Example 10: Let A = event that a family has children of both sexes, and let

B = event that a family has at most one boy:

Show that A and B are independent events if a family has three children.
Solution:
S= bbb , bbg , bgb , bgg , gbb , gbg , ggb , ggg

6 3
A= bbg , bgb , bgg , gbb , gbg , ggb ; 𝑃 𝐴 = =
8 4
4 1
B= bgg , gbg , ggb , (𝑔𝑔𝑔) ; 𝑃 𝐵 = =
8 2
3
𝐴∩𝐵 = bgg , gbg , ggb ; 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 =
8
3 1 3
𝑃 𝐴 .𝑃 𝐵 = . =
4 2 8
3
∵ 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 .𝑃 𝐵 =
8
∴ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
Example11: Let a penny, a halfpenny and a die be tossed:
i. Describe a suitable sample space S.
ii. Express explicitly the following events:

 A and B occur
 B or C occurs 𝐵∪𝐶 = 𝐻𝐻2 , 𝐻𝑇2 , 𝑇𝐻2 , 𝑇𝑇2 , 𝐻𝑇3 , 𝐻𝑇5 , 𝑇𝐻3 ; 𝑇𝐻5
 Only B occur
Solution:
Example 12:
A pair of fair dice is thrown. If the two numbers appearing are different, find the probability P that:
i) The sum is six
ii) An ace appears
iii) The sum is 4 or less.
Solution:
Sample space will consist of 36 – 6 = 30 elements
i) The sum 6 can appear in 4 ways:

ii) An ace can appear in 10 ways:

iii) The sum of 4 or less can occur in 4 ways:

Example 13: Example 14:
Two digits are selected at random from the digits 1 to 9. if An urn contains 7 red marbles and 3 white
the sum is even, find the probability P that both numbers marbles. Three marbles are drawn from the urn
are odd. one after the other. Find the probability P that
Solution: the first two are red and the third is white.
The sum is even if both numbers is odd or if both numbers is even. Solution:

𝑅
𝑅
𝑅 𝑊
𝑊
𝑊