RESEARCH PAPERS

FACE RECOGNITION BY FUZZY RULE BASED

LOCAL BINARY PATTERN
By
O. RAMA DEVI * L.S.S REDDY ** E.V. PRASAD ***
* Assistant. Professor, PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada.
** VC, K.L University, Vaddeswaram.
*** Director, LBR college of Engineering, Mylavaram.

ABSTRACT
A novel efficient and robust methodology for quick face recognition by using Fuzzy Rule based Local Binary Pattern
(FRLBP) has been presented. The face image is said to be divided into a number of 3x3 regions, called as micro patterns,
indicating the structure of the gray level pixels within a neighborhood to describe the spatial context of the image to
reduce the impact of gray level uncertainty representation of images. The gray level pixel is represented as fuzzy number
to evaluate the membership degree of the central pixel to the others within a neighborhood. A Local texture distributor
for each of the 3x3 neighborhood, called LBP descriptor, is obtained by applying fuzzy Rules from which the FRLBP feature
distributions are extracted. Use of fuzzy contributes to more than a single bin in the distribution of LBP values in the feature
vector. The recognition is performed using a nearest neighbor classifier in the computed feature space with Chi square
as a dissimilarity measure. Experiments clearly show that the use of FRLBP leads to improved reliable face recognition
than to the original methods, LBP and Rule Based LBP.
Keywords: Local Binary Pattern, Face Recognition, RLBP.

INTRODUCTION suffers with computational complexity [1]. The most

The facial feature representation and classification are
the two main aspects of face recognition. Facial feature
representation is based on the discrimination of set of
prominent features of the original face image with all
distinguishable traits of the faces. Many algorithms have
been applied to describe the faces: Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) [2], Linear Discriminate
Analysis (LDA) [3], Gabor filters [4] has achieved superior
performance for facial image analysis [5,6]. These
methods are computationally complex, both in time and
memory [1]. Local Binary Patterns (LBP) [7], a non-
parametric method, obtains the regional characteristics
of the image by summarizing the micro pattern
descriptors [8, 9, 10]. LBP methods are simple and very
much useful for face recognition has they are tolerant to
illumination changes, but they are more sensitive to noise
and grey level uncertainty [11].
The Fuzzy Local Binary Pattern (FLBP) is an extension to LBP
and representation of Local pattern of the image using
fuzzy logic no doubt improves image discrimination but
significant property of LBP is its tolerance with respective to
monotonic illumination changes and its computational
simplicity. In LBP the image is divided into small micro
patterns from which LBP discriminators are extracted and
concatenated into singe feature discriminator to
represent the whole image.
1. Local Binary Pattern (LBP)
Local Binary Pattern, a nonparametric method that
summarize local structures of images efficiently by
comparing each pixel with its neighbouring pixels [7]. The
original LBP operator labels the pixels of an image by
means of decimal numbers, which are called LBP codes
that encode the local structure S3x3 around each pixel,
as shown in Figure 1 (a). Every pixel is compared with the
centre pixel value and negative values are encoded with
0 and the positive with 1 shown in Figure 1 (b). For each
given pixel, the string of a binary number is obtained by
concatenating all these values in a clockwise direction
starting from the top - left corner. The corresponding
decimal value of the generated binary number, is used

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for labelling the given pixel as LBP code, as shown in
Figure1 (c).
2. Fuzzy Local Binary Pattern
The grey level uncertainty inherent in digital images has
an impact on the LBP code for accurate feature
extraction. An improved discrimination of textures, even in
the presence of grey level uncertainty can be achieved
by the incorporation of fuzzy logic techniques.
Fuzzy, a multi-level logic, allows intermediate values to
be defined between conventional evaluations of binary
representation. The fuzzy membership function, relates a
real membership grade in the close intervals from [0,1]
defining parameters that have control over the degree of
fuzziness. A triangular fuzzy membership can be defined
as the following increasing function for the given
parameters a,b,c are given below
3. Fuzzy Rule Based Local Binary Pattern
The proposed method involves 2 major steps.
3.1 Determination of LBP code of the images for the
database
LBP code is obtained by combining fuzzy Logic with RLBP
to exploit the advantages of both.
To compare LBP code of Query with the database for
match. Using Chi-square distance measure as the
parameter.
·To calculate mean(S), variance(S) of each of S(S3x3)
micro pattern of the image.
·To define parameters of a triangular membership
function of the micro-pattern.
a=mean(S);
Binary: 11010011
Decimal: 211
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1. Basic LBP operator
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b=variance(S);
a=b-p;
c=b+p;
·Obtain the triangular membership function as
·Apply RLBP [11 ] to obtain values of row count, column
count and diagonal count (left diagonal or right diagonal)
·Represent them as sample matrix Sc(i) using values
obtain in (iv)
·Convert the sample matrix Sc as the binary matrix by
treating the matrix elements as zero with the count is less
than 1 otherwise as 1.
·Obtain the LBP code for one micro pattern from the
binary matrix as above. And repeat for the entire image
consisting of n micro patterns.
·Take the mean value of Sc and save in the database
with a classification tag for each of the pattern.
·The same procedure is to be followed for the query
image to obtain the LBP Code.
3.2 Query Processing
The nearest neighbour classification has been used with a
distance measure X2 to classify the query image.
4. Experiments
The performance of the test has been conducted on ten
different sample test images, of 130x150 of size, for the
database. Each test set consists of 10 images and 100
images have been saved. The sample database is shown
in Figure 2. In the query image the nearest distance
matching tag in the database is displayed as the output.
The performance of the Local Binary Pattern operator (LBP)
RLBP and FRLBP on the test images has been recorded in
Table 1 of the query image as one of the images of the
database. Hence, by having large no. of images of the
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same sample with expected different face expressions
and physical deformations created using computer
techniques may be used to identify the
escaped/absconded non-social elements of the society.
Conclusions
The presented method is useful for face identification
accurately. The accuracy can be improved by having
more images of the same sample in the database by
changing focus in angle and partially covering the facial
features. The limitation of the method is the non-absence
of the query image in the database also finds matches
with the nearest distance parameter value and hence
unsuitable for security. The method is undoubtedly the
best in marking attendance, of an employee/student/
daily wage worker, on the day without the use of
inconvenient biometrics techniques or smartcards
adapted by just taking a snap, at the entrance of the
venue, of only the enrolled/registered.
References
[1]. Raissa T. Vieira, Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Chierici,
Carolina T. Ferraz, Adilson Gonzaga. “Image Micro-
p a t t e r n A n a l y s i s U s i n g Fu z z y N u m b e r s ” I E E E
Trans.Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), on 22-25
Aug. 2012 87 – 93.
[2]. M. Turk, and A. Pentland. “Eigenfaces for recognition,”
J. Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 71–86,
Figure 2. Database Images
Method No of sample images No. of Failed Samples Accuracy %
LBP 10 3 90%
RLBP 10 2 93%
F RLBP 10 0 100%
Table 1.
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1991.
[3]. P. N. Belhumeur, J. P. Hespanha, and D. J. Kriegman,
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[7]. T. Ojala, M. Pietikäinen, and T. Maenpaa,
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[11]. O.Rama Devi & Dr. E.V.Prasad, Dr.L.S.S.Reddy
“Robust Rule Based Local Binary Pattern Method for
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

O. Rama Devi is working as an Assistant Professor in P. V. P. Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Kanuru. She received her B. Tech
degree in CSE from K. L. College of Engineering, Guntur and M. Tech degree in Computer Science from K. L. College of
Engineering, Guntur. Currently, she is pursuing her PhD at JNTUK, Kakinada. She has 6 years of teaching experience. She is a
member of CSI professional societies. She has published 4 research papers in various national and international Journals and
attended 10 national and international Conferences. Her areas of interests are image processing, computer networks and
pattern recognition.

Dr. L. S. S. Reddy is currently the VC of KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh. He received his B. Tech degree in Electronics
and communication engineering from J. N. T. University, Hyderabad; M. Phil degree in Computer Science from Central University,
Hyderabad, and PhD from BITS, PILANI. He has more than 20 years of teaching experience. He has published fifty-two research
papers in various national and international Journals and more than twenty research papers in various national and international
Conferences. He is also the Chairman Board of study in Nagarjuna University. He has guided four PhD scholars and Chairman of
CSI Chapter, Vijayawada. He is a member of various professional societies like IEEE, ISTE, IETE, IE and CSI.

Dr. E. V. Prasad is the Director of LBR college of Engineering, Mylavaram. He was retired as a rector, JNTU Kakinada. He held
different positions Principal, Director, Registrar and act as a BOS Chairman. He has supervised 7 PhD students and 8 students
working for their degree. He is the Co-author of six books and published hundred papers in national and International journals
and conferences. His research interests include Data Mining, and Information Security.

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