ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTIPHASE

INDUCTION MACHINE

By

Shivangi Mishra (1602921146)

Somu Gupta (1602921157)
Yash Bindal (1602921182)

Submitted to the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, U.P., Lucknow.
May,2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

Declaration …………………………………………………………………. 4

Certificate ………………………………………………………………… 5

Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………. 6

Abstract …………………………………………………………………… 7

1. Introduction ……………………….…………………………………..…. 8

1.1 Multi-phase Induction Motor ………………………………………..... 8

2. Three Phase Induction Motor Definition & Working Principle …………. 9

2.1 Stator of 3 Phase Induction Motor ……….………………………...…. 9

2.2 Rotor of 3 Phase Induction Motor …………………………………..... 9

2.3 Working of Three Phase Induction Motor ………………………….... 9

2.4 Torque Speed Characteristic of an Induction Motor ……………………………. 10

3. Introduction to 6 phase Induction Motor ..………….…………………….. 12

3.1 Design of Six phase IM …………………………………………......... 12

3.2 Control of six phase Induction Motor ………………………………... 13

4. Generalized d-q model of multi-phase Induction Motor Drive ...………... 14

4.1 Stator circuit equation ……………………………………………....... 15

4.2 Rotor circuit equation ………………………………………………... 15

4.3 Flux linkage expressions in terms of current ………………………... 15

4.4 D-Q Reference Frames for the Simulation of Induction Motors …….. 16

5. Effect of Stator Slot in the Performance of Multiphase IM ….………...… 18

5.1 Finite element method …………………………………………...……. 18

5.2 Equivalent circuit for multiphase machine …………………………..... 18

.
5.3 Initial parameter ratings for machine …………………………….….… 18

6. Designing of IM …………………………………………………………… 19

6.1 Stator design ............................................................................................ 19

6.1.1 Stator slots .......................................................................................... 19

6.1.2 Selection of no. of slots ...................................................................... 19

2
 6.1.3 Area of stator slots .......................................................................... 19

6.1.4 Depth of stator core below the slots ............................................... 20

6.2 MotorSolve Model of machine ........................................................... 20

6.2.1 Stator type: Parallel Tooth .............................................................. 20

6.2.2 Stator type: Round .......................................................................... 21

6.2.3 Stator type: Square .......................................................................... 22

7. Classification of motors based on NEMA standards ....…………......….. 23

8. Thermal Analysis ………………………….…………………….……..... 24

8.1 Stator type: Parallel Tooth..................................................................... 24

8.2 Stator type: Round ................................................................................. 25

8.3 Stator type: Square ................................................................................. 25

9. Comparative Study of Multiphase and Three Phase Induction Motor ...… 27

9.1 Equivalent circuit for Multiphase and Three phase machine ................. 27
9.2 Machine MotorSolve Model .................................................................. 28
9.3 Speed-Torque Characteristics ................................................................. 29
9.4 Thermal Analysis ..................................................................................... 30
10. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 32
11. References ................................................................................................... 34

3
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material
which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of
the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been
made in the text.

Signature:
Name : Shivangi Mishra
Roll No.: 1602921146
Date : 12-05-2020

Signature:
Name : Somu Gupta
Roll No.: 1602921157
Date : 12-05-2020

Signature:
Name : Yash Bindal
Roll No.: 1602921182
Date : 12-05-2020

4
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “Analysis and Design of Multiphase Induction
Motor” which is submitted by Shivangi Mishra, Somu Gupta, Yash Bindal in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech. in Department of …Electrical and
Electronics Engineering… of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, U.P.,
Lucknow., is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my/our supervision.
The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any
other degree.

Date: Supervisor: Prof. Ramesh Singh

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during
B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to our guide/guides Professor Ramesh
Singh, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Krishna Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Ghaziabad for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work.
His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It
is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor N K Gupta, Head,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Krishna Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Ghaziabad for his full support and assistance during the development of the project.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members
of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project.
Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the
project.

Signature:
Name : Shivangi Mishra
Roll No.: 1602921146
Date : 12-05-2020

Signature:
Name : Somu Gupta
Roll No.: 1602921157
Date : 12-05-2020

Signature:
Name : Yash Bindal
Roll No.: 1602921182
Date : 12-05-2020

6
 ABSTRACT

Multi-phase induction motor has many advantages over conventional three-phase drive such as
high-power handling capability by dividing the required power between multiple phases, reduced
torque pulsations and higher reliability. In particular, unlike in a three-phase drive, the loss of
stator phase does not prevent the machine from starting and running. Other advantages of multi-
phase systems, are increased torque per ampere for the same volume machine, reduced stator
copper losses and reduced rotor harmonic currents Induction motor are being widely used in
industrial applications due to its ruggedness and simplicity. The detailed comparative study of
multiphase and three phase induction motor using Motor Solve an electrical machine design
software with the help of Finite Element Method. The torque speed and thermal analysis for both
kind of motor and it is found that multiphase induction motor exhibits better characteristics as
compared to that of three phase induction motor which makes multiphase induction motor best
suited for electric vehicles, ship propulsion and other major industrial application.

7
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

1.1 Multi-phase Induction Motor:

Multi-phase machines drive has many advantages over conventional three-phase drive such
as high-power handling capability by dividing the required power between multiple phases,
reduced torque pulsations and higher reliability. In particular, unlike in a three-phase drive,
the loss of stator phase does not prevent the machine from starting and running. Other
advantages of multi-phase systems, are increased torque per ampere for the same volume
machine, reduced stator copper losses and reduced rotor harmonic currents. The main
application areas of multiphase induction motor drives are ship propulsion, traction (including
electric and hybrid electric vehicles) and the concept of “more-electric” aircraft. Other suitable
applications are locomotive traction, aerospace and high-power applications. The six-phase
motor has some advantages against the other multiphase motors: the six-phase motor, fed by
frequency converter, has no the third of aliquot to three magnetic flux harmonics. The main
focus of this paper is developing dynamic model of six-phase induction motor, simulation and
analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the motor.
In traditional electric machine applications, a three-phase stator winding is selected, since the
three-phase supply is readily available. However, when an AC machine is supplied from an
inverter, the need for a predefined number of phases on stator, such as three, disappears and
other phase numbers can be chosen. The early interest in multiphase machines was caused by
the possibility of reducing the torque ripple in inverter fed drives, when compared to the three-
phase case.
Another advantage of a multiphase motor drive over a three-phase motor drive is an improved
reliability due to fault tolerance features, this being one of the main reasons behind the
application of six-phase (double-star) and nine-phase (triple-star) induction motor drives in
locomotives. The other main reason is that for a given motor rating, an increase of the number
of phases enables reduction of the power per phase, which translates into a reduction of the
power per inverter leg (that is, a semiconductor rating). Multiphase machines are therefore
often considered for and applied in high power applications.
Other advantages of multiphase machines over their three-phase counterparts include an
improvement in the noise characteristics and a possibility of reduction in the stator copper
loss, leading to an improvement in the efficiency. Vector control principles can be extended
from a three-phase to a multiphase motor in a simple manner when the machine torque is
produced by the fundamental stator current component only.

8
 CHAPTER 2
Three Phase Induction Motor Definition & Working
Principle

An electrical motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. In the case of three phase AC (Alternating Current) operation, the most widely
used motor is a 3-phase induction motor, as this type of motor does not require an additional
starting device. These types of motors are known as self-starting induction motors.
To get a good understanding of the working principle of a three-phase induction motor, it’s
essential to understand the construction of a 3-phase induction motor. A 3-phase induction motor
consists of two major parts:
• A stator
• A rotor

2.1 Stator of 3 Phase Induction Motor:

The stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3-
phase winding circuit which we connect with 3 phase AC source. We arrange the three-phase
winding in such a manner in the slots that they produce one rotating magnetic field when we
switch on the three-phase AC supply source.

2.2 Rotor of 3 Phase Induction Motor:

The rotor of three phase induction motor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots that can carry conductors. The conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars fitted in
each slot and short-circuited by the end rings. The slots are not exactly made parallel to the
axis of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic
humming noise and can avoid stalling of the motor.

2.3 Working of Three Phase Induction Motor:

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120 o.
When we connect the primary winding, or the stator to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes
rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed.

According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either
closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator rotating
magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current flow
through the rotor conductor.
Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of
current generation; hence as per Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate in the same direction to
reduce the cause, i.e., the relative velocity.
Thus, from the working principle of three phase induction motor, it may be observed that the
rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds
become equal, there would be no such relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, and no
current would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently, the
9
 rotor cannot reach the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous
speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an induction
motor has the advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to the rotor.

Thus, the three-phase induction motor is:

• Self-starting.
• Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and
brushes that may cause sparks.
• Robust in construction.
• Economical.
• Easier to maintain.

2.4 Torque Speed Characteristic of an Induction Motor:

Torque Speed Characteristic is the curve plotted between the torque and the speed of the
induction motor. As we have already discussed the torque of the induction motor in the
topic Torque Equation of an Induction motor. The equation of the torque is given as shown
below.

At the maximum torque, the speed of the rotor is expressed by the equation shown below.

Fig 2.4: Torque Speed Characteristic

10
The maximum torque is independent of the rotor resistance. But the exact location of the
maximum torque Ʈmax is dependent on it. Greater, the value of the R2, the greater is the value
of the slip at which maximum torque occurs. As the rotor resistance increases, the pullout
speed of the motor decreases. In this condition, the maximum torque remains constant.

11
 CHAPTER 3
Introduction to 6 phase Induction Motor

Basically, the six-phase induction machine was introduced with two objectives. First, the
opportunity to divide the output power into two three-phase groups allows the increase in the
drive system power ratings. Secondly, for use with six step inverters, the pulsating torque in a six-
phase machine is lower than in a three-phase machine, another reason for using six-phase systems
is reliability. When a failure happens in one of the phases, in the machine or in the power
converter, the system can still operate at a lower power rating since each three-phase group can
be made independent from each other.

3.1 Design of Six phase IM:

When number of phases is increased, i.e. when number of phases is six, there are two, three
phase windings. The two, three phase windings are displaced by 60 degrees in symmetrical
design, but there is a problem of magnetic circulating currents. So, asymmetrical design is
implemented in which two three phase windings are displaced by 30 degrees, which
eliminates 6n±1 order harmonic.

Fig 3.1: 6-Phase Induction motor windings

Induction motor design starts from stator design. Stator design depends upon number stator
slots. General expression for number of stator slots is given by,
S= n/2*p*[2+K] Slots

12
 Where S = no. of slots
n = no. of machine phases
p = no. of machine poles
And K = 0, 1, 2, 3…
For symmetrical ac winding: K = 0, 2, 4
For Asymmetrical ac winding: K = 1, 3, 5
In our case, number of poles = 4, so
S = (6/2) *4*[2+1] = 36
The six-phase machine uses the same magnetic frame with the baseline machine. We have the
4-pole machine with 36 stator slots. In order to keep the leakage distribution balanced, the
phases are displaced among the two stator layers. The six phases are constructed such that one
three-phase group is displaced from the other one by 30 electrical degrees.
Thus, we have an asymmetrical six phase machine:
where; θm = 2. θe / p
θm = 2*30° / 4 = 15° mechanical
Slot pitch = 360° / 36 = 10° mechanical

3.2 Control of six phase induction motor:

Speed of Induction motor can be controlled by:

• Change the number of poles (in discrete increments - inefficient & rarely done)
• Change the frequency of the AC signal
• Change the slip
Changing number of poles has limitation of speed variation and it is inconvenient. Changing
frequency of supply is again possible in two ways viz. Scalar control and Vector control. Six
phase Induction motor can be considered as two three phase motors sharing same magnetic
circuit and same shaft, speed control of six phase induction motor can be done in the same
way.

13
 CHAPTER 4
Generalized d-q model of multi-phase Induction Motor
Drive

The well-known space vector and d−q models of three phase machines are only particular cases
of the universal n-phase machine models. Since the phase-variable model of a physical multiphase
machine gets transformed using a mathematical transformation, the number of variables before
and after transformation must remain the same. This means that n-phase machine will have n new
stator current (stator voltage, stator flux) components after the transformation. An n-phase
symmetrical induction machine, such that the spatial displacement between any two consecutive
stator phases equals α=2π/n, is considered. It is assumed that the windings are sinusoidally
distributed, so that all higher spatial harmonics of the magneto-motive force can be neglected.
The phase number n can be either odd or even. It is assumed that, regardless of the phase number,
windings are connected in star with a single neutral point. The machine model in original form is
transformed using decoupling (Clarke’s) transformation matrix, which replaces the original sets
of n variables with new sets of n variables. Decoupling transformation matrix for an arbitrary
phase number n can be given in power invariant real or complex matrix transformations, resulting
in corresponding real or space vector models of the sign multiphase machine. Decoupling
transformation matrix for an arbitrary phase number n can be given in power invariant form shown
in (Fig.), where α=2π/n. The first two rows of the matrix define variables that will lead to
fundamental flux and torque production (α–β components; stator to rotor coupling appears only
in the equations for α–β components). The last two rows define the two zero sequence components
are omitted for all odd phase numbers n. In between, there are x–y components.

Fig 4: Equations for pair of x-y components

Equations for pairs of x–y components are completely decoupled from all the other components
and stator to rotor coupling does not appear either. These components do not contribute to torque
production when sinusoidal distribution of the flux around the air-gap is assumed. A zero-
sequence component does not exist in any star-connected multiphase system without neutral
14
conductor for odd phase numbers, while only zero components can exist if the phase number is
even. Since rotor winding is short-circuited, neither x–y nor zero-sequence components can exist,
nor needs one only to consider further on α–β equations of the rotor winding. As stator to rotor
coupling takes place only in α–β equations, rotational transformation is applied only to these two
pairs of equations. Its form is similar to a three-phase machine. Assuming that the machine
equations are transformed into an arbitrary frame of reference rotating at angular speed ωe, the
model of an n-phase induction machine with sinusoidal winding distribution is given.

4.1 Stator circuit equations:

𝑑𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠𝐼𝑑𝑠 + − 𝑊𝑒𝑞𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞𝑠
𝑉𝑞𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠𝐼𝑞𝑠 + + 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡

4.2 Rotor circuit equations:

𝑑𝑑𝑟
𝑉𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟𝐼𝑑𝑟 + − (𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑟)𝑞𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞𝑟
𝑉𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟𝐼𝑞𝑟 + + (𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡

4.3 Flux linkage expressions in terms of the currents are:

𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝐼𝑑𝑟)

𝑑𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟𝐼𝑑𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝐼𝑑𝑟)
𝑞𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑞𝑠 + 𝐼𝑞𝑟)
𝑞𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟𝐼𝑑𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑞𝑠 + 𝐼𝑞𝑟)
𝑑𝑚 = 𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝐼𝑑𝑟)
𝑞𝑚 = 𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑞𝑠 + 𝐼𝑑𝑟)
𝑑𝑠(𝐿𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚) − 𝐿𝑚𝑑𝑟
𝐼𝑑𝑠 =
𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑟 + 𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑚 + 𝐿𝑟𝐿𝑚
𝑞𝑠(𝐿𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚) − 𝐿𝑚𝑞𝑟
𝐼𝑞𝑠 =
𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑟 + 𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑚 + 𝐿𝑟𝐿𝑚

15
 𝑑𝑟(𝐿𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚) − 𝐿𝑚𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑑𝑟 =
𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑟 + 𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑚 + 𝐿𝑟𝐿𝑚
𝑞𝑟(𝐿𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚) − 𝐿𝑚𝑞𝑠
𝐼𝑞𝑟 =
𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑟 + 𝐿𝑠𝐿𝑚 + 𝐿𝑟𝐿𝑚

Where Lm= (N/2) M

M= Maximum value of stator to rotor mutual inductance
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑃𝐿𝑚(𝐼𝑞𝑠𝐼𝑑𝑟 − 𝐼𝑑𝑠𝐼𝑞𝑟)

4.4 D-Q Reference Frames for the Simulation of Induction Motors:

Induction motors are being used more than ever before in industry and individual machines
of up to 10 MW in size are no longer a rarity. During start-up and other severe motor
operations the induction motor draws large currents, produces voltage dips, oscillatory torque
and can even generate harmonics in the power system. It is therefore important to be able to
model the induction motor in order to predict these phenomena. Various models have been
developed, and the d-q or two-axis model for the study of transient behavior has been well
tested and proven to be reliable and accurate. It has been shown that the speed of rotation of
the d-q axes can be arbitrary although there are three preferred speeds or reference frames as
follows:
(a) the stationary reference frame (when the d-q axes do not rotate)
(b) the synchronously rotating reference frame (when the d-q axes rotate at synchronous
speed)
(c) the rotor reference frame (when the d-q axes rotate at rotor speed)
Most authors use one or other of these reference frames without giving specific reasons for
their choice. Whilst either the stationary or the synchronously rotating reference frames are
most frequently used, the particular reference frame should be chosen in relation to the
problem being investigated and the type of computer (analog or digital) that is used. The
purpose of this paper is therefore to provide guidelines (by means of case studies) in order to
choose the most suitable reference frame. It also shows that there are instances when the rotor
reference frame, which appears to have been avoided by most authors, is the best choice.

16
 Fig 4.4: D, Q axes superimposed onto a three-phase induction motor

Figure 4.4 shows a schematic diagram of a 3- phase induction motor with the d-q axes
superimposed. The q-axis lags the d-axis by 90°. A voltage Vas is applied to stator phase A
while the current flowing through it is ias. Phases Band C are not shown on the diagram in an
attempt to maintain clarity. In the d-q model, coils DS and QS replace the stator phase coils
AS, BS and CS, while coils DR and QR replace the rotor phase coils AR, BR and CR.
Although the d-q axes can rotate at an arbitrary speed, there is no relative speed between the
four coils DS, QS, DR and QR. The physical significance of showing the D-Q coils in Fig. 1
is to illustrate that in effect the 3- phase induction motor with its six coils is replaced by a new
machine with four coils. In order to predict the mechanical and electrical behavior of the
original machine correctly, the original ABC variables must be transformed into d-q variables,
but this transformation depends on the speed of rotation of the D-Q coils, hence each reference
frame has its own transformation.

17
 CHAPTER 5
Effect of Stator Slot in the Performance of Multiphase
Induction Motor

5.1 Finite element method:

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving problems which are
described by partial differential equations or can be formulated as functional minimization. A
continuous physical problem is transformed into a discretized finite element problem with
unknown nodal values. This process results in a set of simultaneous algebraic equations.

5.2 Equivalent circuit for multiphase machine:

Fig 5.2: Per phase equivalent circuit for six phase machine

5.3 Initial parameter ratings for machine are:

a) Voltage: 415V
b) Synchronous speed: 1000rpm
c) Phase: 6
d) R1: 0.782Ω
e) R2: 3.95Ω
f) Frequency: 50Hz
g) No. of Poles: 6
h) L1: 11.4 H
i) L2: 19.5 H
j) Rotor slip: 5
k) Power Rating: 4.92 HP
l) Motor aspect ratio: 0.9
m) No. of Phase Group: 2
n) Air gap thickness: 0.5

18
 CHAPTER 6
Designing of IM

6.1 Stator design:

6.1.1 Stator slots:

Open slots and semi closed slots are the two types of stator slots for the induction motor.
Shape of the slots defines the operating performance of the induction motor.
Open slots: In this type of slots the slot opening will be equal to that of the width of the
slots. In such type of slots, assembly and repair of winding are easy. However, such slots
will lead to higher air gap contraction factor and hence poor power factor.
Semi closed slots: In such type of slots, slot opening is much smaller than the width of the
slot. Hence in this type of slots assembly of windings is more difficult and takes more time
compared to open slots and hence it is costlier. However, the air gap characteristics are
better compared to open type slots.
Tapered slots: In this type of slots also, opening will be much smaller than the slot width.
However, the slot width will be varying from top of the slot to bottom of the slot with
minimum width at the bottom.

6.1.2 Selection of number of stator slots:

Number of stator slots must be properly selected at the design stage as such this number
affects the weight, cost and operating characteristics of the motor. The number of
slots/pole/phases should not be less than 2 otherwise the leakage reactance becomes high.
The number of slots should be selected to give an integral number of slots per pole per
phase. The stator slot pitch at the air gap surface should be 1.5 to 2.5 cm.

Stator slot pitch at the air gap surface = τss= πD/Sss

Where Sss is the number of stator slots

6.1.3 Area of stator slot:

Slot area is occupied by the conductors and the insulation. Out of which almost more than
25 % is the insulation. Once the number of conductors per slot is decided, approximate area
of the slot can be estimated.
Slot space factor = Copper area in the slot /Area of each slot This slot space factor so
obtained will be between 0.25 and 0.4.

19
 6.1.4 Depth of stator core below the slots:

There will be certain solid portion below the slots in the stator which is called the depth of
the stator core. The flux density in the stator core lie between 1.2 to 1.4 Tesla. The flux
passing through the stator core is half of the flux per pole.
Flux in the stator core section Фc = ½ Ф

Area of stator core Ac = Фc /2Bc

Area of stator core Ac = Li x dcs

Hence, depth of the core (dcs) = Ac / Li = Фc /2Bc*Li

6.2 MotorSolve model of machine:

6.2.1 Stator type: Parallel Tooth

Fig 6.2.1(a): Front view of machine

d656662.2.1

Fig 6.2.1(b): Side view of machine

Selecting the stator type parallel tooth and keeping fixed rotor type as round bar,
characteristics of the multiphase induction machine obtained and analyzed are

20
 Fig 6.2.1 (c): speed torque characteristics

When parallel tooth is taken as stator type then it is observed that the starting torque for
the machine is quite high about 105 N-m and as the speed of the motor keeps on increasing
torque also increases and gives maximum torque of about 146 N-m. Motor torque starts
decreasing at rotor speed of 640 rpm.

6.2.2 Stator type: Round

Fig 6.2.2(a): Front view of machine

Fig 6.2.2(b): Torque speed characteristics

21
 In this type of model in which stator type is taken as round, it is observed that the starting
toque of the motor is small of about 54 N-m but it keeps on increasing gives maximum
torque of 100 N-m at rotor speed of about 718 rpm and then it starts decreasing. Although
the starting and maximum torque for this model is small but the maximum torque is
obtained at higher rotor speed.

6.2.3 Stator type: Square

Fig 6.2.3(a): Front view of machine

Fig6.2.3(b): Speed torque characteristics

Here stator type is taken as General Square and quite different characteristics are obtained.
For this model starting torque is quite low of about 37 N-m and maximum torque is also
very small of about 81 N-m but the maximum torque is obtained at large rotor speed of
about 760 rpm.

22
 CHAPTER 7
Classification of motors based on NEMA standards

As per The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) electrical motors are design
based on their torque speed characteristics and are classified as class A, B, C, D and E. Various
speed torque characteristics for different design of motors is shown in figure 9.

Fig 7: Relative torque characteristics of NEMA design

This can be observed from the torque speed characteristic that design D has maximum starting
torque and decreases slowly after reaching sufficiently large speed, Design C has starting torque
less that of design D whereas design A, B and E has very small starting torque. Motors of different
design have different area of applications.
NEMA based classification: -

Analysis has been done by considering different stator slots keeping fixed rotor type using Motor
Solve an electrical machine design software with the help of Finite Element Method. As per their
speed torque characteristics motors are classified as.

Table 7: Stator slot type and its design type

Stator slot type Design type
Parallel tooth D
Round C
Square A&B

23
 CHAPTER 8
Thermal analysis

Thermal analysis has been performed for motors of different stator slots, variation in temperature
can be seen in temperature chart.

8.1 Stator type: - Parallel Tooth

Design D

Fig 8.1: Thermal chart for design D

Loses for thermal analysis for square type stator slot motor or design A&B type motor is
obtained as
Table 8.1: Type of losses in KW
Type of loss Loss in KW
Total 0.317
Winding 0.0822
Rotor cage 0.193
Iron 0.0411
Stator back iron 0.0185
Stator teeth 0.0222
Rotor back iron 0.000249
Rotor teeth 0.000154

24
8.2 Stator type: - Round
Design C

Fig 8.2: Thermal chart for design C

Loses for thermal analysis for square type stator slot motor or design A&B type motor is
obtained as
Table 3 Type of losses in KW
Type of loss Loss in KW
Total 0.417
Winding 0.181
Rotor cage 0.183
Iron 0.0527
Stator back iron 0.0165
Stator teeth 0.0358
Rotor back iron 0.000237
Rotor teeth 0.000142

8.3 Stator type: - Square

Design A&B

Fig 8.3: Thermal chart for design A&B

25
Loses for thermal analysis for round type stator slot motor or design C type motor is obtained
as
Table 8.3: Type of losses in KW
Type of loss Loss in KW
Total 0.292
Winding 0.0702
Rotor cage 0.182
Iron 0.039
Stator back iron 0.0174
Stator teeth 0.0212

26
 CHAPTER 9
Comparative Study of Multiphase and Three Phase
Induction Motor

9.1 Equivalent Circuit for Multiphase and Three Phase Machine:

Fig 9.1(a): Per phase equivalent circuit for six phase induction motor

Fig 9.1(b): Per phase equivalent circuit for three phase induction motor

Table 9.1: The initial Parameter for both type of induction motor is:
Six phase Three phase
Voltage: 415V Voltage: 415V
Phase: 6 Phase: 3
Frequency: 50Hz Frequency: 50Hz
No. of Poles: 6 No. of Poles: 6
Rotor slip: 5 Rotor slip: 5
Synchronous speed: 1000rpm Synchronous speed: 1000rpm
Power Rating: 4.92 HP Power Rating: 4.92 HP
No. of Phase Group: 2 No. of Phase Group: 1
Air gap thickness: 0.5 Air gap thickness: 0.5
Motor aspect ratio: 0.9 Motor aspect ratio: 0.9
R1: 0.782 R1: 0.605
R2: 3.95 R2: 2.28
L1: 11.4 H L1: 20.2 H
L2: 19.5 H L2: 13.7 H

27
9.2 Machine MotorSolve Model:

Front view of Motor Solve Model for both the type of induction motor is shown in figure 2
showing stator type and rotor type also there is pictorial representation of magnetic field lines
shown in figure 3 and 4 for the motors. For the analysis stator type is considered as parallel
tooth and rotor type as rotor bar.

Fig 9.2(a): Front view of machine

Fig 9.2(b): Magnetic field distribution for 3 phase motor

28
 Fig 9.2: Magnetic field distribution for 6 phase motor

9.3 Speed-Torque Characterstics:

Figure 9.3(a) and 9.3(b) shows the speed torque characteristics for six phase and three phase
motor and it is observed that there is large difference in the characteristics obtained keeping
all other design parameter same except number of phases.
For the six-phase induction motor it is observed that it has high starting torque about 105 N-
m and as the speed of the motor keeps on increasing torque also increases and gives maximum
torque of about 146 N-m. Motor torque starts decreasing at rotor speed of 640 rpm.
For the 3-phase machine it is observed that it has low starting torque about 81 N-m and as the
speed of the motor keeps on increasing torque also increases and gives maximum torque of
about 118 N-m. Motor torque starts decreasing at rotor speed of 600 rpm.

Fig 9.3(a): Speed-torque characteristics for six phase motor

29
 Fig 9.3(b): Speed-torque characteristics for three phase motor

9.4 Thermal Analysis:

Thermal analysis is performed here, it is observed how the temperature varies with time and
thermal losses generated in motor.

Fig 9.4(a): Thermal chart for 6 phase motor

30
 Fig 9.4(b): Thermal chart for 3 phase motor

Thermal analysis results that total thermal loss for the 3-phase motor is comparatively less
than that of 6 phase motor. Here it is drawback for the multiphase machines that it requires
cooling to reduce the thermal losses. Different type of thermal loss generated in the machine
is tabulated in KW.
Table 9.4.1: Thermal loss for 6 phase motor:
Type of losses Loss in KW
Total 0.317
Winding 0.0822
Rotor cage 0.193
Iron 0.0411
Stator back iron 0.0185
Stator teeth 0.0222
Rotor back iron 0.000249
Rotor teeth 0.000154

Table 9.4.2: Thermal loss for 3 phase motor:

Type of losses Loss in KW
Total 0.246
Winding 0.0621
Rotor cage 0.148
Iron 0.0352
Stator back iron 0.0154
Stator teeth 0.0195
Rotor back iron 0.000196
Rotor teeth 0.000119

31
 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

From thermal analysis it is observed that the total thermal loss for motor of Square stator slot is
smaller than other two whereas thermal loss for motor with round stator slot is maximum. From
this analysis this can be analyzed that round stator slot motor requires cooling for longer time as
that of square and parallel tooth stator slot motor.

Following are the advantages and disadvantages of selecting higher number of slots:

Advantages: Reduced leakage reactance, reduced tooth pulsation losses, higher over load
capacity.
Disadvantages: Increased cost, increased weight, Increased magnetizing current, increased iron
losses, poor cooling, increased temperature rise, reduction in efficiency Based on their
classification it can be said that.

• Motor with parallel tooth stator slots are suited for equipment with very high inertia starts
- like cranes, hoists etc.
• Motor with Round stator slots are suited for equipment with high inertia and high starting
torques at start - like positive displacement pumps, conveyors etc.
• Motor with Square stator slots are suited for normal starting torques - common in HVAC
application with fans, blowers and pumps etc.

Table 10.1

Type of Design Starting Maximum Total thermal

stator slot (NEMA) torque torque loss
Parallel D High High Medium
tooth
Round C Medium Medium High
Square A&B Low Low Low

Comparative study shows the thermal and torque characteristics of the 6 phase and three phase
motor which results that multiphase induction motor with parallel tooth stator and round bar rotor
type provides high starting torque and also gives maximum torque at comparatively higher speed.
A high Starting Torque is more important for application or machines hard to start - like positive
displacement pumps, cranes etc.
Study also shows that the 3-phase motor has less thermal loss as compared to 6 phases but it has
less starting torque and obtains smaller maximum torque value at relatively lesser speed.

32
Table 10.2:

Machine Starting Maximum Thermal Efficiency

torque torque losses
Multi- High High High High
phase
machine
Three- Low Low Low Low
phase
machine

33
 CHAPTER 11

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