 Team ID_Team Name_Advance Technology Report

 Author’s Name: Ritesh Manish Bhuta Co-Author’s Name: Mayur Padade

Sr. No. Feature Implemented by Team

(Yes/ No)
1. Li-ion Batteries Yes

2. Energy Regeneration System Yes

3. Battery Charging though Solar Panel No

4. Usage of alternate material in Frame No

5. Cyclo-computers Yes

6. Battery Level Indicator Yes

7. Turn Indicator Yes

8. Head Lamps Yes

9. Brake Light Yes

1. LI-ION BATTERIES

a) Technical Specifications: Voltage =48 volt. Current = 35 Ampere. Total Cells = 169.

Cells in series 13 Cells in Parallel = 13

Nominal Capacity 33.8 Ampere 0.2 Degree C 35.75 V Discharge

Charging Voltage 54.6 Volt

Nominal Voltage 48.1 Volt

Charging Method CC-CV Constant charging with limited current

Standard charging current 8.45 Amp

Rapid Charging Current 16.9

Max charge current 16.9 Amp Ambient temperatue = 25 Degree Celsius.

Max Discharge current 59.15 Amp Ambient temperatue = 25 Degree Celsius.

Discharge cutoff voltage 35.75 Volts.

Operating Temperature Charge :0-45 Degree Celsius Discharge : -10 to 60 Degree Celsius.

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 Storage Temperature 1 year:-10-25C 3 months : -10-45C 1month; -10 to 55C

Battery Pack Weight 8.45 kg

Dimensions in mm Length=247mm, Width=247mm ,Height=70mm

a) Calculations:

b) Circuit Diagram:

Fig 1.Circuit diagram including Main battery, Motor Connections with

Reverse Rotation, Regenerative braking system and battery indicator.

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 Auxilary Battery:

Specifications :12V ,4Ah.

Operation: It is used to power the Headlights , Brake lights ,Turn indicator ,USB connectors ,

Arduino microcontroller,etc

2. ENERGY REGENERATION SYSTEM:

a) Working Principle, concept and features:

Working Principle:

1. In a battery-powered electric vehicle, regenerative braking is the conversion of the vehicle’s kinetic
energy into chemical energy stored in the battery, where it can be used to for good acceleration and
for increasing trip distance .

2. It is braking because it also serves to slow the vehicle. It is regenerative because the energy is
recaptured in the battery where it can be used again.

Concept:

When brakes are applied the kinetic energy due to braking is converted into electrical energy.

b) Calculations: Ripple current = 0.05 Ampere.

Dvout =0.01 volt.

Buck Converter

L = Vout *( Vin – Vout)/ Ripple current * Fs * Vin

= 8 * 22 / 0.05*25000*30

= 4.7 x 10^-3 HENRY.

Cout = Ripple Current / 8 * Fs * Dvout

= 0.05 / 8 * 25,000 * 0.01

= 2.5 X 10^-5 Farad

Fs = 25 KHz.

Ripple Current = 0.05 Ampere.

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 Dvout = 0.01 volt.

Vout =8 volt.

Vin = 30 volt.

c) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.1. and Matlab sketches below.

MATLAB SIMULATION SHOWING PWM SIGNAL FOR CONVERTER

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MATLAB SIMULATION SHOWING REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

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 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN MATLAB

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 THE MATLAB SKETCHES FOR REGENERATIVE BRAKING IS SHOWN IN ABOVE FIG

d) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.1. and in matlab sketches.

PARKING SENSOR AND ULTRASONIC SENSOR USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR.

OBSTACLE DETECTION: In Team Param’s Efficycle 5 Ultrasonic sensors have been used for various
purposes ,

2 sensors at the front side are for obstacle detection ,if the distance between Efficycle and

any other obstacle(eg. Another vehicle ,tree ,stone) at the front has a certain minimum distance say

1.5 meter the buzzer in the Efficycle buzzes indicating user of the Efficyle.

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 PARKING SENSOR:

3 Sensors are at rear to park efficycle efficiently. As Ultrasonic sensors shows the distance between

Efficycle and nearest obstacle. It gives clear idea to user where to park.

THIS IS AN ARDUINO CODE FOR 3 ULTRASONIC SENSORS FOR OBSTACLE DETECTION OF

ARDUINO.

int buzzer = 41;

int buzzer2 = 53;

int buzzer3 = 40;

int trigPin = 50;

int echoPin = 51;

int trigPin2 = 48;

int echoPin2 = 49;

int trigPin3 = 30;

int echoPin3 = 31;

void setup() {

Serial.begin (9600);

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT);

pinMode(trigPin3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin3, INPUT);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer3, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

int duration, distance;

digitalWrite (trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds (10);

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 digitalWrite (trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn (echoPin, HIGH);

distance = duration*0.034/2;

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.print("First: cm");

Serial.println();

if (distance < 100 )

{ // Change the number for long or short distances.

int i;

for(i=0;i<3;i+=1)

digitalWrite (buzzer, HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (buzzer, LOW);

delay(1);

} else {

digitalWrite (buzzer, LOW);

3. BATTERY CHARGING THROUGH SOLAR PANEL:

a) Brief details about concept and features:

b) Calculations:

c) Circuit Diagram:

4. CYCLO COMPUTERS:

a) Brief details about concept and features:

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 Concept :Each time a wheel passes a sensor on the fork a signal is generated.The computer
measures the time between those signals and works out how fast you are going , based on
the wheel dimension you gave on the initial setup.

From this computer can work out whole range of information including least current speed,
average speed, trip distance, total distance travelled and current clock time.

Features: Waterproof

Battery specifications: 1 X 1.5 volt ag13

Auto on/off.

b) Calculations:

c) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.1.

BATTERY LEVEL INDICATOR:

a) Working Principle: It is usual indication of battery’s state of charge.

SOC is the level of charge of an electric battery relative to its capacity. (0% = empty ; 100% =
full).

Battery Level Indicator used in Team Param’s Efficycle uses VOLTAGE METHOD to
convert

reading of voltage to SOC.

The Curve of battery’s open circuit voltage versus time was used for reference.
b) Calculations:

c) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.1.

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 Fig 2: Ckt diagram including Auxilary battery connections, Headlamp, Turn indicator
with flasher ckt, Arduino Uno ,Ultrasonic sensor for Obstacle detection and Parking
sensor, USB connector.

5. HEADLAMPS:

a) Details of system :( type of lamps, operation method, technical specifications such as

intensity, range etc.)

b) Type: Light Emitting Diode (LED).

Operation: This lights works by converting electricity into light through diodes inside the

headlight ,theprocess is known as electroluminescence.

Features : Energy saving 70%. (As per manufacturer’s specification).

Intensity : As per Indian standards.

Range : As per Indian standards.

c) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.2.

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6. TURN INDICATOR:

a) Details of system: (type of lamps, operation method, technical specifications such as

intensity, range etc.)

Type: Incandescent lamp (filament lamp).

Operation : The power from the Auxilary battery is given to incandescent lamps through
SPDT and Electronic

Flasher ckt also called as turn relay with beeper, which is controlled by SPDT switch.

When SPDT switch turned either light or left the power is supplied to filaments of
incandescent bulbs through

Flasher ckt and the bulb blinks. The indicator light is used to give indication of the direction
where vehicle wants to make turn.

Flasher : 12 volt

27 watts.max

4 Bulbs

Flash light frequency: 85 per minute.

Operation: Electronic Flasher is used for providing a frequency to bulbs. It is done by

creating an interruption in electric current indicator ckt.

Intensity: As per Indian standards.

Range: As per Indian standards.

b) Circuit Diagram:

7. BRAKE LIGHT:

a) Details of system: (type of lamps, operation method, technical specifications such as

intensity, range etc.)

Type: Incandascent bulb ( filament bulb)

Operation: When brakes are applied to give an indication to other drivers, the amber bulb
lights during the time interval when brakes are applied. This is possible by using a push to off
switch. When brakes are pressed the push to off switch is acting as on switch. Hence when
brakes are pressed power flows and brake lights are lit.

Intensity: As per Indian standards.

Range: As per Indian standards.

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 b) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.2.

8. USB CHARGING PORT AND SMARTPHONE HOLDER:

a) Working Principle: The Usb charging port is connected to 12 volt auxiliary battery from
which the power is supplied to charging port , from where it can be used for charging of
mobiles ,etc.

Specifications : Input voltage = 9 to 24 volts.

Output voltage= 5 volt .

Output current= 2.1 Ampere.

b) Calculations:

c) Circuit Diagram: Ckt diagram is shown in fig.2.

Note 1: In place of separate circuit diagrams under each sections, combined circuit diagrams may be provided for 2 or
more components/features as suitable.

Note 2: If required for better explanation of systems/technology, teams can modify the sub-headings in each sections
above (from section 1 to section 9).

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 APPENDIX-1 : DESIGN VIEWS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

TAIL AND BRAKE LIGHTS HEADLAMP

AUXILIARY LEAD ACID BATTERY

FLASHER CIRCUIT

WORKING OF INDICATOR LIGHT FLASHER CIRCUIT

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 BATTERY INDICATOR

ARDUINO AND ULTRASONIC SENSORS FOR PARKING AND OBSTACLE

DETECTION

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 B

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