SIMULATION EXERCISE I: WASTE MANAGEMENT 1

CONFIDENTIAL

TO BE RETURNED AT THE END OF THE EXERCISE

Copy No:

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, LAHORE

11TH MID CAREER MANGEMENT COURSE

SIMULATION EXERCISE I
WASTE MANAGEMENT

FACULTY GUIDE

SPONSOR DS: Mr. SALMAN CHOUDHRY

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Confidentiality of Document
Participants and Faculty Members of National Institute of Management, Lahore are authorized
to use this document. Use of this document-in original or copy of it-by any person, other than the
authorized persons, inside or outside National Institute of Management is STRICTLY
PROHIBITED. Please DO NOT make PHOTOCOPY of this document.

Disclaimer
This document contains training material designed exclusively to promote discussion
amongst the participants of 10th MCMC at NIM Lahore. It is not a prediction of the future,
nor does it necessarily reflect the views of the institution.
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LAHORE

11th Mid Career Management Course
Simulation Exercise I: Waste Management
ROLE OF THE FACULTY

1. In order to ensure effective monitoring and comprehensive guidance of their respective

RAGs, the concerned DS must equip themselves with overall broader view of
operational/tactical issues of the education sector. The Covering DSs will be visiting their
respective RAGs as per schedule, which they will issue to their RAGs. However, in addition to
these scheduled visits, Covering DSs may choose their own time for paying unscheduled
(surprise) visits to the groups assigned to them without prior intimation to the participants. The
participants should be told at the outset that the Sponsor DSs can visit any RAG and Covering
DSs can visit their respective RAGs un-announced at any time to offer advice and assistance.
The unscheduled visits can be as long as required.

2. The Covering DSs should be able to demonstrate to the participants their own superior
quality research on the respective subjects/areas covered by their particular RAG. They should
intellectually challenge the participants with questions/issues which they feel the participants
need to work hard at.

3. The participants should be asked to conduct their own research. They should be
encouraged to devise questionnaires for conducting interviews with primary resources, and
wherever needed, they should be prompted to employ the tools of conducting research through
surveys. They must visit the websites of various government departments/ ministries/institutions
to gain first-hand knowledge.

4. The faculty should ensure that all the RAG members must read the Participants’ Guide in
its entirety in a group formation, and they should not restrict themselves to reading their special
requirements. In addition to this, the faculty should encourage the participants to study in details
all the relevant aspects of education, various education policies and other relevant publications to
accomplish requirements of the exercise.

5. On each visit, the Faculty should review the participants’ analytical skills critically and
offer corrective advice sparingly in the beginning, with the objective of encouraging them to do
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their own research and analysis. The extent of corrective advice may increase gradually as the
exercise progresses.

6. The participants’ assessment should not be based only on their performance during the
presentation. The Faculty should carefully observe the participant’s conduct, intellectual
strength, emotional, stability and group dynamics during the consideration time which should
form the basis of overall assessment.

7. Using qualitative and/or quantitative methods (cost/benefit, pros/cons,

threats/opportunities, sanctions/inducements, rewards/ punishments, advantages/disadvantages),
the participants should be guided to further analyze each and every option/proposal with the
objective of arriving at operational level management solutions. The Faculty should aim to
develop in them the skills and habit of finding the mainstream and alternative and develop
reading, thinking and reasoning ability.

8. The Faculty should insist that the action plan should contain a detailed program (time-
frame, required resources/cost, proposed source of funding, human resource, infrastructure
(tangible or intangible), responsible implementing ministry/ministries/departments/institutions, a
monitoring and review mechanism, etc.) that is workable and implementable.

9. In the Participants’ Guide, they have been prompted to peep into the future and see one
inter-departmental, inter-provincial, and one national or international event which can potentially
destabilize the project. They are expected to be ready with a contingency plan enabling the
Federal/Provincial/District governments to make mid-course corrections in operational strategy.
This part of the requirement is often likely to be overlooked by the participants. Covering DSs
should exercise vigilance and make sure to engage the participants in this futuristic intellectual
activity.

10. Each participant should be made aware of his/her specific task and specified role for the
entire duration of the exercise. They should however, be clearly told to avoid role playing at
time of presentation and to present their work as a well knitted team. While leaders may assign
additional tasks to their respective members, Faculty should advise the leaders that each
participant will submit a written script of his/her research and analysis contribution to the
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respective leaders as well as the covering DSs. The length of these submissions may be limited
to five typed pages.

11. The participants usually contact/visit the person of their assigned role and become
complacent. The Faculty should ensure that the participants should visit the departments relevant
to their area of research. They should assess the strengths and weaknesses of the organization in
terms of human resource, infrastructure and capacity and see whether there exists an institutional
capability to formulate an operational strategy. The Faculty should direct the participants in this
respect and may supervise this area of research by surprise checks.

12. The Faculty should ensure that participants will be provided institutional support such as
transportation, airfare etc. for outstation visits. The visit is only allowed if it is relevant for the
group’s area of research and preparatory work for the visit is done. Only one person will plan the
visit after satisfying the Covering DS upon return of his/her visit. Prior discussion/permission of
Covering DS would be mandatory for the visit.

13. Covering DSs should have zero tolerance for wish lists. Participants should be asked to
come up with implementable recommendations which should invariably answer the question
"how". For this they should be encouraged to "think out of the box".

14. The Faculty should oversee that simulation exercise is an application tool where it is
extremely hard for the participants to get a grading of 70% or above across the board. Only
exceptionally talented and outstanding participants can match that level of expertise and can get
grading within this category. In general, the exercise grading has to be approximately 10% to
15% less than the general grading. The Covering DSs will play a guiding and supervisory role
for the duration of the exercise. Things to observe are:

• Adherence to instructions, both written and verbal.

• Group dynamics and ability to work out a consensus approach.

• Observance of dress code, security instructions, etc.
• Use of maps / models should be made a necessary part of their presentations.

• Faculty should task the participants to set time & dates for rehearsals.
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• Participants should be asked to operate the computers on their own while preparing
for and making the presentations.

• Leaders of groups should be sensitized to the importance of security of the

documents. They will be responsible for the safe custody and security of all the
documents issued in connection with the exercise.

• Laptops are allowed inside the Exercise rooms only for the exercise purposes.
Exercise work done on computers shall be deleted on the conclusion of the exercise.

• All exercise papers are classified and will be accounted for. Leaders may, therefore,
be told that they will ensure proper custody of papers and return them to the Sponsor
DSs at the end of the Exercise.

• Covering DS should ensure that while formulating Action Plans, groups must strictly
adhere to the General Requirements in paragraphs: 28-32.

SPECIFIC GUIDELINES

15. Detailed specific requirements have been provided for each syndicate/RAG in the
Participants’ Guide attached with this booklet and faculty advisors are requested to go through
them carefully before having a session with their respective groups. The following notes are in
addition to those provided in the participant’s guide and the implied questions in the requirement
have been spelled out to facilitate the advisors in guiding and evaluating their respective groups.
The advisors need not confine themselves only to these questions. This is the minimum basic
requirement that should be fulfilled. The participants should be intellectually challenged to
examine the issues from different angles and encouraged to come up with out-of-the-box
solutions. It is also pertinent to note here that in the composition of RAGs (Participant Guide),
due to a limited number of participants in each group, at times, more than one role is assigned to
one participant. This implies that both these are important and should be consulted by the group.
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Rag 1 FEDERAL SECRETARY ENVIROMENTAN ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY

FRAMEWORK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN AND ITS
COMPARISON WITH SAARC COUNTRIES
50. The efficient management of solid waste in the country requires that a proper
legal/regulatory framework is in place at the Federal, Provincial, District and Local level. In
actual effect a host of regulations, laws, rules, byelaws and procedures are in the field to control
waste management. The most prominent of the laws is the Pakistan Environment Protection Act
1997.
51. Rag 1 is required to carry out a comprehensive research of the Laws, Acts, and Codes,
Ordinances, bye-laws and procedures that have been enacted in the country, from time to time, to
regulate the management of the waste. At the same time the Rag has to determine the
effectiveness of the regulatory mechanism in place and to identify its deficiencies and
shortcomings as well as the implementation problems associated with the framework. The
Syndicate has not only to assess the quality of regulations but it has also to examine if the
implementing agencies and the available human capital has the capacity to implement these
regulations. The Syndicate is also expected to draw comparison of the regulatory framework in
Pakistan with that in one regional country and one developed country of the world.
52. Finally, after having examined the whole spectrum of regulations on the above lines, the
Rag is required to give its analysis and suggest recommendations to make the regulatory
framework effective, efficient, implementable and compatible with the prevailing conditions
within the new Sanitation Policy of the Government of Pakistan.
Rag 2 FFEDERAL SECRETARY ENVIROMENT STUDY GROUP ON SUGGESTING
WAYS TO CONTROL ELECTRONIC WASTE IN PAKISTAN.
53. While this phenomenon is a global one, the problem in Pakistan is of a greater magnitude
as it has become a dumping ground of a host of obsolete computers and its accessories which are
shipped to the country. During previous years, a number of containers with a large quantity of
computers, computer accessories and related gadgets were imported to Pakistan. Mobile phones,
too, have the same adverse effect on the environment as other electronic items. The stream of
obsolete electrical and electronic products that is disposed of is commonly termed as e-waste.
The major components of e-waste are computers and their accessories. It’s estimated that the
quantity of e-waste ranges from 20 million tonnes to 50 million tonnes every year. The growing
number of consumers of electronic items has further compounded the issue, and the problem of
e-waste is also escalating in Karachi.
54. E-waste comprises of toxic agents like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), copper, lead,
zinc, gold, iron, thallium etc. One of the most toxic equipment is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
present in monitors of Computer and TV which contains lead – a deadly metal. Lead is
poisonous for the nervous system and acts as a neurotoxin once it enters the human body. Lead
causes the progressive disruption of brain’s functions and if toxic levels are high, it can also lead
to paralysis. It can also be the cause of anemia and bone marrow depression if it enters the
human body through lead laced water. Other toxic metals found in electronic equipments include
cadmium – a primary component of some batteries and circuit boards – which is a known
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carcinogen. Another heavy metal, Mercury, is toxic for humans and animals both and, if present,
can lead to neurological disorders as mercury and its chemicals interrupts neuronal conduction in
brain and nerves. PCB’s – among the most potent toxins called dioxins – are persistent organic
pollutants and can cause birth defect.
55. In Pakistan, people responsible for handling e-waste and those who are extracting
valuables from computers are incognizant of their toxic effects. When different components of
computers and various computer accessories are burnt in an open atmosphere, they pollute the air
by releasing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot particles and black smoke. This pollution
leads to allergic manifestation and various skin and respiratory tract disorders. While it is
common knowledge that e-waste is categorized as “toxic waste”, the air of Karachi is already
polluted due to smoke emitted by vehicles and hazardous disposal of toxic industrial waste.
56. Rag 2 is required to study the phenomenon of e-waste in Pakistan in depth with facts and
figures. It is required to look into the Environment Policy of the Government and also relevant
export laws dealing with this subject. Further it is required to look into the role of various
stakeholders in clearing this waste. The rag must also discuss the alternatives for e-waste
disposal being undertaken in other countries.
Rag 3 CHIEF SCRETARY PUNJAB’s TASK FORCE ON IMPROVING INDUSTRIAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PUNJAB
57. Different toxic and poisonous substances are used in the process of different Industries.
For example, lead is used in battery industry, chromium compound in leather industry, mercury
in manufacturing industry and cyanide in metal finishing industry. These toxic compound are the
major source of contamination and pollution. These chemical, metals include chromium, lead,
mercury, arsenic, cyanide and cadmium.
58. Due to the use of toxic substances the effluent originating from these industries are much
toxic. Little attention has been paid towards the disposal and treatment of the industrial effluents
in developing countries like Pakistan due to financial, industrial and technical constraints.
Besides then there is no strict parameter and guide line standards for disposal of effluent in
streams. It is not feasible to construct treatment plant for the every industrial units of production.
Also there is no industrial research being carried out on environmental control projects in private
sector and very little in public sector industries of Pakistan. It is now being realized that the legal
measures to control pollution problems is the real solution to the problems. Pakistan will have to
develop its own technology and capability for constructing treatment plants.
59. The rag is required to look into the ill effects of the industrial waste which in affecting
the national health. There are various mechanisms, laws and agencies available to address these
issues. It is noted with disdain that despite much rhetoric the issue is still there and refuses to go
away. The rag must look and explore these reasons as to why this is happening and identify the
operational snags. It is also expected that some proposals must be presented which are based on
facts and figures.
Rag 4 COMMITTEE OF SECRETARY HEATLH PUNJAB ON HOSPITAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN LAHORE.
60. Hazardous waste has been defined as any waste or the combination of wastes that poses a
substantial danger, now or in future, to human, plant or animal life and which, therefore, cannot
be handled or disposed of without special precautions.1 Medical or hospital waste is one of the
six sectors that generate the hazardous waste. Waste generated in hospitals and other health care

1
Pak-EPA (2005), Guidelines for Solid Waste Management, Pak EPA in collaboration with JICA, Ministry of
Environment, PEP and UNDP.
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facilities can broadly be classified into the ‘Municipal Waste’ and the hazardous waste which
comprises of sharps and needles, used syringes, scissors and contaminated bandages, dressings,
linen dead tissues, organs and radioactive wastes (dyes) etc.
61. Total quantity of hospital waste generated in Pakistan is estimated to be around2 279,000
tons per year which includes 81,000 tons of high-risk waste. Very few facilities are there in the
country to handle this waste as per the scientific requirements. Majority of the healthcare
facilities dispose off their waste, both hazardous and non hazardous, as municipal waste. This
allows the informal sector to take advantage of anything it deems valuable which it segregates
for reuse or sells, for recycling, thus exposing themselves and the general public to great health
hazards. Even the medical and paramedical staff, the janitorial staff at the hospitals, the patients,
the attendants and the civil society at large, has little or no knowledge of the proper disposal
methods for hazardous waste and the antecedent health risks associated with this waste.
62. The Rag is required to critically examine the various waste disposal methods currently
being employed in Lahore by the Provincial, Federal and Private healthcare facilities. In doing so
the Rag is expected to identify the deficiencies and the weaknesses in the management of
hazardous waste by the many different agencies. After having analyzed the whole system the
Rag is required to give its recommendations, in the shape of an action plan, which are practicable
and doable to manage the hazardous hospital waste in Lahore.
Rag 5 DIRECTOR GENERAL EPA’s WORKING GROUP ON SUGGESTING
MEASURES ON WASTE MANAGEMENT FROM TANNERIES IN KASUR
63. Kasur is an old town of Punjab and is famous for being the home of the renowned Sufi
Poet Bulleh Shah. It is located in the South East of Lahore at a distance of about 45 km. Its
estimated current population is 0.3 Million and is administered by the TMA Kasur. Kasur is also
famous for its leather tanneries. Since Pakistan is an important player in international leather
market, the tanneries of Kasur have a special place in the industrial landscape of Pakistan.
Pakistan earns about 7% of its export revenue from leather and leather goods and almost 1/3 rd
of all the tanneries of Pakistan are located in Kasur. The processing of leather requires the
treatment of hides and skins with special chemicals. These chemicals are very harmful to the
environment and health of the general public. Besides these many solid wastes are also generated
as a consequence of treatment of leather.
64. The Rag is required to identify the existing situation of the management of waste from
tanneries, both solid and liquid. It should identify the flaws and deficiencies in the system. Has
the government taken any steps to ensure the safe disposal of the wastes from tanneries? Is there
a regulatory framework in place to check their harmful effects on the environment and health?
Above all the RAG should assess the impact of enforcement of regulating the process of tanning
and its impact on socioeconomic fabric of Kasur. It would be also a better idea to come up with
best practices in this field and why they are not being incorporated in our industrial sector.
Rag 6 TASK FORCE OF CHIEF SECRETARY PUNJAB ON PUBLIC PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIP (PPP) FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LAHORE
65. The performance of public sector in the management of solid waste has been dismal, to
say the least. This can be gauged from a single most important indicator i.e. solid waste
collection. According to a survey of 08 municipalities by EPMC in 1996 it ranges between 51-
69%. The reasons for inadequate service are many which include financial constraints, poor
institutional structures, capacity of available human resource and inadequate regulatory

2
Ibid
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framework etc. These shortcomings give rise to inadequate waste management with consequent
degradation of environment and exposure of the people to serious health risks.
66. There are alternative technologies and methods available which can be employed to
utilise the solid waste and generate economies of scale, as has been shown around the world.
There are examples of countries producing electricity and methane gas from the solid waste. The
other important issue is of space as solid waste is composed of bio degradable and non
degradable material which needs land fill space and Lahore is running out of options. The
vacuum created by the inefficiencies of public sector gives rise to many questions one of which
is as to whether the private sector could be engaged to improve the situation? There has been
awareness on the part of the public sector to explore the possibility of PPP in the country but
nothing concrete has materialized so far.
67. Rag 6 is required to study the feasibility of developing PPP in order to maximize the
management of waste starting from collection up to its final disposal/treatment. In doing so the
Rag may like to examine or assess any model of PPP, successful or unsuccessful, in the sector.
The issues of governance related to PPP must also be identified correctly in the implementation
of a PPP. In doing so the Rag is also expected to study any successful model in the region and
draw conclusion if such a model could be adapted to the existing situation in Pakistan.
Rag 7 CHIEF MINISTER SINDH TASK FORCE ON PROPOSING MEASURES FOR
MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL WASTE IN KARACHI
68. Karachi is the largest and fastest growing city of Pakistan. Its population is likely to touch
180 Million in the year 2010 (KSDP 2020). Likewise the food needs of this huge population are
also enormous. The meat and dairy products needed for the city are obtained from the animal
farms situated in many cattle colonies situated at the periphery of the city, the largest of which is
the Cattle Colony Landhi, which is located at a distance of 32 km from Zero point of Karachi on
the National Highway.
69. Landhi Cattle Colony, established in 1958 by the erstwhile KMC, is now a part of Bin
Qasim Town. All dairy animals were shifted to this place to keep the city clean. It originally
covered an area of about 752 acres and was supposed to provide space for 360 farms and 15000
animals. Over the years the fast growing population has necessitated the establishment of new
farms. The overall population of animals in Karachi is around 0.9–1 million, according to
sources in the CDGK, whereas the representatives of dairy farmers argue that the figure is much
higher. Such a huge number of animals give rise to generation of huge quantities of waste, both
solid and liquid. The waste consists of the human and animal excreta, waste from the continuous
slaughtering of dry animals and calves and waste generated due to allied business activities.
70. The Rag is required to analyze the management of animal waste in the cattle colonies of
Karachi. What are the methods employed by the TMAs and the CDGK to manage the waste
generated in and around the Cattle Colonies? How effective are these practices? If not, what are
the deficiencies in the system? What are the operational weaknesses in the management of solid
waste in the colony? What economic opportunities exist, for generation of revenue through
production of energy or compost from the waste? After having analyzed the whole management
system in the cattle colonies the RAG is required to formulate an action plan to convert the
system into an efficient system with some financial gains for the CDGK and the TMAs.
Rag8 COMMISSIONER GUJRANWALA STUDY GROUP ON PROPOSING
MEASURES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CITY OF SIALKOT
71. Sialkot is located at about 125 km North East of Lahore. It has a population of
approximately half a million people. It is an important city of Pakistan, famous for being the
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birth place of Poet Philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal. It is also renowned, the world over,
for production of sports equipment, surgical instruments, cutlery and leather goods, items which
are in great international demand. These are all export oriented items and fetch billions of dollars
every year in foreign exchange. There are several other allied industries which are working as
vendors for other industries of Pakistan. The people of Sialkot have shown a strong will to share
the burden of the government by financing the first ever private sector airport under the aegis of
a SIAL CONSORTIUM. In a survey conducted by World Bank Team in 2007 it came to the fore
that only four percent of the total budgetary outlay of TMA Sialkot for the year 2005-06 was
allocated for Solid Waste Management. No wonder Sialkot is one of the dirtiest cities of the
world.
72. The Rag is required to analyze the management of waste both solid and liquid in the city
of Sialkot. The analysis should encompass the quantity and composition of the waste, both solid
and liquid, considering the nature of industrial activity in the city, the resource allocation
(financial and human) in this respect, and the efficiency of the service delivery of the TMA.
After having assessed the current SWM practices, the RAG is required to identify the
shortcomings / deficiencies in the service delivery in the light of which it should prepare an
action plan to remedy the situations. The plan should be workable and practicable. The RAG
may also take into account the participation of the CBOs since the people of Sialkot have shown
a strong tendency in such like activities.
Rag 9 CHIEF COMMISSIONER ISLAMABD’s STUDY GROUP ON IMROVING
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ISLAMABAD.
73. Islamabad is located in the Potohar Region of the country. It is the capital of the country
and is a vibrant growing international city. It sits in the Margalla Valley which gives it scenic
beauty. The Population of Islamabad is almost 6 million and it has a literacy rate of 75%. This
city is well planned with paved roads, underground cables and drains. The problem is of
management of this waste which is liquid and solid.
74. The other issue is dumping of liquid waste in the Rawal Dam which is threatening the
water supply of the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The other issue is dumping of solid
waste in the naturally flowing rivulets and streams which criss-cross the valley. This blocks the
natural flow of water and results in flooding during heavy rains. There are hosts of other issues
which have brought the monster of environmental disaster out of the closet. Given the level of
literacy and awareness the citizens don’t seem to be motivated either.
75. The Rag is required to study the system in detail and discuss the available plans for
improving the situation. It would be a good idea if alternative technologies find a mention in the
discussion of the Rag. The important question of motivation should also be addressed by the
Rag. The rag must also highlight the plight of Rawal Dam and Khanpur Dam which supply clean
drinking water.
Rag 10 COMMISSIONER MULTAN’s WORKING GROUP ON IMRPOVING THE
WASTE MANGEMENT IN MULTAN.
76. Multan is ancient cities which trace its history to almost 6000 years in antiquity and claim
to be the oldest living city. It sits on the borders of River Chenab and is an arid semi desert city.
It has a well defined irrigations system which feeds its vast hinterland and has a bustling
agriculture. However the city suffers from systemic lack of waste management. It stills employs
the old method of land filling system and open sewers.
77. With the growth in the population and housing sector the city needs creative thinking as it
cannot afford to drop its liquid waste in the river and burn the solid waste. The other problem
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which plagues the city is the close vicinity of factories which has created air pollution and the
city can rival Mexico City in air pollution. All these factors have combined to produce health
nightmare.
78. The rag is required to look at the latest development plans of the city and comment on the
up-gradation of the waste disposal system. The rag should also look at the community
participation in waste management. It should also discuss the quality of drinking water and
discuss ways in which liquid waste can be minimised. It would be a good idea to compare the
city with California where liquid waste is being managed efficiently.