RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH, NAGPUR

ADVANCED PHYSICS
UNIT-III - ELECTRON OPTICS
( Solution Of Numerical)

BEHE’S LAW

1. Electrons accelerated under a potential of 250 V enters the electric field at an angle of incidence of 500 and
gets refracted through an angle of 300. Find the potential difference between two.
Ans : Given: V1 = 250 V
V2 = ?
θ1 = 500
θ2 = 300

V2 = 586.82
Potential difference between to regions = V2 - V1 = 586.82 – 250
= 336.82 V

2. An electrons beam enters from a region of potential of 75V in to a region of potential 100 V; making an
angle of 450 with the direction of electric field. Find the angle through which the beam refracts.
W-19(3)

Given: V1 = 75 V
V2 = 100 V
θ1 = 450
θ2 = ?

θ2 = 37.730
 CRO :

3. The Lissajous pattern on the CRO is stationary. It has 5 horizontal and 2 vertical tangencies. The
frequency of horizontal input is 1000 Hz. Determine the frequency of vertical input.
Ans.:
nx = 5
ny = 2
Fx = 1000 Hz
n x  Fx 5  1000
Fy = = = 2500 Hz
ny 2

CYCLOTRON

4. Protons are accelerated in a small cyclotron. The magnetic field field strength is 1.3 Wb/m 2. What must
be the frequency of the oscillator supplying power to Dee’s ?
Ans.:- given : B = 1.3 Wb/m2
f=υ=?

qB
f = =
2m 1.602  10 −19  1.3
f =
2  3.14  1.67  10 −27
f = 19.85 X 106 Hz

5. A Cyclotron, accelerating protons, employs a magnetic flux density 0.60 Wb/m 2. How rapidly should the
electric field between the metal dees be reversed?
Given : Radius Of the dee , R=25 cm = 0.25 m
Magnetic flux density B=0.60 Wb/m2
Charge q=1.602  10-19 C
Mass of proton m = 1.67  10-27 kg
Ans.:
2m 2  3.14  1.67  10 −27
T= = −19
= 1.1  10 −7 s
eB 1.602  10  0.60

6. A proton is accelerated by cyclotron and acquires energy of 1.0 MeV. The voltage between “dees” is
1000 Volts. How many rotations the proton shall have to make to achieve this energy?
Given : K. E. E=1000V
−19
Voltage =1.0 MeV=1.0  10 eV =1.0  10  1.602  10
6 6
J
As, E = 2 NqV
Ans.: E 1.0  10 6  1.602  10 −19
N = = = 500
2qV 2  1.602  10 −19  10 3

7. Calculate frequency of alternating potential that must be applied to cyclotron dees in which
deuterons are accelerated. Given magnetic flux density = 3.0 Wb/m2. Mass of deuteron = 3.32 
−27
10 kg. (S/07, W/04)
Given : Magnetic flux density B=3.0 Wb/m2
Deuteron Charge e =1.602  10-19 C
Deuteron Mass m = 3.32  10-27 kg
Ans.:
eB 1.602  10 −19  3.0
Frequency, = = = 23.0  10 6 Hz
2m 2  3.143  3.32  10 − 27
8. The cyclotron has an oscillator frequency of 12 x 106 cycles/sec and die radius of 21 inch. What value of
magnetic induction B is needed to accelerate deuterons?
Oscillator frequency  ==12  10 Hz
6
Given :
Deuteron Charge e =1.602  10-19 C
Deuteron Mass m = 3.34  10-27 kg
Radius of the dee, R=21 inch =21  2.54 = 53cm = 0.53m
Ans.:
eB
As, Frequency, =
2m
2m 2  3.143  3.34  10 − 27  12  10 6
B= = −19
= 1.57Wb / m 2
e 1.602  10

9. Protons are accelerated in a small cyclotron. The magnetic field strength is 1.3 Wb/m2, and the radius of the last
semicircle is 0.5 m.
a) What must be the frequency of the oscillator supplying the power to the dees?
b) What is the final energy acquired by the proton?
c) If the total transit time of a proton is 3.3 sec, how much energy is imparted to the Particle in each passage
from one dee to the other. S-16(3)
Given : Radius , R max =0.5 m
Magnetic field strength B=1.3 Wb/m2
Charge q =1.602  10-19 C
Mass of proton m = 1.67  10-27 kg
Ans.:
qB 1.602  10 −19  1.3
a) Frequency, = = = 19.85  10 6 Hz
2m 2  3.143  1.67  10 −27

B 2 q 2 Rmax
2
(1.3) 2  (1.602  10 −19 ) 2  (0.5) 2
b) Final Energy E = =
2m 2  1.67  10 −27
= 0.3246  10 −11 J = 20.25  10 6 eV

c) No.of Re volution = N =  t = 19.85  10 6  3.3  10 −6 = 66

E = N (2qV )
E 0.3246  10 −11
V = = −19
= 1.53  10 5
2 Nq 2  66  1.602  10
E = eV = 1.53  10 5  1.602  10 −19 = 2.45  10 −14 J

10. The magnetic field strength is 0.9 Wb/ m2 in a certain cyclotron. Light hydrogen ions ( protons) are
used:
a) What must be the frequency of the oscillator supplying the power to the dees?
b) If each passage of ions across the accelerating gap increases the energy of ions by 60,000 eV, how
long does it take for the ion introduced at the center of the dee to emerge at the rim of the dee with
energy of 6 MeV?
c) Calculate the radius of last semicircle before emergence.
Given : Magnetic field strength B=0.9 Wb/m 2
Charge q =1.602  10-19 C
Mass of proton m = 1.67  10-27 kg
Energy E =60,000 eV=60  10 eV
3

Ans.:
qB 1.602  10 −19  0.9
a) Frequency, = =
2m 2  3.143  1.67  10 −27
= 13.724  10 6 Hz = 13.724MHz
a) Number of jumps required to gain energy of 6 MeV is
 E ' 6  10 6
= = 100
E 60  10 3

T
Time required =No. of jumps 
2
1 1
= 100  = 100  = 3.64  10 −6 s = 3.64s
2 2  13.724  10 6

11. A cyclotron with its dee radius of 2m has a magnetic field of 0.75 wb/m 2 . Calculate the maximum
energies to which
(i) protons and
(ii) deutrons
can be accelerated
Given : Radius , R=2 m
Magnetic field B=0.75 Wb/m2
Proton Charge qp =1.602  10-19 C
Mass of proton mp = 1.67  10-27 kg
Deuteron Charge qd =1.602  10-19 C
Deuteron Mass md = 3.34  10-27 kg
Ans.:. i) For proton
B 2 q 2 R 2 (0.75) 2  (1.602  10 −19 ) 2  (2) 2
E max = =
2m p 2  1.67  10 − 27
= 1.728  10 −11 J = 1.728  10 −11  6.24  1018 eV
= 108  10 6 eV = 108MeV

ii) For deuteron

B 2 q 2 R 2 (0.75) 2  (1.602  10 −19 ) 2  (2) 2
E max = =
2m d 2  3.34  10 − 27
= 8.644  10 −12 J = 8.644  10 −12  6.24  1018 eV
= 53.94  10 6 eV = 53.94MeV

12. Calculate frequency of alternating potential that must be applied to cyclotron dees in which
protons are accelerated. Given magnetic flux density = 3.0 Wb/m2. W-16(2)
Given : Magnetic flux density B=3.0 Wb/m 2
Charge e =1.602  10-19 C
Mass m = 1.67  10-27 kg
Ans.:
eB 1.602  10 −19  3.0
Frequency, = = = 45.82  10 6 Hz
2m 2  3.143  1.67  10 − 27
\

13. A cyclotron with its disc of radius 150cm has a magnetic field of 0.6 Wb/m2 . Calculate the
maximum energy to which proton can be accelerated. S-17(3)
Ans.:- Given: R = 150cm = 1.5 m
Mp = 1.67 X 10 -27 Kg
B = 0.6 Wb/m2
E=?
 J
14. Calculate the magnetic field that must be applied to cyclotron dees which accelerates proton
up to 4 MeV. The maximum radius of the particle orbit is 75cm. W-17(3)
Ans.:- Given: R = 75cm = 75X10-2 m =0.75 m
Mp = 1.67 X 10 -27 Kg
B=?
E = 4 MeV = 4 X 106 X 1.602 X 10-19 J
2M p. E
B=
qR
2  1.67  10 −27  4  10 6  1.602  10 −19
B=
1.602  10 −19  0.75
B = 0.385T

15. A particle cyclotron is designed with dees of radius 0.75m and with magnets that can provide
a field of 1.5 T. What is the maximum energy of proton that can be obtained? S-19(3)

Ans: Given: R = 0.75 m

Mp = 1.67 X 10 -27 Kg ; B = 1.5 T E=?

= 9.7x10-12J
J
E= 0.605 x 108 eV = 60.5 x 108 MeV

BAINBRIDGE MASS SPECTROGRAPH

16. In Bainbridge mass spectrograph, the electric field used is 8x104 volts/m. The magnetic field, common
to both parts is 0.55 Wb/m2. If the ion source consists of singly charged neon isotopes of atomic masses
20 and 22, calculate the linear separation of the lines formed on the photographic plate.
Given : Magnetic field B = 0.55Wb / m
2

Electric field E = 8  10 V/m

4

Atomic masses
M 1 = 20amu
M 2 = 22amu
Charges of the ions q =1.602  10-19 C
Ans.: The separation between the lines ,
2E
x = x 2 − x1 = (M 2 − M 1 )
qB 2
2  8  10 4  (22 − 20)
= = 0.011m
1.602  10 −19  (0.55)
2

 x = 11mm
17. In a Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph the electric field used is 8 X 1014 V/m, the magnetic field
common to both places is 0.2 Wb/m2. If the ion source cosists of singly ionized neon isotopes of
atomic masses 20 and 22, calculate linear separation of lines formed on photographic plate.
S-17(3) S-19(3)
Ans.:- given: E = 8 X 1014 V/m ; B = 0.2 Wb/m2 ; M2 = 22 amu ; M1 = 20amu
1 amu = 1.67 X 10-27 kg
x = ?
2E (M 2 − M 1 )
Linear separation x = x 2 − x1 =
B2q
2  8  1014  (22 − 20)  1.67  10 −27
x =
(0.2)2  1.602  10 −19
x = 833 X 106 m

18. The electric field between the plates of the velocity selector in Bainbridge mass spectrograph is 1200
V/cm and the magnetic field in both regions is 0.6 T. A stream of singly charged Neon moves in a
circular path of 7.28 cm radius in the magnetic field. Determine the mass number of the Neon isotope.
OR
The electric field between the plates of the velocity selector in a Bainbridge mass spectrograph is 1.2 x
105 V/m and magnetic field in both regions is 0.6T. A stream of singly charged neon ions moves in a
circular path of radius 7.28 cm in magnetic field. Determine mass number of neon isotope. S-15(3) ,
W-17(3)
Given : Magnetic field B = 0.6T
Electric field E =1200 V/cm=12  10 V / m =1.2 x 105 V/m
4

Charges of the ions q =1.602  10-19 C

Radius , R=7.28 cm=0.0728 m
Charge on the ions q =1.602  10-19 C

Mv
As, R =
eB
E
v=
B
ME
R =
eB 2
eB 2 R
M =
E
1.602  10 −19  (0.6)  0.0728
2
M = = 3.5  10 − 26 kg
12  10 4

M 3.5  10 −26
Mass number of the isotope = = = 21
1amu 1.67  10 −27

19. A deuteron, an isotope of hydrogen, traverses in a circular path of radius 40cm in a magnetic field of
1.5 T.
i) Find the speed of the deuteron, if its mass is 3.34 x 10-27 Kg.
ii) Find the time required for it to make half a revolution.
iii) Through what potential difference would the deuteron have to be accelerated to
acquire this velocity?
−2
Given : Radius , R=40 cm =40  10 m
Magnetic field B=1.5 T
Deuteron Charge qd =1.602  10-19 C
Deuteron Mass md = 3.34  10-27 kg

mv
i ) As, R =
eB
eBR 1.602  10 −19  1.5  0.04
v= = − 27
= 28.7  10 6 m / s
m 3.34  10
 2m
ii )T =
qB
m
3.14  3.34  10 − 27
 T1 = = −19
= 4.36  10 −8 s
2
qB 1.602  10  1.5

1/ 2
 2eV A 
iii ) As, v =  
 m 
mv 2 3.34  10 − 27  (28.7  10 6 ) 2
V A = = −19
= 8.58  10 6 J / C = 8.58MV
2e 2  1.602  10

20. In a Bainbridge mass spectrograph, the magnetic field in the velocity selector is 1T and the ions having a speed of
4  106 m/s pass through it undeflected.
i)What should be the electric field between the plates?
ii)If the separation of the plates is 0.5 cm, what is the potential difference between the plates?
Given : Magnetic field B = 1T
Velocity of ions v = 4  10 m / s
6

−3
Separation of the plates, d = 0.5 cm = 5  10 m

E
i) As, v =
B
( )
 E = vB = 4  10 6  1.0 = 4  10 6 V / m

ii )V = Ed = 4  10 6  5  10 −3 = 20  10 3 V = 20kV

19. The electric field between the plates of a velocity selector is 150 V/cm. And the magnetic field is 0.5 T.
If the source contains the three isotopes of magnetism Mg24, Mg25 and Mg26 and the ions are singly
charged, find the distance between the lines formed by the three isotopes on the photographic plate.

Given : Electric field E = 150V / cm = 15000V / m

Magnetic field B =0. 5 T
Charges of the ions q =1.602  10-19 C
The separation between the lines ,
2E
x = x 2 − x1 = (M 2 − M 1 )
qB 2
The separation between the lines due to the isotopes of of Mg 24 and Mg 25
is given by
2E
x12 = x 2 − x1 = (M 2 − M 1 )
qB 2

2  15000  (25 − 24)  1.67  10 −27

x12 = = 1.24  10 −3 m
1.602  10 −19
 (0.5)
2

 x12 = 1.24mm

The separation between the lines due to the isotopes of of Mg 25 and Mg 26

is given by
2E
x 23 = x3 − x 2 = (M 3 − M 2 )
qB 2
 2  15000  (26 − 25)  1.67  10 −27
x 23 = = 1.24  10 −3 m
1.602  10 −19
 (0.5)
2

 x 23 = 1.24mm
The separation between the lines due to the isotopes of of Mg 24 and Mg 26 i.e extreme two lines is given by
2E
x13 = x3 − x1 = (M 3 − M 1 )
qB 2
2  15000  (26 − 24)  1.67  10 −27
x13 = = 2.48  10 −3 m
1.602  10 −19
 (0.5)
2

 x13 = 2.48mm
20. The electric field between the plates of a velocity selector is 150 V/cm and magnetic field is 0.8 T. If the
source contains two isotopes of magnesium Mg24, Mg25 and the ions are singly charged, find the distance
between the lines formed by these two isotopes on the photographic plate. W-15(3)
2E (M 2 − M 1 )
Ans.:- Distance between the lines, x =
qB 2
2  15000  (25 − 24)  1.67  10 −27
x =
1.602  10 −19  0.8 2
x = 4.88 x 10-4 m

21. In a Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph, singly ionized atom of Mg26 passes into analyzing chamber with
velocity 104 m/sec having magnetic field of 4 X 10-2 wb/m2. Calculate the radius of path of singly ionized Mg26
atom.
Mv
Ans.:- R =
eB
26  1.67  10 −27  10 4
R=
1.602  10 −19  4  10 − 2
R = 0.0677m

22. In a Bainbridge mass spectrograph, the electric field used is 25 kV/m and magnetic field is 0.2 wb/m 2. The
element Tin is being analysed having isotopes of masses 116 and 120. Find linear separation between the
lines produced on the photographic plate by singly charged ions of Tin 116 and 120. W-18(3)
Given : Electric field E = 25 kV/m = 25000 V/m
Magnetic field B = 0.2 wb/m2
Charges of the ions q =1.602  10-19 C
Sol. The separation between the lines ,
2E
x = x 2 − x1 = (M 2 − M 1 )
qB 2
The separation between the lines due to the isotopes of is given by
2E
x12 = x 2 − x1 = (M 2 − M 1 )
qB 2
2  25000  (120 − 116)  1.67  10 −27
x12 = = 5.212m
1.602  10 −19  (0.2)
2

 x12 = 5.212m