Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 1 AC مكائن PDF

    Uploaded by

    حيدر محمد
    26 views8 pages

    Original Title

    1 AC مكائن.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    26 views8 pages

    1 AC مكائن PDF

    Uploaded by

    حيدر محمد

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 8
    TRANSFORMER A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance, The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction e = Mdl/dt). If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding. In brief, a transformer is a device that 1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another 2. It does so without a change of frequency 3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction 4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual induetive influence of each other. Transformer Construction The simple elements of a transformer consist of two coils having mutual and a laminated steel core. The two coils are insulated from each other and the steel core. Other necessary parts are : some suitable container for assembled core and windings ; a suitable medium for insulating the core and its windings from its cont bushings (cither of porcel filled or capacitor-type) for secondary insulating and bringing out the terminals of windings from the tank. In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with 2 minimum of air-gap included. The steel used is of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a permeability and a low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss is minimized by laminations being insulated from each other by a light coat of core-plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface. A Elementary Theory of an Ideal Transformer: An ideal transformer is one which has no losses i.e. its windings have no ohmic resistance, there is no magnetic leakage and hence which has no /7R and core losses. In other words, an ideal transformer consists of two purely inductive coils wound on a loss-free core. It may, however, be noted that it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice, yet for convenience, we will start with such a transformer and step by step approach an actual transformer. @ Fig.2 Consider an ideal transformer (Fig. 2 (a)] whose secondary is open and whose primary is connected to sinusoidal alternating voltage V 1. This potential difference causes an alternating current to flow in the primary. Since the primary coil is purely inductive and there is no output (secondary being open) the primary draws the magnetising current I pp only. The function of this current is merely to magnetise the core, it is small in magnitude and lags V 1 by 90°, This alternating current Ip produces an alternating flux @ which is, at all times, proportional to the current (assuming permeability of the magnetic circuit to be constant) and, hence, is in phase with it, This changing flux is linked both with the primary If the primary coil and the secondary windings. Therefore, it produces self-induced e.m.f. in the primary. This self-induced e.m4 E1 is, at every instant, equal to and in opposition to V 1. It is also known as counter e.m.f. or back e.m.f. of the primary. P-up transformer Primary coil Secondary coil aa == it he primary coi has 3 loops and the secondary coil has 30, the voitage is -_ stepped up 10 times. Step-down transformer Primary coil Secondary coil If the primary coil has 30 loops and the secondary coil has 3, the voltage is stepped down 10 times. Step-up transformer Fig.3 Similarly, there is produced in the secondary an induced e.m.f, E2 which is known as mutually induced e.m.f. This e.m-f. is antiphase with V 1 and its magnitude is proportional to the rate of change of the flux and the number of secondary turns. ‘The instantancous values of applied voltage ,induced e.m.fs ,flux and magnetizing current are shown by sinusoidal waves in fig 2 (b) . fig 2(b) shows the vectorial representation of the effective values of the above quantities. E.MLF. Equation of a Transformer: Let N1= No of turns in primary N2= No of turns in secondary m= Maximum flux in core in webers = Bm * A F = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz As shown in fig 4 , flux increases from its zero value to maximum value gm in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in % f second. Fig4 Average rate of change of flux = om/(1/4f) = 4fgm Whis or volt Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced e.m.f. in volts. Average e.m.f./turn = 4fgm volt If flux g varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s. value of induced e.m.f, is obtained by multiplying the average value with form factor: Form factor = r.m.s. value / average value = 1.11 r.m.s. value of e.m.f./turn = 1.11 x4 fom = 4.44 fom volt Now, r.m.s. value of the induced e.m.f. in the whole of primary winding = (induced e.m.f/turn) *No. of primary turns E1=4.44£N1 m= 4.44 1N1 BmA. Similarly, rams. value of the e.m.f. induced in secondary is, E2= 4.44 [N2 om = 4.44 £N2BmA. It is seen from (i) and (ii) that E1/Ni = E2/N2 = 4.44 f pm. It means that e.m.f/turn is the same in both the primary and secondary windings. In an ideal transformer on no-load, V 1 = El and E2 = V 2 where V 2 is the terminal voltage ig. 5). Fig(5) Voltage Transformation Ratio (K): From equations (i) and (ii), we get: E2/E1=N2/NI-K ‘This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio. @IfN2>N1 ie. K > 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer. IfN2

    You might also like