Straight line graphs 5G

a ( x1 , y1 ) (0,
1= = 1), ( x2 , y2 ) (6, 9) e ( x1 , y1 ) =
(0, − 4), ( x2 , y2 ) =
(5, 5)

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2 2 2

= (6 − 0) 2 + (9 − 1) 2 = (5 − 0) 2 + (5 − (−4)) 2
= 6 2 + 82 = 52 + 9 2
= 36 + 64 = 25 + 81
= 100 = 106
= 10
f ( x1 , y1 ) =(−2, − 7), ( x2 , y2 ) =(5, 1)
b ( x1 , y1 ) =
(4, − 6), ( x2 , y2 ) =
(9, 6)
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

= (5 − (−2)) 2 + (1 − (−7)) 2
= (9 − 4) 2 + (6 − (−6)) 2
= (5 + 2) 2 + (1 + 7) 2
= 52 + 122
= 7 2 + 82
= 25 + 144
= 49 + 64
= 169
= 113
= 13
2 A(−3, 5), B(−2, −2) and C(3, −7).
c ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 1), ( x2 , y2 ) = (−1, 4) Lines are congruent if they are the
same length.
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

Using the distance formula, and taking

= (−1 − 3) 2 + (4 − 1) 2
the unknown length as d:
= (−4) 2 + 32 d= ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
= 16 + 9
For the line AB:
= 25
=5
( x1 , y1 ) =(−3, 5), ( x2 , y2 ) =(−2, − 2)
AB = ((−2) − (−3)) 2 + ((−2) − 5) 2
d ( x1 , y1 ) (3,
= = 5), ( x2 , y2 ) (4, 7)
= 12 + (−7) 2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
= 50
= (4 − 3) 2 + (7 − 5) 2 For the line BC:
= 1 +2
2 2
( x1 , y1 ) =(−2, − 2), ( x2 , y2 ) =(3, − 7)
= 1+ 4 BC= (3 − (−2)) 2 + ((−7) − (−2)) 2
= 5 = 52 + (−5) 2

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 2 BC = 50 5 The distance between the points
AB = BC, ∴ they are congruent. (2, y) and (5, 7) is 3 10 .

3 P(11, −8), Q(4, −3) and R(7, 5). Using the distance formula, and taking
the length as d:
Using the distance formula, and taking d 2 = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
the unknown length as d:
90 = (5 − 2) 2 + (7 − y ) 2
d= ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
90 = 32 + 49 − 14 y + y 2
y2 − 14y − 32 = 0
For the line PQ: (y − 16)(y + 2) = 0
( x1 , y1 ) =
(11, − 8), ( x2 , y2 ) =
(4, – 3) y = 16 or y = −2
=
PQ (4 − 11) 2 + ((−3) − (−8)) 2
6 a l1: y = 2x + 4, gradient = 2
= (−7) + 5 2 2 l2: 6x − 3y − 9 = 0
= 74 Rearrange line l2 to give:
3y = 6x − 9
For the line QR: y = 2x − 3, gradient = 2
=( x1 , y1 ) (4,
= – 3), ( x2 , y2 ) (7, 5)
Lines l1 and l2 both have gradient 2
QR = (7 − 4) 2 + (5 − (−3)) 2 so they are parallel.
= 32 + 82
b Line l3 is perpendicular to line l1 so has
= 73
gradient − 12 .
PQ ≠ QR, therefore the two lines are
not congruent. It also passes through the point
(3, 10).
4 The distance between the points
(−1, 13) and (x, 9) is 65 . y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y − 10 = − 12 ( x − 3)
Using the distance formula, and taking 2y − 20 = −x + 3
the length as d: x + 2y − 23 = 0 is the equation of l3
d 2 = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
65= ( x − (−1)) 2 + (9 − 13) 2 c l2: y = 2x − 3
l3: 2y = −x + 23
65 = ( x + 1) 2 + (−4) 2
65 = x2 + 2x + 1 + 16 Dividing through by 2:
x2 + 2x − 48 = 0
y = − 12 x + 232
(x + 8)(x − 6) = 0
x = −8 or x = 6
At the point of intersection the two
expressions for y are equal, so:
2x − 3 = − 12 x + 232

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6 c Then multiplying through by 2: 7 5
4x − 6 = −x + 23 6 d d=
5
5x = 29
The perpendicular distance between
x = 295
l1 and l2 is 75 5 .
Substituting x = 295 into y = 2x − 3:
=y 2 ( 295 ) − 3 7 Point P is on the line y = −3x + 4.
= 435 Its distance, d, from (0, 0) is 34 .
The point of intersection of the lines l1 d 2 = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
and l2 is ( 295 , 435 ) . 34 = ( x − 0) 2 + ( y − 0) 2
= x2 + y 2
34
d l1 and l2 are parallel so the shortest
distance between them is the
Solve 34 = x2 + y2 and y = −3x + 4
perpendicular distance.
simultaneously.
34 = x2 + (−3x + 4)2
l3 is perpendicular to l1 and therefore is
34 = x2 + 9x2 − 24x + 16
perpendicular to l2.
10x2 − 24x − 18 = 0
43 5x2 − 12x − 9 = 0
l2 and l3 intersect at (, ).
5 (5x + 3)(x − 3) = 0
x = − 53 or x = 3
Now work out the point of intersection
for lines l1 and l3.
When x = 3
5 , y = −3 ( − 53 ) + 4
l1: y = 2x + 4 y= 29
5
l3: y = − 12 x + 232
2x + 4 = − 12 x + 232 When x = 3, y = −3(3) + 4
4x + 8 = −x + 23 y = −5
5x = 15, x = 3
When x = 3, y = 10 So P is the point ( − 53 , 295 ) or (3, −5).

The point of intersection of the lines l1 8 a In a scalene triangle, all three sides
and l3 is (3, 10). have different lengths: AB ≠ BC ≠ AC.

Now find the distance, d, between A(2, 29

7), B(5, −6) and C(8, −6).
(3, 10) and ( 295 , 435 ) .
5

d= ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 AB= (5 − 2) 2 + ((−6) − 7) 2
= ( 295 − 3) 2 + ( 435 − 10) 2 = 32 + (−13) 2
= ( 145 ) 2 + (− 75 ) 2 = 178

= 245
25
BC= (8 − 5) 2 + ((−6) − (−6)) 2
= 1
245
= 32 + 02
5

= 1
49 × 5
5 =3
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 8 a AC= (8 − 2) 2 + ((−6) − 7) 2 9 c The base of ∆AOB is 414
The height of ∆AOB is 11
= 62 + (−13) 2
= 205 Area ∆AOB = 1
2
× 41
4 × 11
AB ≠ BC ≠ AC therefore ABC is a = 451
8
scalene triangle.
10 a l1: 4x − 5y − 10 = 0 intersects the
b Draw a sketch and labels the points x-axis at A, so y = 0.
A, B and C.
4x − 5(0) − 10 = 0
4x = 10
x = 52
A is the point ( 52 , 0 ) .
b l2: 4x − 2y + 20 = 0 intersects the
x-axis at B, so y = 0.

4x − 2(0) + 20 = 0
Area of ∆ABC = 12 bh 4x = −20
x = −5
= 12 × 3 × 13
= 19.5 B is the point (−5, 0).

9 a l1: y = 7x − 3 c l1: 4x = 5y + 10, l2: 4x = 2y – 20

l2: 4x + 3y − 41 = 0
Where the lines intersect:
Substituting l1 into l2 gives: 5y + 10 = 2y − 20
4x + 3(7x − 3) − 41 = 0 3y = −30
4x + 21x − 9 − 41 = 0 y = −10
25x = 50
x=2 Substituting y = −10 into
4x = 5y + 10:
Substituting x = 2 into y = 7x − 3 gives 4x = −40
y = 11. x = −10
A is the point (2, 11).
l1 and l2 intersect at the point
b When l2 crosses the x-axis, y = 0. (−10, −10).
So 4x + 3(0) − 41 = 0
4x = 41 d The base of ∆ABC is 7 12 .
x = 414 The height of the triangle is 10.
B is the point ( 414 , 0). Area ∆ABC = 12 × 7 12 × 10
= 752

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11 a R(5, −2) and S(9, 0) lie on a straight 11 d TR= (5 − 0) 2 + ((−2) − 8) 2
line.
= 52 + (−10) 2
The gradient, m, of the line is:
= 125
y −y
m= 2 1 =5 5
x2 − x1
0 − (−2)
= e The base of ∆RST is RS, 2 5 .
9−5
2 The height of ∆RST is RT, 5 5 .
=
4
1 Area ∆RST = 12 × 2 5 × 5 5
= = 25
2

The equation of the line is: 12 a l1 has gradient m = − 14 and passes

y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) through the point (−4, 14).
y − (−2)= 12 ( x − 5)
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y + 2 = 12 x − 52
y − 14 =− 14 ( x − (−4))
=y 12 x − 92
4 y − 56 =− x − 4
x + 4 y − 52 = 0
b l2 is perpendicular to l1 so has gradient
−2.
b When l1 crosses the y-axis, x = 0.
The equation of the line is: 0 + 4 y − 52 = 0
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) y = 13
A is the point (0, 13).
y − (−2) =−2( x − 5)
y + 2 = −2x + 10 c l2 has gradient, m = 3 and passes
y = −2x + 8 through the point (0, 0).
y = 3x
c The y-intercept for line l2 is 8.
T is the point (0, 8). To find point B, substitute l2 into l1:
x + 4(3 x) − 52 =0
d RS = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 13 x − 52 = 0
x=4
= (9 − 5) 2 + (0 − (−2)) 2
= 42 + 22 Substitute x = 4 into y = 3x.
y = 12
= 20 B is the point (4, 12).
= 4×5
d The base of ∆OAB is OA = 13.
=2 5 The height of ∆OAB is the distance of
B from the y-axis = 4
Area ∆OAB = 12 × 13 × 4 = 26

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