Assignment For Applied Physics

Topic:
 Light Emitting Diode
 Photo Diode
 Schottky Diode
 Tunnel Diode
 Laser Diode
 Zener Diode

Department:
Software Engineering

Submitted To:
DR. M Usman Hashmi

Submitted By:
Qutab Ishaq (Bsem-s20-017)
 1) Write a brief note on Light Emitting Diode?
Introduction:
 Light Emitting Diode stands for LED these are made from specific semi-conductors such as gallium
arsenide and gallium arsenide phosphide.
 Light Emitting diode converts electrical energy in light energy.
 Most important part of LED is the semi-conductor chip which is located in the mid of the bulb and
the chip has two regions which is separately by the junction. (P-region and N-region)

Definition:
LED is defined as, Light Emitting diode is an electronic device that emits light when an electrical
current pass through it. The energy of LEDs allow them to produce bright light while the other
types of bulb using less energy.

Symbol Of LED:

Working Principle Of LED:

 When the sufficient voltage of current is applied to the

chip across the leads of the light emitting diode so
electrons can move easily in only one direction across
the junction of N and P region.
 As voltage is applied the current starts the flow in the N-
region which have sufficient energy to more across the
junction into the P-region.
 Electrons recombines each times with a positive charge so electrical PE is converted into
electromagnetic energy. During each recombination of negative charge and positive
charge an electromagnetic energy is emitted in the form of photon of light.

Applications Of LED:

 These light emitting diodes are commonly used as a small light source. A specially
formed array of seven LEDs is used for displaying digits.
 LED screens for information and for advertising.
  Smart phones plash lights.
 In electronic appliances.
 LED base traffic signals which is also growing fast.
 Cars indicators lights and brake lights.

2) Write a brief note on Photo Diode?

Definition:
It is defined as, Photo diodes is sensor based which converts light energy into electrical current
or in voltage. Photo Diode utilized for the detection of light.

A photo diodes can turn its current ON and OFF immediately. Photo Diode is one of the fastest
photo detection devices.

Working Of Photo Diode:

When a low weight is formed to illuminate the PN junction, covalent bonds are ionized. This
generates hole and electron pairs. Photocurrents are produced due to the generation of
electron-hole pairs. Electron hole pairs are formed when photons of energy of 1.1eV strikes the
diode. When the photon enters the depletion region of diode they strikes the atom with high
energy.

An electron will have charge and holes will have a charge. The depletion energy will have in-
built electric filed due to that electric filed, electron hole pairs moves faraway from the
junction. Hence, holes move to anode- and electrons move to cathode+ to provide photo
current. The photon absorption intensity are directly proportional to photon energy. When the
absorption are going to be more, energy of photos is a smaller amount.

Applications Of Photo Diode:

  In day to day applications, photodiodes are used. When more amount of sunshine falls
on the sensor, it produces high amount of current. As the current is high it show on the
galvanometer.
 Photodiodes are applied in safety electronics like smoke detectors and
Fire. It's also utilized in TV units.
 Photodiodes are widely utilized in medical applications like instruments to
investigate samples, detectors for CAT and also utilized in blood gas monitors.
 They are used for Detection of both invisible radiation and visible radiation.
 Logic circuits, Automatic Switching and optical communication equipment etc.

3) Write a brief note on Schottky Diode?

Definition:
Schottky diode is defined as. It is a device, which comes under the kind of a metal –
semiconductor junction diode. Barrier Diodes and low voltage Diodes are the other names of
Schottky diode. Power drop is lower in Schottky Diode, In comparison to a PN junction diode.

Discovery.

Schottky diode first discovered by scientist named Walter.H.Schottky.

Symbol of Schottky Diode:

Symbol

Working Of Schottky Diode:

  The most vital physical parameter of this Schottky diode is their fastest switching
rate and less forward voltage drop. It's a metal – semiconductor junction
that doesn't have the capacity to save charges at their junction.  This is often due
to absent of depletion layer.
 Usually, a free fall happens at the diode terminals, when current flows by a diode.
Schottky diode free fall is typically between 0.15 and 0.45 volts when place next to a
standard diode. A standard PN junction diode incorporates a free fall range between 0.6
to 1.7 volts. For a more robust efficiency and output, free fall should be low. When
manufacturing the diode, semiconductor device acts as a cathode and also the metal
side acts an anode of the diode
 The current flow in the forward direction, when voltage is given to the diode. The
minimum voltage loss across the terminals of the diode, when the current flows through the
diode. This type of loss of voltage is called as voltage drop.

Application Of Schottky Diode:

 Schottky diodes are employed in industry for several applications in diode rectifier due

to its properties.
 They are used for voltage clamping applications, to stop transistor Saturation.
 It's used as Schottky TTL in digital devices as these devices require fast switching. 
 Due to the performance of digital computers is set by switching speed of diodes,
Schottky diode is a vital component for digital computers.

4) Write a brief note on Tunnel Diode?

Definition:
Tunnel Diode is defined as, A Tunnel Diode is heavily doped P-N junction in which the
voltage increases as the current decreases.

The Tunnel Diode is used in Computers as a very fast switching device. In Tunnel diode
electric current is causes by ‘Tunneling’.
 Symbol of Tunnel Diode:

Working of Tunnel Diode:

 In an unbiased tunnel diode, no voltage are going to be applied to the tunnel diode.

Here, thanks to heavy doping conduction band of N-type semiconductor overlaps with
valence band of P-type material. Electrons from N-side and holes from P-side overlap
with one another and that these are going to be at same energy state.

P α e ( -A * E *b * W )

P–The particle crosses the barrier

E–Energy of the barrier

W–Width of the barrier

 When a small low voltage is applied tunnel current starts to flow. That’s why, this
movement creates a low forward biased tunnel current.
 The maximum Tunnel current flow, when energy of N-side conduction band and also
the energy of a P-side valence band becomes equal.
 At now, the conduction band and the valence band don’t overlap and also the tunnel
diode operates with in the same manner as a PN-junction diode. If the applied voltage is
basically increased, the tunneling current drops to zero

Applications Of Tunnel Diode:

 Tunnel diode is used as a switch, oscillator, and amplifier, they are used as a used as a
high frequency component because it shows a fast response.
 They are used in FM receivers and Oscillator circuits.
 They are used as Logic Memory Storage Device.
 5) Write a brief note on Laser Diode?
Definition:
A laser diode is defined as, It is an optoelectronic device, which converts current into light
energy to provide high-intensity coherent light. During a laser diode, the contact of
the semiconductor device acts because the laser medium or active medium.

The working of the laser diode is nearly same the LED. The common difference between the
LED and laser diode is that the laser diode emits coherent light while the LED emits incoherent
light.

Symbol of Laser Diode:

Working of Laser Diode:

When DC voltage is apply across the laser diode, the free electrons move across the junction
region from the N-type material to the P-type material. During this process, some electrons will
directly link with the valence electrons and excites them to the upper energy whereas other
electrons will recombine with the holes within the semiconductor unit and releases energy
within the kind of light. This process of emission is named spontaneous emission.

The light generated because of the stimulated emission is escaped through the partially
reflective end of the laser diode to supply a narrow beam laser light.
All the photons generated because of the stimulated emission will travel within the same
direction. Therefore, this light will visit long distances without spreading within the space.

Application of Laser Diode:

  Laser diodes are utilized in laser pointers, in fiber optic communications, in barcode
readers, in laser printing, in laser scanning, in range finders and in laser absorption
spectrometry.

6) Write a brief note on Zener Diode?

Definition:
Zener Diode is defined as, A heavily doped diode which is intended to control in reverse
direction is called the Zener diode. In other words, the diode which is specially plan for
optimizing the breakdown region is called the Zener diode.

Symbol of Zener Diode:

Working of Zener Diode:

A heavily doped semiconductor device which is intended to work in reverse direction is
understood because the Zener diode. In other words, the diode which is specially designed for
optimising the breakdown region is understood because the Zener diode.

The current is not flow through the diode when no biasing is applied across the Zener diode,
the electrons stand within the valence band of the P-type material.
When the reverse bias applies across the diode and also the supply voltage is up to the Zener
voltage then it starts conducting within the reverse bias direction. The Zener voltage is that
the voltage at which the depletion region completely vanish.

The voltage across the Zener is represented by the equation is given below:

V = VZ + IZRZ

Applications of Zener Diodes:

 The Zener Diode is commonly used in the industrial and commercial application, they
are are utilized for regulating the voltage as voltage stabilizer, they are utilized in the
multi-meters for control the movement of the meter and they are utilized for wave
shaping.