SK = 2.*t7*.3» t 131/GO)
CI = C2 = C3 s 1. W
C* s .85
C5 = 0.
Gl = GO
CJl =.951*C1*((C2*(1.+C2*SJ)) / (1,+C1*SJ*SK) «• C3*SJ )
CJ2 = 5.19*SJ**<.»((Cl*C2*(0<»-SKn / (1.tCl*SJ*SKl • l.i«C5 )
CJ3 = l.'a01"Cl*(l.t'C2*SJ> / (SJ* (l.»Cl*SJ*SK) )
CJ* = 10.38*01 J**3*(C4-SK) / (l.+Cl*SJ*SK)
PI = 3.l<o6
BETA = (0*31) / <2.»B1>
P = (C-B) / ?. - Gl
SHJ = R + .5*<;i
SHG = tC-G) / 2.
SHT SHG) / 2.
SA = CA•C> / (2.*B1)
E = 300110011.
SHCM = (A-C)/2.
RE = 1.
H s . 795* G*G*°
HO = . 785* '3*9*P
HG = 0.
HT = .785* (G*G - 8*e)*P
CflP = HD*SHO • HT*SHT * HG*SHG
(Ct./SQRTtl.-(N»D/lPI*C))»•»>)*ATAN«SORT t<PI»C + N»0)/CPI*C-N*D
1 ))) - PI -2.*M*0/(PI*C) ) / N
SHC = (A-C) / 2.
X2 = (.863*SA*RE*8L*81/AB) * (T/SHDJ**3
XI = (SHC/SHO> / (1. -(SHC/SHU)**3 / X2 )
 CJ3 = (1.73P/UJ * (?.»SH(VRT-U • SHC/SA • PI»BI*RS>
C J O = CJI> - ! 1.736/31) * SHO/OCTA
DEN = 1 . + C J 5 M C J 1 + C J 3 / 2 . ) * ( 3 0 / T » » » 2
AL = ( C J 5 * tc J ? y ZJU/Z.) *P/(53/T> G J 6 * C M P / T * * 3 ) t OFCN
A2 = 1 . / OCN
A3 = ( A L * T * * 3 - C J 6 * C M P ) / : / 5
A<F = ( A 2 - 1 . ) * T * * 3 / CJ5
A5 R ( H F I C M ° F A"?) / SHC * ILG ) / A3
AO = NT / (SH£*AB)
;
A7 = A5 - . 2 9 * 4 . - » S H ; * * 2 » ( C M P + A 3 » / <81*3A*T**3*RE*BLJ
A I = A6 - . 2 9 * < * . * S H C * * 2 * £ * / ( 9 L » S A * T * * 3 » R E * 3 L > - 2 . * SHC/ T R E * 3 L )
FOR I U I T I A L B O L T STRESS ( S I ) = 0
ETNA = - A 7 / A 8
SB = 6 5 A**:THA
CIS = A I AV*STHA
F T H B = AL + A 2 * F T H A
ZET A = ' ( 1 0 . 9 2 / ( P I * C * E * T * * 3 ) 1 * ( 3 H S * < ( S H C »• S H Q ) * * 2 - S H C *
1 (.6*67*SHC VSHO) *• P I * C * S K D * * 3 > CMPMSHC/SHD FL.> * (.6667*
2 ( S H C * S H 3 ) * * ? - S H C * ( . 6 6 6 7 * S H 3 • SHO)) • CHP*PI*C*SHO*RB I
3 * 2 . * (SHCM + S H I 1 * E T H A / E
F^IliT tl
<•1 FJI?«FL T UBH FO* SI=0 # * » * » » « * • • » » » » • • / / )
P 3 I NT 5 3
5 3 FORMAT( 7PH SB CMS ETHA ETHB ZET
1A )
P * T N T 3 0 , S B , CMS, E T H A , E T H B , ZETA
3 3 FORMAT (1P5E12.3//1
GO TO 2 0 W
FOR I N I T I A L B O L T S T R E S S ( S I ) SUCH T H A T E T H A = 0 AND SHC = ( A - C J / 2 N>
6 0 S S I = AT
SB = A 5
CMS = A 3
E T H B = AL
ETHA = 0 .
ZETA = ( 1 0 . 9 2 / ( P I * C * E * T * * 3 ) > »CMS*C(SHC • SM0>**2 -SHC*
1 ( . 6 6 6 7 * S H C T-SHD) F P I * C * S H 0 * * 3 1 «• C M P * ( S H C / S H D + 1 . ) * (.6667*
2 ( S H C F S H D > * » 2 - S H C * ( , 6 6 6 7 * S H 3 • SHD)> • CMP*PI*C*SHD*R8 )
5 • 2 . * ( S H C M + SHO) * E T H A / E
P ^ I N T <»2
<*Z F J A ^ A T U 8 H FOR ETHA=0, SHU= < A - C ) / 2 / / )
P*INT jt
FORMAT ( 7 C H SI SB CHS ETHB ZET
1A )
M I N T 3 0 , S S I , S " , C H S , E T H O , ZSTA
GO TO 2 0
S I P ^ I N T i*7
h7 FORMAT ( U 8 H FOR I N P U T VALUE OF S I / / / )
CTHA = ( S I - 1 7 ) / A8
IF (£THA) 10,+,<T
I* S'3 = FLA ARETHA
CHS = A 3 • 4«T*ETHA
E T H 3 = AL • A2*ETHA
ZETA = ( I D . 9 2 / ( P I * C * E * T * * 3 ) ) • ( 0 M S » ( ( S K C • S H 0 ) * * 2 - S H C *
1 ( . O 6 6 7 * S H C *SHO) * P I * C * S H O * R 3 > • CMP* (SHC/SHO + 1 . ) * (.6667*
2 ( S H C + S H P ) * * 2 - S H C * ( . 6 6 6 7 * S H C • SHO)» • C H P * P I * C * S H D * R B )
3 • 2 . * ( S H C H F SKD) * E T H A / E
 p'.itiT t a
t*d FORMAT ( 92H cTHA SB CMS ETH
IB 7TTA SI >
F^IHT 9 , ETHA > S3, CMS, tTHB, ZITA, SI
9 FORMAT ( 1 P 5 E 1 5 . ? / / )
GO TO 20
10 CONTINUE
SHC M = <A-C»/».
00 5 1 = 1 , 9
SHC = SHCM * (10-1) / 10
CJ5 = ( 1 . 7 3 8 / 3 1 ) • ( 2 . *SH3/RiTA SHC/3A *• PI»31»R3>
CJ6 = C Jb - ( 1 . 7 3 6 / B 1 ) * SHO/-ETA
OEN = 1 . *• CJ5*(CJl CJ3/2 . ) MGO/T J **2
Al = (CJ5* (CJ2 • C J 4 / 2 . I * P / ( G 3 / T l • Sj6»CMP/T»*3 ) / OEN
A3 = (Al * T**3 - CJ5*CMP ) / 0J5
«5 = (H • (CMP • A3» / SHC «• HJ > / flg
A7= A5" - .29*-*.*SHC**2*(CMP+A3) / (Bl*3A»T**3*RE*BLJ
XSI = A7
IF(XSI - SI) 5 , 7 , 6
6 SHC1 = SHCM » (10-1*1) / 10
GO TO 16
5 CONTINUE
PRINT 50
50 FO*.1AT (50H SHC LESS THAN .1»SHCMAX, NO ANSWER
GO TO 97
16 DO 15 1=1,10
SrtC = SHC1 - 'SHCM'T/IOO
CJ5 = ( 1 . 7 3 8 / 3 1 ) * (2.»SH0/8dTu + SHC/SA • «>I*B1»RBI
CJo = CJ5 - ( 1 . 7 3 8 / 6 1 ) * SHO/SETA
DEN = 1 . • CJ3*(CJ1 t CJ3/2 . ) *(GO/T1**2
Al = (CJ5» (CJ2 • CJi«/2.) * P/ (GO/T) *• :J6»CMP/T*»3 » / OEN
A3 = (Al » T**3 - CJ6»CHP ) / Zi5
A5 = IH i (CMP * A3) / SHC + HS •) / AB
A7= A5 - ,29*4.»SHC»»2»(CMP<-A3) / (B1»3A»T**3»RE*BLI
XSI = A7
IF(XSI - SI) 1 5 , 7 , 1 7
17 SHC2= SHC t- SHCH/100.
.GO TO in
15 CONTINUE
18 00 25 1 = 1 , 1 0
SHC = SHC? - SHCMM/ldOO
CJ5 = ( 1 . 7 3 8 / 3 1 ) * (2.*SH0/BETA +• SHC/3A *• PI*B1»R9)
CJ6 = CJs - ( 1 . 7 3 8 / 3 1 ) * SH0/3ET A
OEN = 1 . • C J 5 * ( L J l • C J ? / 2 . ) * ( S O / T I *»2
Al = (CJ5* (C 12 + C J<t/2*) * F / ( G 3 / T ) *• CJ6»CMP/T*»3 ) f OEN
A3 = (Al * T**3 - CJU*CMP ) / CJ5
A5 = (H t (CMP • A3) / SHC • HG I / AB
A7= A5 - . 29*:».*SHC**2*(CMP+A3) / (B1*SA*T»»3*RE»BL>
XSI = A7
IF(XSI - S I ) 2 5 , 7 , 7
25 CONTINUE
7 P3INT W3
FORMAT( 60H SHCH SHC XSI SI
1 )
PRINT 8 , SHCM, SHC, XSI» SI
8 FORMAT ( l P < » E i 5 . 5 / / )
 53 = Ai
CHS = A3
ETHti = A1
tTH A = Q.
2£TA = (10.92/( D I*0*fc*T*»3) ) * t3MS* ( CS-<C • SHO) *«2 -SHC*
1 ( . 6 6 6 7 *SHC fSHO) • PI*C*SH9**3) CMPMSHC/SHD + 1 . ) * ( , o 6 6 7 »
2 (i>HC*SHQ)**? - SH£*<. 6 6 67*bH3 SHO)> * CMP*PI»C*SHO»RB )
1
3 2.M5HCH 5H )) * ETHA/t
PRINT 48
PRINT 9« TTHA, SBt CMa, ETHft, 2£TA, SI
CAt.OUi.AT:; FLAMGc STRESSES
23 CONTINUE
CHH = -(GC/T>**2*CJ1*?THP»T**3 f CJ2*P»T**3/(GO/TJ
0 = -(GO/T)**2*CJ3*£TH3*T»*? * 2Jt*P*T*Zt (GO/T)
SRC = b . * (CMP ••CHS) / ( T**2 » (>I»C-N»D) )
SRHM=-(Q/ (PI*B1*T) • P )
SRHB » 6.»CMS f t FI»91»T*T)
STM =-SRHM * 7
STo = -CTH8*T/61 • .3*SRH8
SHIM : • P*B1 / (fc.»51)
SHIT : 6.»CMH / (PI»31»G1»G1)
SH2M = (0 / f D I*B1*T) • P>*(Z + . 3 J • ETHB*T/B1 •.075»P»B1/G1
SH?6 = • 3* SHI 1
SRHO = S«HM - S»HB
SRHI = S°HM • 5°HB
STHO : STM - STB
s r m = STM f STB
SH10 = SHI M SHI 3
• SHII = SHIM SH1B W
SH20 ! SH2M SH?B i
4>
SH2 I = SH2M SH2B
PRINT 4b
46 FORMAT 150 H STRESSES BY COO; EQUATIONS 3 7 , 38, 39, 41
PRINT 49
49 FORMAT(li5H 37 380UT 3 8 IN 390UT 39IN
I 400UT 4 0 IN 410UT 4 UN )
PRINT 12,SRC, SRHC, SRHI, STMO, STMI, 3H10, S H U , SH20, SH2I
12 FORMAT ( 1 P 9 E 1 2 . 3 / / )
JJ = ii * 1
GO TO ( 6 0 , 6 1 , 97) J J
97 CONTINUE
PRINT.98
98 FORMAT (1H1)
GO TO 99
100 CALL EXIT
ENO
 MOG\AH COVERT (INPUT, O U T P U T , n P E 6 0 = INPUT )
C RfVIStP 3/23/76
C Hftlt^S/SCHNtTDtP F A F E R , & a - K A / F V P - 3 , J. ENGG FOR I N D . , AUGUST 1969
C lti°UT OATA SYMBOLS
C A = iUHG O.O. , B = b O " E , T = I U G T H I C K . . GO = WJ3 W A L L , G = GASKET D I A M . ,
C C = 30LT CIKCLT H A f . , OL = BOLT L E N G T H , > •= PRESSUkt, N = N U i B E * OF E O L T S ,
C D = D I A M . OF BOLT H O L E S , AB = T O T A L 9 0 L T A R E A , 3 1 = I N I T I A L BOLT STRESS
C TC = T H I C K N E S S OF COVER F L A N f c , S3 = LOWER CASE 8 ,
C T3F = T H E T A - S U 9 - 3 P
0 E T ( n i l , Q 1 2 , D 1 3 , D 2 1 , Q > 2 , 023 , 0 * 1 » D J 2 , 0 3 3 ) =
1 311*022*033 + D12*D23*031 + 013*332*021
2 -(031*022*013 + 032*023*011 • 033*012*021)
1 READ 2 , A, B, T, GO, G, C, BL, N, 0 , AB, S I , TCt SB. T3F
2 FORMAT (8F10.5/1110,6F10.5)
IF(EOF,60I 103,3
3 CONTINUE
PRINT 5 1
5 1 FORMAT(50H I N P U T OATA • }
P R I N T it3
it J F O R M A T ( 1 1 8 H A 3 T GO
1 G C BL P )
P R I N T 3 3 , A, B , T , GO, G, C , BL, P
3 3 FORMAT (1P8E15.5./)
. PRINT 52
52 FOrtMAT (10<fH N O AB SI
1 TC SB TJF )
PRINT 1 1 , N, 0 , AB, S I , TC, SB, T3F
11 FORMAT ( 1 1 1 0 , lP6tl5.5//>
JJ = 0 tsS
S S 3 = SB Oi
S T 3 F = T3F
AA = A / 2 .
P = fl/2.
TF = T
SH = GO
CC = C / 2 .
FLO = B L
XN = N/ ( 3 . H l o ' C I
33 = 0
A3 = AO/N
SF=FP=FPP=1.
t3=EC=£F=E1= *.E7
B£TA = 1 . 2 8 5 i » / SO*T»R*SH>
XL = A A - R
F = P*R/2.
SL = C C - R !
C = (R * S L / 2 . ) / R
BH = A A - C C
A = 19 t SL • 9 M / 2 . ) / S
XXK = ((K+XL)**2 • R**2) / ( < R » * l ) » » 2 - R**2) • .3
X<A = (P*R/EF) * XXK
X<3 = ( R / ( T F * i F ) > * XXK
U2=P*R*R*.95 / (£S*SH)
ESS = E F * T F * * T / (EC*TC**3)
T3C = T 3 F = 0 .
SB = BM
 PRINT 30
13 FOR1AT ( 4 0 H FOR S I SUCH T HAT 3=BMAX AND T 3 F = 0
no TO 2 0
60 T3F = . 0 0 1
S 9 = BM
T3C = T 3 F » £ S S
GO TO 2 0
6 1 T3F = S I 0 » . 0 0 1 / (SI0-SI1)
TIC = T3F*£SS
S3 = BM
PRINT 3 1
3 1 FORMAT ( 4 0 H FOR S I = O //)
GO TO 2 0
6 2 T3F = ST3F
5 3 = SSB
T3C s T T F * £ S S
PRINT 3 2
3 2 FOKMAT ( 4 P H FOR I N P U T VALUES 3 F SB AND T 3 F //)
20 J J = J J + 1
Al = c S S / t c S S H . )
62 = l . / t : S S * l . l
ASC = <5.U6/(-C*A*TC**3/> * ( F * 3 L * * 2 * (FP»A/C • FPP»SB/SL ; )
A3? = ( 5 . 4 6 / ( ; F ' A * T F » * 3 ) > * ( F " 5 L * * 2 * ( F P » A / C • F P P » S B / 3 L I )
AtC = < P.46/ (EC»A*TC»*3))• (SL * ( 2 . * A / C + S B / S L ) I
AhF = I s . H & / T E R * A * T F * * 3 ) ) » (Si. * ( 2 . » A / C + S B / S L ) I
ASC = 0 . 2 1 * ^ / ( c C * I C * » 3 * A L O G 1 0 t n * X L I / R ) )
A5F = 5 . 2 1 * R / ( E F * T F » * J * A L O G 1 0 ( « R » X L ) / R > I
A5 a 2 . 1 * F » F » R / J€C*TC*»3)
A? = 2 . 1 * R * 4 . / <EC*TC**?> W
t
A3=(2.*"*R*8FTA*»2 / (ES»SH> ) » ( 1 . * B t T A » T F J a\
A9 = 4 , * P * R * 3 E T A * * 3 f (cS*3H)
VI = TF/2.
V2 = 2 . * R * * 2 * 1 S T A » * 2 / (ES»SHI
V3 = < 2 . * R * * 2 * d F T A / (ES*SH) ) » C-BETA*TF/2. - l.»
A l l = O i l = A •» C* A 1 »• A 5 C » A ? • A?
A l 2 = 012 = A t C * A 2 - A5C*A2
Al3 = 013 = 0.
A 1 4 = A 6 - A3C - T3C
A 2 1 = 0 2 1 = A-»F»A1 - A5F*A1
A 2 2 = 0 2 2 = A - » F * A 2 • A 5 F * A 1 «• A9
A 2 3 = 0 2 3 = -A1?
A24 = -AS*" - T3F
A31 s D31 = A + F * A l * V I - A5F*Al*i/l
A 3 2 = 0 3 2 = A 4 F » A 2 * V 1 «• A 5 F » A 1 * V 1 - V2
A33 = J 3 3 = XKB - J3
A = - X K A - A 3 F * V 1 + U2 - T 3 F * t f l
D£T1 = OHTJD11,012,013,021,322,D23.331,032,033)
011 = A14
D21 = A24
031 s A34
QM1 = 0£T(011,012,013,021,322,023,031,032,033)
Dll = All
021 = A21
031 s A31
012 = A14
022 = A24
 r)32 = A3"
0SM1 = omou.0.12,013,021.022.023,031,Q-?2,033>
Did = A12
022 = A22
D32 = A32
013 = All*
023 = A2k
0 3 3 = A3<»
D3 = OETtOll,012,013,0-il,322,023,331,032,0331
X I I = DM1/DET1
SMI = 0SM1 / 3ET1
Q = 00 / PET1
XM19 = A i * X f i l • A 2 * S M 1
TIC = ( 5 . ^ 6 / ( E C * A * T C * * 3 n * ( " S L ^ Z M A / O S B / S H * XM13*SL *
1 ( 2 . * A / C +• S 3 / S L I )
X i l U = A2*XH1 - A2»SMI
TCP = ( 5 « ? 1 * ^ * X M 1 U ) / (tC*TC**3*ALOGIOI (R*XL)/R) )
T13 = 2 . 1 * R M - * F - i , . * X M l ) / (E3*TC**3»
XM2B = XM1B
T I F = ( 5 . < f 6 / ( :F*fl«>TF**3l ) * ( F » 3 L * * 2 * ( A / C » S B / S L » * XM£B*SL »
t ( 2 . * A / C + S3/SL ) )
XM2U = A 1 * S M 1 - A 1 * X M 1
T F P = ( 5 . 2 1 * R * X i _'U) / (EF*TF*»3*ALOG10UR*XL>/R» )
T20 = 2 . * R * ° * J E T A * * 2 * I 3 / <cS*SH»
1 - k. * R * : ? » B E T A ' ' * 5 * < S M l - Q * r F / ' 2 . I / { E S » S H »
I F ( J J . E Q . 2 ) GO T C 1 6
16 CONTINUE
XMP = X N * ( R + S L i / P
CK = X N P * A B * E 3 / E L 6
V* = ( S 9 / S L > * * 3 * 1 , 8 2 * C K * S L * * 3 / tA1»EC*A*TC**3) - 1.
DElTA = IF - V H M F + X H I B / S D / ( S 3 / S L ) - C K * T 3 F * S 8 / A 2 ) / CK
S I G 1 = CK*D£LTA / (XNP*AB>
GO TO ( 7 1 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 2 1 JJ
70 SIO = S I G l
GO TO 7 2
71 SI1 = S I G l
GO TO 6 1
72 CONTINUE
C3 = F * ( 1 . + S L / S B ) + X M 1 B / S B
S I G B = CB/ (XMP » A 3 )
FRINT 8
8 FORMAT(119H Ml M2 Q TIC TCP T
113 TIF TFP T23 N13 SI SIGB >
PRINT 1 5 , XM1, S M I , Q, T I C , T C ° , T 1 3 , T I F , TFP, T20,XMIB.SIG1,SIGB
1 5 FORMAT (1P12E10.3//J
CfcLCUuATfc F L A N S ; . S T R E S S E S
SHM = F / S H
SH3 = 6 . * ( S " 1 - Q * T F / 2 . ) / (SH*SH>
S3M = ( 2 . / S H J • ( F M S M l - Q * T F / 2 . ) * B E T A * * 2 * R - Q * 0 E T A * R J
S13 = 1 . 8 * (S'll-O*TF/2.) / (SH»SH>
FSR1= 6 , * S M 1 / T F * * 2
CSR1 = 6 • * X M 1 / TC**2
ST1M = t r < / X L ) * ( P + 3 / f F >
F S T 1 B = E F * T F * ( T I F «• T F P f T 3 F ) / ( 2 . * R J * .3*FSR1
V 5 - ( ( ( H * - X L ) S t R * S L > > * * 2 • ) . . ) / ( 1(R*XL» /R> * * 2 -1.)
FSR2 = 1 6 . / T F * * 2 ) * ( 1 . / ( l . - X N » 3 0 n * ( ( F » S L • XM2B) / ((R»SL)/R)
 1 v/5*s;iZ'J >
CS<2 = (6. /TC**?) * (t./tl.-X-l*}D)) * (IF*S L + XH10> / tW+SLJ/R)
I «• V 5 * X 1 1 U »
0
FSTZM - t /XL) * 1° «• a/TP)
T?~ = 5 , ! » 6 * S 3 * S B * IC3 - F ) • F^P / <EF*A*TF«*3>
T2C = 5 . 4 6 * S b * S « s * t C 8 - F ) * / (£C*A* TC**3I
F 5 T 2 9 = £ F * T F * ( T ? F fr T 3 F «• T^PJ / C 2 , * ( R » S L I I • .3»FSS2
C3T2 = £ C » T C * IT2C + T3C •+ TC=> > / < 2 . * (R4-SL) I * .3»CSB2
C S T 1 = EC*TC*(T1C * TIC • TCP) / * ,3*CSR1
C^T = (3./TC**21 * (P*R r K*.4125 - 2.*XH1)
SHI = SHH f SH53
SHO = SHH - SH3
SCI = SCM S"B
sco = sci - scg
r
F S T 1 I = ST 1M ST18
F S T I O = ST1H - FST19
F 3 T 2 1 = F S T 2 H *• F S T 2 8
. F 3 T 2 0 = FST2M - F S T 2 B
P^INT 9
9 FORMAT 1 1 1 9 H 37IN 370JT 39 38 40
1 41IH 410UT 42 43IN 430UT >
PSIINT 1 2 , S H I , SHO, S C I , SCO,
1 * F S R l , " S T 1 I , F S T I O , FSR2, F S T 2 I , FST20
1 2 FORMAT CIPlOtl2,3//)
PSiNT 13
1 3 FORMAT( 75K 44 45 46 47
1 48 >
PSINT 1 4 , CSR1, CST15 CSR2, C S T 2 , CRT "
1 4 FORMAT U P 5 c l < 5 , 5 / / > i
00
GO TO I o O , 6 0 , 6 2 , 9 ? ) JJ
97 P*INT 99
9 9 FORMAT (1H1)
6 3 TO 1
1 0 0 CALL E X I T
ENO

15.33,37, IQll ECROOJM OOOQijAO LINES PRINTED / t / f ENO OF LIS! ////