Chapter 1

Fundamental principles

1.1 Definitions and basic properties

1.1.1 Global spaces
Throughout the book, we shall use a standard notation. Let N be the collection
of all natural numbers and N0 = N ∪ {0}. Let Rn be the Euclidean n-space, where
n ∈ N. Furthermore, we set R = R1 , and C is the complex plane. Let S(Rn )
be the Schwartz space of all complex-valued, rapidly decreasing and infinitely
differentiable functions on Rn , and let S  (Rn ) be the dual space of all tempered
distributions on Rn . Let Lp (Rn ) with 0 < p ≤ ∞ be the standard complex quasi-
Banach space with respect to the Lebesgue measure in Rn , quasi-normed by
 1/p
f |Lp (Rn ) = |f (x)|p dx (1.1)
Rn

with the natural modification for p = ∞. Similarly, we define Lp (M ) where M is

a Lebesgue-measurable subset of Rn . As usual, Z is the collection of all integers;
and Zn with n ∈ N denotes the lattice of all points m = (m1 , . . . , mn ) ∈ Rn with
mj ∈ Z. If ϕ ∈ S(Rn ) then

ϕ(ξ)
 = (F ϕ)(ξ) = (2π)−n/2 e−ixξ ϕ(x) dx, ξ ∈ Rn , (1.2)
Rn

denotes the Fourier transform of ϕ. As usual, F −1 ϕ and ϕ∨ stand for the inverse
Fourier transform, which
n is given by the right-hand side of (1.2) with i instead of
−i. Note that xξ = j=1 xj ξj stands for the scalar product in Rn .
Both F and F −1 are extended to S  (Rn ) in the standard way. Let ϕ0 ∈ S(Rn )
with
ϕ0 (x) = 1 if |x| ≤ 1 and ϕ0 (x) = 0 if |x| ≥ 3/2, (1.3)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

H. Triebel, Theory of Function Spaces IV, Monographs in Mathematics 107,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35891-4_1
2 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

and let
ϕk (x) = ϕ0 2−k x) − ϕ0 2−k+1 x , x ∈ Rn , k ∈ N.
  
(1.4)
Since
∞

ϕj (x) = 1 for x ∈ Rn , (1.5)
j=0

the ϕj form a dyadic resolution of unity. The entire analytic functions (ϕj f)∨ (x)
make sense pointwise in Rn for any f ∈ S  (Rn ). Let

QJ,M = 2−J M + 2−J (0, 1)n , J ∈ Z, M ∈ Zn , (1.6)

be the usual dyadic cubes in Rn , n ∈ N, with sides of length 2−J parallel to the
coordinate axes and with 2−J M as the lower left corner. If Q is a cube in Rn and
d > 0, then dQ is the cube in Rn that concentrically contains Q and whose side
length is d times the side length of Q. Let |Ω| be the Lebesgue measure of the
Lebesgue measurable set Ω in Rn . Let a+ = max(a, 0) for a ∈ R.
Definition 1.1. Let ϕ = {ϕj }∞
j=0 be the above dyadic resolution of unity.

(i) Let
0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R. (1.7)

Then s
Bp,q (Rn ) is the collection of all f ∈ S (R ) such that
n

∞

q 1/q
f |Bp,q
s
(Rn )ϕ = 2jsq
(ϕj f)∨ |Lp (Rn )

(1.8)
j=0

is finite (with the usual modification for q = ∞).

(ii) Let
0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R. (1.9)
s
Then Fp,q (Rn ) is the collection of all f ∈ S  (Rn ) such that
∞

 q 1/q 

f |Fp,q
s
(Rn )ϕ =
2jsq (ϕj f)∨ (·) Lp (Rn )


(1.10)

j=0

is finite (with the usual modification for q = ∞).

(iii) Let 0 < q ≤ ∞ and s ∈ R. Then F∞,q
s
(Rn ) is the collection of all f ∈ S  (Rn )
such that
 q 1/q
2jsq (ϕj f)∨ (x) dx

f |F∞,q
s
(Rn )ϕ = sup 2Jn/q

J∈Z,M ∈Zn QJ,M j≥J +

(1.11)
is finite (with the modification for q = ∞ as explained below).
1.1. Definitions and basic properties 3

Remark 1.2. The theory of these global spaces Asp,q (Rn ), A ∈ {B, F }, s ∈ R,
0 < p ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for F -spaces), 0 < q ≤ ∞ has been developed in many
papers and books, including [T83, T92, T06]. In these references, one finds detailed
(historical) references and special cases, in particular (fractional) Sobolev spaces,
Besov spaces and Hölder-Zygmund spaces. This will not be repeated here. In
Section 4.3 at the very end of this book, however, we will collect some related
assertions. In addition to the above spaces, we introduce the inhomogeneous space
bmo(Rn ) of bounded mean oscillations as the collection of all complex-valued
locally Lebesgue-integrable functions f in Rn such that
 
f |bmo(Rn ) = sup |f (y)| dy + sup |Q|−1 |f (x) − fQ | dx (1.12)
|Q|=1 Q |Q|≤1 Q

is finite, where Q are cubes in Rn and fQ = |Q|−1 Q f (y) dy are the related mean


values. It is well known that the spaces in the above definition are independent
from the chosen resolution of unity ϕ (equivalent quasi-norms). This justifies our
omission of the subscript ϕ in (1.8) and (1.10) in the sequel. As far as the spaces
s
F∞,q (Rn ) in (1.11) are concerned, we first remark that one can replace J ∈ Z in
(1.11) by J ∈ N0 . This follows for q < ∞ from the decomposition of a cube QJ,M
with −J ∈ N into 2|J|n cubes Q0,K and a related estimate in (1.11),
 ∞  ∞
 ∨ q ∨ q
2Jn 2jsq  ϕj f (x) dx ≤ sup 2jsq  ϕj f (x) dx, (1.13)
 
QJ,M j=0 K∈Zn Q0,K j=0

which results in
 ∨ q 1/q
f |F∞,q
s
(Rn )ϕ ∼ 2Jn/q 2jsq  ϕj f (x) dx

sup . (1.14)
J∈N0 ,M ∈Zn QJ,M j≥J

s
This result coincides with [FrJ90, (12.8), p. 133]. Again, the spaces F∞,q (Rn ) are
independent of ϕ (omitted in the sequel). In order to avoid any misunderstandings,
we fix that (1.11) with q = ∞ and the related extension of (1.14) to q = ∞ must
be understood as
∨ 
f |F∞,∞
s
(Rn ) = sup sup 2js  ϕj f (x)

sup
J∈Z,M ∈Zn x∈QJ,M j≥J +
∨ 
sup 2js  ϕj f (x)

= sup sup
J∈N0 ,M ∈Zn x∈QJ,M j≥J (1.15)
js 
 ∨ 
= sup 2 ϕj f (x)
j∈N0 ,x∈Rn

= f |B∞,∞
s
(Rn ).

In other words, the Hölder-Zygmund spaces C s (Rn ) = B∞,∞

s
(Rn ) can also be
incorporated into the F -scale as
s
F∞,∞ (Rn ) = B∞,∞
s
(Rn ) = C s (Rn ), s ∈ R. (1.16)
4 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

The well-known equivalent norms in terms of differences for these spaces with
s > 0 may be found in (4.94), (4.95).
The homogeneous counterpart of the space bmo(Rn ) goes back to [JoN61]
where the authors proved some inequalities, mainly in order to support their use in
other papers. Also the term bounded mean oscillation has been coined in this paper.
Ten years later, it was observed in [Fef71], [FeS72, Theorem 2, p. 145] (again in
homogeneous terms) that bmo(Rn ) is the dual of the famous Hardy spaces h1 (Rn ):

bmo(Rn ) = h1 (Rn ) = F1,2

0
(Rn ) (1.17)

(in the framework of the dual pairing S(Rn ), S  (Rn ) . Our own attempts to in-
 

corporate p = ∞ into the scale Fp,q s

(Rn ) in the late 1970s had been motivated
by two observations. On the one hand, [Tr78, Section 2.1.4, pp. 33–37], based on
[Tri79, Section 4.4, pp. 147–151], had revealed in a tricky explicit construction
that it is impossible to extend (1.10) to p = ∞ if one wants the related spaces to
be independent of ϕ = {ϕj }∞ j=0 . This had also been mentioned in [T83, Sections
2.3.1, 2.3.2, pp. 45–47], but without any details. Besides, one may also consult the
related comments in [FrJ90, Sections 5, 12]. This negative observation is closely
related to the failure of some maximal inequalities as recently proved in [Park19,
Theorem 1.1, p. 1138]. On the other hand, one can take (1.17) as a motivation for
extending the spaces Fp,q s
(Rn ) according to Definition 1.1(ii) to p = ∞ by duality.
This has been done in [Tr78, Section 2.5.1, pp. 116–122, especially the definition
on p. 118], and was essentially repeated in [T83, Section 2.3.4, pp. 50–51]. This fact
will be of some use for us later on. We give a description following [T13, p. 36].
Let again ϕ = {ϕj }∞ j=0 be the above dyadic resolution of unity according to (1.3)
to (1.5). Let
1 < p ≤ ∞, 1 < q ≤ ∞ and s ∈ R. (1.18)
Then Lsp,q (Rn ) collects all f ∈ S  (Rn ) which can be represented as
∞ ∞ 1/q
∨


2jsq |fj (·)|q |Lp (Rn )

< ∞,

f= ϕj fj with (1.19)

j=0 j=0

convergence being in S  (Rn ). Furthermore,

∞

 1/q

f |Lsp,q (Rn )ϕ = inf

2jsq |fj (·)|q |Lp (Rn )
< ∞, (1.20)

j=0

s
where the infimum is taken over all admissible representations (1.19). Let Fp,q (Rn )
and bmo(Rn ) be the spaces as introduced in Definition 1.1 and Remark 1.2.
Proposition 1.3. Let p, q, s be as in (1.18) and p1 + p1 = 1q + q1 = 1. Then Lsp,q (Rn )
are Banach spaces. They are independent of ϕ (equivalent norms). Furthermore,

Lsp,q (Rn ) = Fp,q

s
(Rn ) = Fp−s n 
 ,q  (R ) (1.21)
1.1. Definitions and basic properties 5

in the framework of the dual pairing S(Rn ), S  (Rn ) and

 

0
bmo(Rn ) = F∞,2 (Rn ) = L0∞,2 (Rn ). (1.22)

Remark 1.4. For details, proofs and technical explanations, we refer to [Tr78, Sec-
tion 2.5.1], [T83, Sections 2.3.4, 2.11.2] and related comments in [FrJ90, Sections
5, 12]. Recall that
S(Rn ) → Asp,q (Rn ) → S  (Rn ) (1.23)
for all spaces Asp,q (Rn ), A ∈ {B, F }, as introduced in Definition 1.1, where → in-
dicates a continuous (topological) embedding. Duality
 must always be understood
in the context of the dual pairing S(Rn ), S  (Rn ) where (1.21) is based on the


well-known fact that S(Rn ) is dense in the related spaces Fp−s n

 ,q  (R ). In particular,

the relation
−s n  1 1
F1,q s n
 (R ) = F∞,q (R ), 1 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R, +  = 1, (1.24)
q q
will be helpful for us later on.
Remark 1.5. The methods resulting in the spaces Ls∞,q (Rn ), 1 < q ≤ ∞, as
described in (1.18) to (1.20) on the one hand and F∞,q s
(Rn ), 0 < q ≤ ∞, according
to (1.11) and (1.14) on the other hand are rather different. The justification of the
first equality in (1.21) for p = ∞ and 1 < q ≤ ∞ relies on the independent proofs
of the duality according to the related second equalities in (1.21). The definition
s
of F∞,q (Rn ) in (1.11) applies to all 0 < q ≤ ∞. As mentioned in the beginning
of [FrJ90, Section 5], the motivation for relying on the indicated localization by
dyadic shrinking mean values goes back to [FeS72]. On the one hand, it is clear
s
that the spaces F∞,q (Rn ) with 0 < q < 1 have no preduals within the dual

 n n

pairing S(R ), S (R ) , since they are no Banach spaces. On the other hand, the
s
remaining Banach spaces F∞,1 (Rn ) not yet covered by (1.21) can be incorporated
◦
into the duality approach as follows. Let F sp,q (Rn ) be the completion of S(Rn ) in
s
Fp,q (Rn ) where 0 < p, q ≤ ∞ and s ∈ R. Recall that S(Rn ) is dense in Fp,q s
(Rn )
for p < ∞, q < ∞. But if max(p, q) = ∞ then S(R ) is not dense in Fp,q (Rn ).
n s

According to [Mar87, Theorem 4, p. 87], one has

◦ 1 1 1 1
F sp,q (Rn ) = Fp−s n
 ,q  (R ), 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R, + = +  = 1. (1.25)
p p q q
s
This incorporates F∞,q (Rn ) with 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞ in (1.21) and (1.24).

1.1.2 Hybrid spaces

This book deals with the (inhomogeneous) global spaces Asp,q (Rn ), including, in
s
particular, the spaces F∞,q (Rn ) as introduced in Definition 1.1. But as already
indicated in the Preface, we rely on (0.1) connecting global and hybrid spaces.
6 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

In this light, it seems reasonable to recall the definition of hybrid spaces and
to describe a few relations and properties which are useful in our context. Let
ϕ = {ϕj }∞j=0 be the dyadic resolution of unity as introduced in (1.3)–(1.5) and let
QJ,M be the same dyadic cubes as in (1.6). Recall that a+ = max(a, 0), a ∈ R.
Definition 1.6. Let ϕ = {ϕj }∞ j=0 be the above resolution of unity. Let 0 < p, q ≤ ∞
(p < ∞ for F -spaces), s ∈ R and −n/p ≤ r < ∞. Then LrBp,q s
(Rn ) is the

collection of all f ∈ S (R ) such that
n

 q/p 1/q
f |LrBp,q
s
(Rn )ϕ =
n
2J(r+ p ) 2jsq  ϕj f ∨ (x)p dx
  
sup
J∈Z,M ∈Zn QJ,M
j≥J +
(1.26)
is finite (with the usual modification for max(p, q) = ∞), and LrFp,q
s
(Rn ) is the
collection of all f ∈ S  (Rn ) such that
 1/p
n
 ∨ q p/q
f |LrFp,q
s
(Rn )ϕ = 2J(r+ p ) 2jsq  ϕj f (x)

sup dx
J∈Z,M ∈Zn QJ,M j≥J +
(1.27)
is finite (with the usual modification for q = ∞).
Remark 1.7. Again LrAsp,q (Rn ) with A ∈ {B, F } means either LrBp,q
s
(Rn ) or
r s n
L Fp,q (R ). It follows immediately from Definition 1.1(i,ii) that

Asp,q (Rn ) = L−n/pAsp,q (Rn ), 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R, (1.28)

with p < ∞ for F -spaces. The above inhomogeneous spaces go back to [YSY10],
where the related homogeneous spaces studied in [YaY08, YaY10] are modified.
These spaces are denoted there as
1 r
As,τ n r s n
p,q (R ) = L Ap,q (R ), τ= + . (1.29)
p n
We refer the reader to [T14, Definition 3.36, pp. 68–69], where one finds in addition
to the above hybrid spaces also the related local spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) = As,τ n
p,q (R )
with j ∈ N0 instead of J ∈ Z in (1.26), (1.27). In some sense, the above spaces
are in between these local spaces and the global spaces Asp,q (Rn ), which may
justify to call them hybrid spaces. The theory of these spaces as well as numerous
modifications based on the above Fourier-analytical definitions was developed in
[YSY10, Sic12, Sic13], where one also finds related references. Our own approach
to local and hybrid spaces is different: We introduced the spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) and
their local versions LrAsp,q (Rn ) in [T13, T14] via approximation procedures near
to related wavelet characterizations, as described below. But according to [T14,
Theorem 3.38, Corollary 3.39, pp. 69–70] and [YSY13], these two methods result
in the same spaces. In this book, we chose the Fourier-analytical definition because
we are mainly interested in the spaces Asp,q (Rn ) according to Definition 1.1. As far
1.2. Wavelet characterizations 7

as a systematic study of the spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) is concerned, we refer the reader
to the above-mentioned literature. We rely mainly on [T14].
For the following result, recall again that
C σ (Rn ) = B∞,∞
σ
(Rn ), σ ∈ R, (1.30)
are the Hölder-Zygmund spaces.
Proposition 1.8. Let 0 < p, q ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for F -spaces), s ∈ R and −n/p ≤
r < ∞. Then the spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) according to Definition 1.6 and their local
counterparts LrAsp,q (Rn ) are quasi-Banach spaces. They are independent of the
chosen resolution of unity ϕ = {ϕj }∞j=0 (equivalent quasi-norms) and

S(Rn ) → LrAsp,q (Rn ) → LrAsp,q (Rn ) → C s+r (Rn ) → S  (Rn ). (1.31)

Furthermore,
L−n/p Asp,q (Rn ) = Asp,q (Rn ) (1.32)
and
s
F∞,q (Rn ) = L0 Fq,q
s
(Rn ) = L0 Bq,q
s
(Rn ), q < ∞. (1.33)
Proof. The equality (1.32) which was already mentioned in (1.28) follows from
the Definitions 1.1(i,ii) and 1.6. The continuous embeddings in (1.31) are covered
by [T14, Theorem 3.20, p. 60], with a reference to [T13, Corollary 1.38, p. 32] as
far as the local spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) are concerned. The already mentioned Fourier-
analytical reformulations follow according to [T14, Theorem 3.38, Corollary 3.39,
pp. 69–70]. Furthermore, (1.33) follows from (1.11), (1.26) and (1.27) with p = q <
∞. 

1.2 Wavelet characterizations

1.2.1 Global spaces
We mainly rely on wavelet characterizations both of the global spaces Asp,q (Rn )
and of their hybrid generalizations LrAsp,q (Rn ). We give a description following
[T14, Section 3.2.3, pp. 51–54]. For this, we suppose that the reader is familiar
with Daubechies-type wavelets in Rn and the related multiresolution analysis. The
standard references are [Dau92, Mal99, Mey92, Woj97]. A short summary of what
is needed may also be found in [T06, Section 1.7]. As usual, C u (R) with u ∈ N
collects all bounded complex-valued continuous functions on R having continuous
bounded derivatives up to order u inclusively. Let
ψF ∈ C u (R), ψM ∈ C u (R), u ∈ N, (1.34)
be real compactly supported Daubechies wavelets with

ψM (x) xv dx = 0 for all v ∈ N0 with v < u. (1.35)
R
8 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

Recall that ψF is called the scaling function (father wavelet) and ψM the associated
wavelet (mother wavelet). We extend these wavelets from R to Rn by the usual
multiresolution procedure. Let n ∈ N, and let

G = (G1 , . . . , Gn ) ∈ G0 = {F, M }n , (1.36)

which means that Gr is either F or M . Furthermore, let

G = (G1 , . . . , Gn ) ∈ G∗ = Gj = {F, M }n∗ , j ∈ N, (1.37)

which means that Gr is either F or M , where ∗ indicates that at least one of the
components of G must be an M . Hence G0 has 2n elements, whereas Gj with
j ∈ N and G∗ have 2n − 1 elements. Let
n

j
ψ G l 2 j x l − ml , G ∈ Gj , m ∈ Zn , x ∈ Rn ,
 
ψG,m (x) = (1.38)
l=1

where (now) j ∈ N0 . We always assume that ψF and ψM in (1.34) have an L2 -norm

of 1. Then  jn/2 j
ψG,m : j ∈ N0 , G ∈ Gj , m ∈ Zn

2 (1.39)
is an orthonormal basis in L2 (Rn ) (for any u ∈ N) and
∞
j
f= λj,G
m ψG,m (1.40)
j=0 G∈Gj m∈Zn

with 
j j
λj,G j,G jn
(x) dx = 2jn f, ψG,m
 
m = λm (f ) = 2 f (x) ψG,m (1.41)
Rn
is the corresponding expansion. Let χj,m be the characteristic function of the cube
Qj,m = 2−j m + 2−j (0, 1)n according to (1.6).
Definition 1.9. Let

m ∈ C : j ∈ N0 , G ∈ G , m ∈ Z
λ = λj,G j n
 
. (1.42)

(i) Let 0 < p, q ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for the f -spaces) and s ∈ R. Then

bsp,q (Rn ) = λ : λ |bsp,q (Rn ) < ∞

 
(1.43)

with
∞
  q/p 1/q
n
λ |bsp,q (Rn ) = 2j(s− p )q |λj,G
m |
p
(1.44)
j=0 G∈Gj m∈Zn

and
s
(Rn ) = λ : λ |fp,q
s
(Rn ) < ∞
 
fp,q (1.45)
1.2. Wavelet characterizations 9

with

 q 1/q 

λ |fp,q
s
(Rn ) =
2jsq λj,G Lp (Rn )


m χj,m (·) (1.46)



j∈N0 ,G∈Gj ,
m∈Zn

(with the usual modifications for max(p, q) = ∞).

(ii) Let 0 < q ≤ ∞ and s ∈ R. Then
s
(Rn ) = λ : λ |f∞,q
s
(Rn ) < ∞
 
f∞,q (1.47)

with
1/q
λ |f∞,q
s
(Rn ) = sup 2jsq−(j−J)n |λj,G
m |
q
(1.48)
J∈N0 ,M ∈Zn
j≥J,G∈Gj ,
m:Qj,m ⊂QJ,M

s
(with f∞,∞ (Rn ) = bs∞,∞ (Rn ) for q = ∞).
Remark 1.10. The above definition coincides with [T14, Definition 3.10, p. 53]
s
with exception of f∞,q (Rn ). Recall that we pay special attention to the spaces
s n
F∞,q (R ). In particular, part (ii) is the sequence counterpart of Definition 1.1(iii)
and (1.14).
Let n ∈ N and
 1    1 1  
σp(n) = n max , 1 − 1 , (n)
σp,q = n max , , 1 − 1 , (1.49)
p p q
where 0 < p, q ≤ ∞.
Proposition 1.11. (i) Let 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and

u > max(s, σp(n) − s). (1.50)

Let f ∈ S  (Rn ). Then f ∈ Bp,q

s
(Rn ) if, and only if, it can be represented as
j
f= λj,G
m ψG,m , λ ∈ bsp,q (Rn ), (1.51)
j∈N0 ,G∈Gj ,
m∈Zn

the unconditional convergence being in S  (Rn ). The representation (1.51) is

unique,
j
λj,G j,G jn
 
m = λm (f ) = 2 f, ψG,m , (1.52)
and
f → λj,G
 
I: m (f ) (1.53)
s
is an isomorphic map of Bp,q (Rn ) onto bsp,q (Rn ).
10 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

(ii) Let 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and

(n)
u > max(s, σp,q − s). (1.54)

Let f ∈ S  (Rn ). Then f ∈ Fp,q

s
(Rn ) if, and only if, it can be represented as
j
f= λj,G
m ψG,m , λ ∈ fp,q
s
(Rn ), (1.55)
j
j∈N0 ,G∈G ,
m∈Zn

the unconditional convergence being in S  (Rn ). The representation (1.55)

is unique with (1.52). Furthermore, I in (1.53) is an isomorphic map of
s
Fp,q (Rn ) onto fp,q
s
(Rn ).
s
Remark 1.12. This is the wavelet characterization of the spaces Bp,q (Rn ) and
s n
Fp,q (R ) as introduced in Definition 1.1. We refer the reader again to [T14, Sec-
tion 3.2.3, pp. 51–54] where one finds further explanations and references, and to
s
Corollary 1.21 below as far as the spaces F∞,q (Rn ) according to Definition 1.1(iii)
are concerned.

1.2.2 Hybrid spaces

Let again χj,m be the characteristic function of the cube Qj,m = 2−j m+2−j (0, 1)n
according to (1.6). Let Gj with j ∈ N0 be as in (1.36), (1.37). Let J + = max(J, 0)
if J ∈ Z and

PJ,M = j ∈ N0 , j ≥ J + , G ∈ Gj , m ∈ Zn : Qj,m ⊂ QJ,M , J ∈ Z, M ∈ Zn .

 

(1.56)
Definition 1.13. Let 0 < p, q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and r ≥ −n/p. Let

m ∈ C : j ∈ N0 , G ∈ G , m ∈ Z
λ = λj,G j n
 
. (1.57)

Then
Lr bsp,q (Rn ) = λ : λ |Lr bsp,q (Rn ) < ∞
 
(1.58)
with

λ |Lr bsp,q (Rn )

∞
 q/p 1/q
n n
|λj,G (1.59)
2J(r+ p ) 2j(s− p )q m |
p
= sup
J∈Z,M ∈Zn
j=J + m:(j,m)∈PJ,M ,
G∈Gj

and
Lrfp,q
s
(Rn ) = λ : λ |Lrfp,q
s
(Rn ) < ∞
 
(1.60)
1.2. Wavelet characterizations 11

with
λ |Lrfp,q
s
(Rn )
n

 q 1/q 

(1.61)
2J(r+ p )
2jsq λj,G n


= sup m χ j,m (·)   L p (R )

J∈Z,M ∈Zn
(j,G,m)∈PJ,M

(with the usual modification for max(p, q) = ∞).

Remark 1.14. This coincides with [T14, Definition 3.24, p. 63]. It is the hybrid
counterpart of Definition 1.9(i).
s
As far as the spaces f∞,q (Rn ) in Definition 1.9(ii) are concerned, one has the
following assertion.
Proposition 1.15. Let s ∈ R and 0 < p, q < ∞. Let f∞,q s
(Rn ) and L0 fp,q
s
(Rn ) be
the spaces as introduced in the Definitions 1.9(ii) and 1.13. Then
L0 fp,q
s
(Rn ) = L0 fq,q
s
(Rn ) = L0 bsq,q (Rn ) = f∞,q
s
(Rn ) (1.62)
(equivalent quasi-norms).
Proof. It is one of the crucial observations in [FrJ90, Corollary 5.7, pp. 75, 133]
that the sequence spaces in (1.61) with r = 0, 0 < q ≤ ∞ and 0 < p < ∞ are
independent of p (equivalent quasi-norms). This justifies the first equality in (1.62).
The second equality follows from (1.59) compared with (1.61). It remains to prove
the last equality. Terms with J ∈ N0 , r = 0 and p = q in (1.59) coincide with
(1.48). Let −J ∈ N. Then a cube QJ,M with side length 2|J| can be decomposed
into 2|J|n cubes Q0,K with side length 1, and the related terms in (1.59) with r = 0
and p = q can be estimated from above via the quasi-norm in (1.48). 
(n) (n) j
Let σp and σp,q be as in (1.49). Let r+ = max(r, 0) if r ∈ R and let ψG,m
be the same wavelets as in (1.38) based on (1.34).
Proposition 1.16. (i) Let 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and −n/p ≤ r < ∞.
Let
u > max(s + r+ , σp(n) − s). (1.63)
Let f ∈ S  (Rn ). Then f ∈ Lr Bp,q
s
(Rn ) if, and only if, it can be represented
as j
f= λj,G
m ψG,m , λ ∈ Lr bsp,q (Rn ), (1.64)
j∈N0 ,G∈Gj ,
m∈Zn

the unconditional convergence being in S  (Rn ). The representation (1.64) is

unique,
j
λj,G j,G jn
 
m = λm (f ) = 2 f, ψG,m , (1.65)
and
f → λj,G
 
I: m (f ) (1.66)
r s
is an isomorphic map of L Bp,q (Rn ) onto Lr bsp,q (Rn ).
12 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

(ii) Let 0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and −n/p ≤ r < ∞. Let

u > max(s + r+ , σp,q

(n)
− s). (1.67)

Let f ∈ S  (Rn ). Then f ∈ Lr Fp,q

s
(Rn ) if, and only if, it can be represented
as j
f= λj,G
m ψG,m , λ ∈ Lrfp,q
s
(Rn ), (1.68)
j∈N0 ,G∈Gj ,
m∈Zn

the unconditional convergence being in S  (Rn ). The representation (1.68)

is unique with (1.65). Furthermore, I in (1.66) is an isomorphic map of
Lr Fp,q
s
(Rn ) onto Lrfp,q
s
(Rn ).

Remark 1.17. This result essentially coincides with [T14, Theorem 3.26, p. 64]
adapted to the formulation of Proposition 1.11. The proof relies on a counter-
part for the local spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) according to [T13, Theorem 1.32, p. 24]. For
r = −n/p, one has (1.32) with p < ∞ for F -spaces. In this case, the related se-
quence spaces in the Definitions 1.9, 1.13 and also the wavelet representations in
s
the Propositions 1.11, 1.16 coincide. Using (1.33) one can incorporate F∞,q (Rn )
in Proposition 1.11 based on (1.64) and the related sequence space L0 bsq,q (Rn ) ac-
cording to (1.59). We will return to this point in Corollary 1.21 below. Otherwise
we are looking for a stronger version as already indicated in (0.1).

1.3 Basic assertions

1.3.1 Relations between global and hybrid spaces
We do not deal with the hybrid spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) for their own sake. Compared
to [T14], we have nothing new to say about them. But we collect a few properties
which show how global and hybrid spaces are related to each other. Let again
Asp,q (Rn ) and LrAsp,q (Rn ) with A ∈ {B, F } be the global and hybrid spaces as
introduced in the Definitions 1.1, 1.6, complemented by bmo(Rn ) according to
(1.12). Let again C s (Rn ) be the same Hölder-Zygmund spaces as in (1.16). Recall
that → indicates a continuous (topological) embedding. A strict embedding is a
(continuous) embedding where the related spaces do not coincide.

Proposition 1.18. (i) Let 0 < p ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for F -spaces), 0 < q ≤ ∞ and
s ∈ R. Then
L−n/p Asp,q (Rn ) = Asp,q (Rn ). (1.69)

(ii) Let 0 < p ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for F-spaces), 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and r > 0. Then

LrAsp,q (Rn ) = C s+r (Rn ). (1.70)

1.3. Basic assertions 13

(iii) Let 0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞ and s ∈ R. Then

L0 Fp,q
s
(Rn ) = F∞,q
s
(Rn ) (1.71)

with
s
F∞,∞ (Rn ) = B∞,∞
s
(Rn ) = C s (Rn ). (1.72)

(iv) Let 0 < p < ∞. Then

0
bmo(Rn ) = F∞,2 (Rn ) = L0 Fp,2
0
(Rn ). (1.73)

(v) Let 0 < p < ∞ and s ∈ R. Then

L0 Bp,∞
s
(Rn ) = C s (Rn ). (1.74)

Let in addition 0 < q < ∞. Then

s
B∞,q (Rn ) → L0 Bp,q
s
(Rn ) (1.75)

is a strict embedding.
Proof. Step 1. Part (i) coincides with (1.32) and (1.28), respectively (included here
for sake of completeness). For r > 0, the embedding (1.31) for all r with r ≥ −n/p
can be strengthened by (1.70). This is covered by [T14, Proposition 3.54, Remark
3.55, pp. 92–93] with a reference to [T13, Theorem 2.1, p. 45] and [YaY13, Theorem
2, p. 560].
Step 2. For the proof of part (iii), we use the wavelet characterization according to
Proposition 1.16(ii) with r = 0 in (1.68) and (1.61). This yields (1.71) with q < ∞
from (1.33) and the Propositions 1.15, 1.16(ii). Let now q = ∞ and p < ∞. Then
it follows from (1.26), (1.27) and (1.8) that

f |L0 Bp,∞
s
(Rn ) ≤ f |L0 Fp,∞
s
(Rn )
(1.76)
≤ sup 2js (ϕj f)∨ (x) = f |B∞,∞
s
(Rn ).
 
j∈N0 ,x∈Rn

As for the converse, we begin with a preparation. Let

ϕ, ψ ∈ S(Rn ),  ⊂ {ξ : |ξ| ≤ 1},

supp ϕ  = 1 if |ξ| ≤ 1.
ψ(ξ) (1.77)

Then 
ϕ(x) = (ϕ  ∨ (x) = c
ψ) ϕ(y) ψ(x − y) dy. (1.78)
Rn

With QJ,M = 2−J M + 2−J (0, 1)n , M ∈ Zn , J ∈ Z as above, one obtains from the
rapid decay of ψ that

|ϕ(x)| ≤ c sup |ϕ(y)| dy. (1.79)
M ∈Zn Q0,M
14 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

If 1 ≤ p < ∞ then one has by Hölder’s inequality

 1/p
sup |ϕ(x)| ≤ c sup |ϕ(y)|p dy . (1.80)
x∈Rn M ∈Zn Q0,M

If 0 < p < 1 then (1.80) is a consequence of


sup |ϕ(x)| ≤ c sup |ϕ(x)|1−p · sup |ϕ(y)|p dx. (1.81)
x∈Rn x∈Rn M ∈Zn Q0,M

One can extend (1.80) to f ∈ S  (Rn ) with supp f ⊂ {ξ : |ξ| ≤ 1} by using

the Paley-Wiener-Schwartz theorem as described in [T83, p. 22]. Let fJ ∈ S  (Rn )
−J
J ⊂ {ξ : |ξ| ≤ 2 }, J ∈ N0 . Then one can apply (1.80) with fJ (2
J
with supp f x)
instead of ϕ, which results in
 1/p
sup |fJ (x)| ≤ c sup 2 Jn/p
|fJ (y)|p dy , 0 < p < ∞. (1.82)
x∈Rn M ∈Zn QJ,M

By inserting fJ (x) = (ϕJ f)∨ (x), the converse of (1.76) follows from (1.26). This
proves (1.71) with q = ∞, (1.72) using (1.16), and (1.74).
Step 3. Part (iv) is covered by (1.22) combined with (1.71).
Step 4. The proof of (1.75) with s = 0 and 0 < q < ∞ relies on the wavelet
expansions (1.51), (1.52) and (1.64), (1.65) with
 ∞ 1/q
f |B∞,q
0
(Rn ) ∼ sup |λj,G
m |
q
(1.83)
n
j=0 G∈Gj m∈Z

and
f |L0 Bp,q
0
(Rn )
∞
q/p 1/q
 (1.84)
2−jnq/p

∼ sup 2Jn/p |λj,G
m |
p
.
J∈Z,M ∈Zn
j=J + G∈Gj m:(j,m)∈PJ,M

Then the embedding (1.75) follows from

 q/p
|λj,G
m | p
≤ c 2(j−J)qn/p sup |λj,G
m | .
q
(1.85)
m∈Zn
m:(j,m)∈PJ,M

For any j ∈ N0 and G ∈ Gj , let

λj,G
0 =1 and λj,G
m =0 if m = 0. (1.86)
Inserted in (1.51), (1.83) and (1.64), (1.84), this leads to
f ∈ B∞,q
0
(Rn ) and f ∈ L0 Bp,q
0
(Rn ). (1.87)
This shows that the two spaces in (1.75) do not coincide if s = 0. These same ar-
guments can be extended of all s ∈ R, which also follows from the lifting assertions
in Theorem 1.22 and (1.96). 
1.3. Basic assertions 15

Remark 1.19. The crucial assertion (1.71) = (0.1) may also be found in [YSY10,
Proposition 2.4(iii), p. 41], with a reference to [YaY10] as far as the homogeneous
counterpart is concerned. But the indicated reduction to [FrJ90] as in the proof
of Proposition 1.15 requires greater care. Additionally, the case q = ∞ must be
considered separately. The independence of p in (1.71) and in particular in (1.73)
and its homogeneous version BMO(Rn ) has a little history. Firstly, it may be
considered as a sequence version of a corresponding independence related to BMO-
norms as discussed in [Ste93, Corollary, p. 144] as a generalization of the related
assertions in [JoN61]. Secondly, if one relies on [T14, Definition 3.18, p. 58] for
0
the spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) and the Littlewood-Paley assertion Lp (Rn ) = Fp,2 (Rn ),
1 < p < ∞, then one can complement (1.73) by
0
bmo(Rn ) = F∞,2 (Rn ) = L0 F∞,2
0
(Rn ) = L0 Lp (Rn ), 1 < p < ∞, (1.88)
where
bmo(Rn ) = L0 L2 (Rn ) (1.89)
n
(and its homogeneous counterpart for BMO(R )) goes back to [Mey92, Theorem
4, p. 154], where it is proved with the help of wavelet arguments. For further
discussions we refer the reader to [T13, pp. 110–111] and [T14, Remark 3.59, p. 94].
As far as assertions of the type (1.74) and the strict embedding in (1.75) are
concerned, one may also consult [YaY13] and the references given therein.
Remark 1.20. The proof of (1.76) and its inverse show that for s ∈ R and 0 < p <
∞,
f |L0Bp,∞
s
(Rn ) ∼ f |L0Fp,∞
s
(Rn )
∼ f |B∞,∞
s
(Rn )
 1/p (1.90)
∼ J(s+ n
p) (ϕJ f)∨ (x)p dx
 
sup 2 ,
J∈N0 ;M ∈Zn QJ,M

where again the terms with −J ∈ N can be incorporated as in (1.13), (1.14). This
makes clear that (1.72), if based on (1.71) and (1.74), is not a notational agreement
(as occasionally used in the literature, including our own papers and books) but an
assertion. It shows that the spaces C s (Rn ), s ∈ R, fit in the scale of both the global
spaces and the hybrid spaces (and also of the local spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) defined as
in (1.26), (1.27) with J ∈ N0 instead of J ∈ Z),
L0 Asp,∞ (Rn ) = L0 Asp,∞ (Rn ) = As∞,∞ (Rn ) = C s (Rn ), s ∈ R,
0 < p < ∞,
(1.91)
A ∈ {B, F }. This observation is not new. A modified version of its homogeneous
counterpart for p = 1 and related spaces with Muckenhoupt weights may be found
in [BuT00, Theorem 3, p. 541]. Furthermore, the converse of (1.76) also follows
from (1.31) with r = 0 based on wavelets arguments. We justified (1.91) already
in [T13, Remark 2.3, pp. 47–48] and [T14, Remark 3.59, p. 94]. On the other hand,
s
the strict embedding (1.75) shows that the global spaces B∞,q (Rn ) cannot be
incorporated into the scale of the hybrid spaces.
16 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

s
Finally, we justify the wavelet characterization for the spaces F∞,q (Rn ) in
Proposition 1.11(ii). For that purpose, let f∞,q (R ) with 0 < q ≤ ∞ be the
s n

sequence spaces as introduced in Definition 1.9(ii).

Corollary 1.21. Let 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R and

u > max(s, σq(n) − s). (1.92)

Let f ∈ S  (Rn ). Then f ∈ F∞,q

s
(Rn ) if, and only if,
j
f= λj,G
m ψG,m , λ ∈ f∞,q
s
(Rn ), (1.93)
j∈N0 ,G∈Gj ,
m∈Zn

the unconditional convergence being in S  (Rn ). The representation (1.93) is unique

s
with (1.52). Furthermore, I in (1.53) is an isomorphic map of F∞,q (Rn ) onto
s n
f∞,q (R ).
Proof. The case q = ∞ is covered by (1.72), Definition 1.9(ii) and Proposition
s
1.11(i) applied to B∞,∞ (Rn ). If q < ∞ then the above assertion follows from
(1.71), Proposition 1.16(ii) with p ≥ q and Proposition 1.15. 

1.3.2 Lifts
It is well-known that the classical lifts
∨
Iδ : f → ξ−δ f with ξ = (1 + |ξ|2 )1/2 , ξ ∈ Rn , δ ∈ R,

(1.94)

map the global spaces Asp,q (Rn ) isomorphically onto As+δ n

p,q (R ) according to Defi-
nition 1.1(i,ii) with A ∈ {B, F }, 0 < p ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for the F -spaces), 0 < q ≤ ∞
and s ∈ R:
Iδ Asp,q (Rn ) = As+δ n
p,q (R ), δ ∈ R, (1.95)
[T83, Section 2.3.8, pp. 58–59]. We extended this observation in [T14, Theorem
3.72, p. 102] to all hybrid spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) according to Definition 1.6 with A ∈
{B, F }, 0 < p ≤ ∞ (p < ∞ for F -spaces), 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R, and −n/p ≤ r < ∞:

Iδ LrAsp,q (Rn ) = LrAs+δ n

p,q (R ), δ ∈ R. (1.96)

This applies in particular to the related spaces in (1.71).

Theorem 1.22. Let Asp,q (Rn ) with A ∈ {B, F }, 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞ and
s ∈ R be the global spaces according to Definition 1.1. Then Iδ maps Asp,q (Rn )
isomorphically onto As+δ n
p,q (R ):

Iδ Asp,q (Rn ) = As+δ n

p,q (R ). (1.97)
s
Proof. If one applies (1.96) to (1.71), one can incorporate the spaces F∞,q (Rn )
into the above-mentioned classical assertion. 
1.3. Basic assertions 17

Remark 1.23. As a rule of thumb, assertions known so far for the spaces Asp,q (Rn )
with p < ∞ for the F -spaces can now be extended to the spaces F∞,q s
(Rn ). The
above theorem is a somewhat simple example. But it is not clear how to extend the
s
corresponding proof in [T83, p. 59] for the spaces Fp,q (Rn ) with p < ∞ to F∞,q
s
(Rn )
according to (1.11). The justification of (1.96) in [T14, p. 102] with a reference to
[T13, pp. 88–89] relies on already known atomic and wavelet characterizations.
The lifted version of (1.73) will be of some interest later on. This justifies the
introduction of the notation

bmos (Rn ) = Is bmo(Rn ) = F∞,2

s
(Rn ), s ∈ R. (1.98)

1.3.3 Distinguished representations

Let again QJ,M = 2−J M + 2−J (0, 1)n , where J ∈ Z and M ∈ Zn . Let d QJ,M
be a cube that concentrically contains QJ,M has a side length d 2−J , d > 0. Let
0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞ and s < 0. Then the first equivalence in

f |F∞,q
s
(Rn ) ∼ sup 2Jn/p f |Fp,q
s
(2QJ,M )
J∈Z,M ∈Zn
(1.99)
∼ sup 2Jn/p f |Fp,q
s
(2QJ,M )
J∈N0 ,M ∈Zn

is covered by (1.71) combined with [T14, Theorem 3.64, p. 97] and [T13, Theorem
2.29, p. 75]. For −J ∈ N, [T14, (3.294), p. 94] provides

2Jn/p f |Fp,q
s
(2QJ,M ) ≤ c sup f |Fp,q
s
(2Q0,L ). (1.100)
2Q0,L ⊂4QJ,M

This proves the second equivalence in (1.99). Let 0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞, s ∈ R
and s < m ∈ N0 . If one combines the above arguments with [T14, Corollary 3.66,
p. 98], one obtains

f |F∞,q
s
(Rn ) ∼ sup 2Jn/p Dα f |Fp,q
s−m
(2QJ,M ). (1.101)
J∈N0 ,M ∈Zn ,
0≤|α|≤m

This observation is interesting in itself. It is in good agreement with a correspond-

ing reduction of J ∈ Z to J ∈ N0 in (1.11), (1.14). But it can also be used to
justify the following assertion.
Theorem 1.24. Let Asp,q (Rn ) with A ∈ {B, F }, 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞ and s ∈ R
be the global spaces according to Definition 1.1. Let m ∈ N0 . Then

f |Asp,q (Rn ) ∼ sup Dα f |As−m n

p,q (R ) (1.102)
0≤|α|≤m

(equivalent quasi-norms).
18 Chapter 1. Fundamental principles

Proof. If p < ∞ for the F -spaces then (1.102) is a very classical assertion for the
related spaces Asp,q (Rn ), see [T83, Theorem 2.3.8, pp. 58–59]. It remains to extend
s
this property to F∞,q (Rn ). With Iδ as in (1.94), one has
I δ D α f = D α Iδ f for f ∈ S  (Rn ), δ ∈ R, α ∈ Nn0 . (1.103)
Then it follows from Theorem 1.22 as well as from (1.99), (1.101) with s + δ < m
that
f |F∞,q
s
(Rn ) ∼ Iδ f |F∞,q
s+δ
(Rn )
∼ sup Dα Iδ f |F∞,q
s+δ−m
(Rn )
0≤|α|≤m (1.104)
∼ sup D fα
|F∞,q
s−m
(Rn ).
0≤|α|≤m
s
This proves (1.102) for the spaces F∞,q (Rn ) as well. 

1.3.4 Fatou property

Let A(Rn ) be a quasi-normed space in S  (Rn ) with A(Rn ) → S  (Rn ) (continuous
embedding). Then A(Rn ) is said to have the Fatou property if there is a positive
constant c such that from
sup gj |A(Rn ) < ∞ and gj → g in S  (Rn ) (1.105)
j∈N

it follows that g ∈ A(Rn ) and

g |A(Rn ) ≤ c sup gj |A(Rn ). (1.106)
j∈N

Theorem 1.25. All spaces Asp,q (Rn ) with A ∈ {B, F }, s ∈ R and 0 < p, q ≤ ∞
according to Definition 1.1 have the Fatou property.
Proof. Let ψ ∈ S(Rn ). Then

(ψ f)∨ (x) = c f, ψ ∨ (x − ·) , f ∈ S  (Rn ), x ∈ Rn .

 
(1.107)
This reduces the Fatou property for the Fourier-analytically defined spaces
Asp,q (Rn ) according to (1.8), (1.10), (1.11) to the classical measure-theoretical Fa-
tou property for Lp -spaces. 
Remark 1.26. The first detailed discussion of the Fatou property was given in
[Fra86], including the notation Fatou property in the context of distributions. But
this remarkable property had already been used before, at least implicitly, for
example in [Pee75, Pee76]. It proved to be very useful, especially in connection with
mapping properties of (more or less singular) linear operators. A recent discussion
of the Fatou property in some distinguished spaces in the context of tempered
distributions – including several applications – can be found in [Tri17c]. Note that
s
this discussion does not cover the spaces F∞,q (Rn ). But they can be incorporated
quite easily.
1.3. Basic assertions 19

Remark 1.27. According to Proposition 1.18, the spaces Asp,q (Rn ) are special cases
of the hybrid spaces as introduced in Definition 1.6. Applying the above arguments
shows that all spaces LrAsp,q (Rn ) have the Fatou property. This was already ob-
served in [YSY10, Section 2.3, p. 48].