INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

TRANSPORTATION AND
DEVELOPMENT 2016
PROJECTS AND PRACTICES FOR PROSPERITY
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT

June 26–29, 2016

Houston, Texas

SPONSORED BY
The Transportation & Development Institute
of the American Society of Civil Engineers

EDITED BY
Kelvin C. P. Wang, Ph.D., P.E.

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
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International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 iii

Preface

With over 15,000 members the Transportation and Development Institute (T&DI) of the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is pleased to offer the proceedings of the
International Conference on Transportation & Development held in Houston, Texas, USA
(ICTD 2016) on June 26-29, 2016. There are over 100 papers in the proceedings covering
topics on roadways, rail, airfields, development, and infrastructure.

The ICTD conference brings together transportation and development researchers,

engineers, planners, designers, project managers, construction managers, and contractors
from around the world to discuss advances in transportation and modes of travel as well as
the interconnection with new developments such as airport cities, planned neighborhoods,
and urban city centers.

The following five tracks are included at the conference along with the five Technical
Track Chairs:

• Rail & Transit Michael J. Loehr

• Development Lenor M. Bromberg
• Roadways Jeffrey D. Borowiec
• Aviation & Aerospace Loy F. Warren III
• Cross-Cutting Themes Zhanmin Zhang

I would like to specifically thank the Technical Track Chairs who spent many hours, days
and weekends reviewing papers, soliciting reviews, and contacting authors. Without their
tireless work, we would not have this wonderful volume of high quality proceedings. I,
together with the Track Chairs, thank all the reviewers and the T&DI committees who
contributed to the proceedings’ quality.

Andrea Baker, Senior Manager of T&DI, provided a tremendous amount of logistical

support in the paper review process and advised the Technical Track Chairs and myself of
new information and potential problems. Our T&DI Executive Director Muhammad Amer
has been the backbone for the success of this conference. Susan Long (ASCE Conference)
and Donna Dickert (ASCE Publications) supported the conference throughout different
stages of the preparation.

Last but not least, the leadership of the two conference chairs, Mr. Geoff Baskir of the
FAA and Professor Ernie Heymsfield of the University of Arkansas, is highly appreciated!

Kelvin C.P. Wang, Editor

Professor of Civil Engineering, and Gilbert, Cooper, W&W Steel Chair
Oklahoma State University

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 iv

Acknowledgments

Steering Committee Co-Chairs

Geoff Baskir, C.M., AICP, M.ASCE, Federal Aviation Administration
Ernie Heymsfield, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, University of Arkansas

Technical Editor
Kelvin Wang, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Oklahoma State University

Track Chairs
Jeffrey D. Borowiec, Ph.D., Texas A&M Transportation Institute (Roadways Track)
Lenor M. Bromberg, P.E., M.ASCE, City of Roswell, Georgia (Development Track)
Michael J. Loehr, P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M Hill (Rail and Transit Track)
Loy F. Warren III, P.E., M.ASCE, Kimley-Horn Associates (Aviation & Aerospace Track)
Zhanmin Zhang, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, The University of Texas at Austin (Cross-Cutting
Themes Track)

ICTD Executive Committee

Imad L. Al-Qadi, Ph.D., P.E., Dist. M.ASCE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Marsha Anderson Bomar, M.ASCE, FITE, AICP, ENV SP, Stantec
D. Wayne Klotz, P.E., D.WRE, Pres.09. ASCE, ENV SP, Klotz Associates
Scott D. Murrell, P.E., M.ASCE, Applied Research Associates
C. Michael Walton, Ph.D., P.E., Dist M.ASCE, The University of Texas at Austin
Wanming Zhai, Ph.D., Southwest Jiaotong University, China; Member, Chinese National
Academy of Sciences

© ASCE
8/12/2016 Table of Contents | ICTD 2016

Home
Proceedings Information
Table of Contents
Author Index
Copyright
Show All
ICTD 2016
Aviation
10 Years of Experience Using Warm Mix Asphalt for Airside Pavements—Boston Logan Airport
1
Brian Aho ;
David Hein ;
Sarah Dennechuk ;
Richard Bessom
A Flight Ground­Waiting Time Threshold Optimization Model
13
Yaping Zhang ;
Zhiwei Xing ;
Qi Fan ;
Siqi Hao
Commercial Spaceports: Where We Are and Where We Are Going
24
Brian Gulliver
Decision­Making Tool for the Selection of Pavement Preservation Treatments in General Aviation Airport Pavements
30
Poura Arabali ;
Maryam Sakhaeifar ;
Tom Freeman ;
Bryan Wilson ;
Jeffrey Borowiec
Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Layer Response Using Asphalt Strain Gauges and Fiber Optic Strain Gauges
42
Qiang Li ;
Carlos Cary ;
Sean Combs ;
Navneet Garg
Fabrication of Polytetrafluoroethylene­Coated Asphalt Concrete Biomimetic Surfaces: A Nanomaterials­Based Pavement Winter Maintenance
Approach
54
Ali Arabzadeh ;
Halil Ceylan ;
Sunghwan Kim ;
Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan ;
Alireza Sassani
International Operations Challenges: George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston
65
Lana Van Marter
New Group VI Parallel Runway at Calgary International Airport: A Case History of Successful Implementation and Lessons Learned
76
George Nowak
Relationship between Climate Type and Observed Pavement Distresses
88
T. A. Parsons ;
B. A. Pullen
Temperature Sensitivity of Precast Concrete Panels Used for the Repair of Rigid Pavements
103
Reza S. Ashtiani ;
Gabriel De Haro
The FAA Airports GIS Program’s Benefits to Airports
116
Michael T. McNerney
Economic Assessment of Heated Pavements for the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport
128
Pritha Anand ;
Halil Ceylan ;
Dimitra V. Pyrialakou ;
Konstantina Gkritza ;
Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan ;
Sunghwan Kim ;
Peter C. Taylor
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Cross‑Cutting Themes
Driverless Transportation—Two Future Scenarios
140
Peter J. Muller
Influence of the Elasticity Modulus of Cement Asphalt Mortar on the Temperature Stress and Deformation of a CRTS II Slab Track
152
Xiaolin Song ;
Chunfa Zhao ;
Xiaojia Zhu
Managing the Freight Deliveries in Manhattan: Opportunities for Collaborative City Logistics Measures
162
Md. Shoaib Chowdhury
Measuring Performance on P3 Projects through a Systematic Requirements Management Program
171
David Brown
Performance of the Overlay Tester in Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Modes
181
Victor Garcia ;
Jose Garibay ;
Imad Abdallah ;
Soheil Nazarian
Quality Assurance for Automated and Semi‑Automated Pavement Condition Surveys
192
Francisco Dalla Rosa ;
Nasir G. Gharaibeh ;
Emmanuel G. Fernando ;
Andrew Wimsatt
State‑of‑the‑Art Blast­Resistant Design of Airports: Innovative Analytical Methodologies and Tools
202
Timothy R. Brewer ;
John E. Crawford ;
Peter J. Vonk
System Intersections—Concepts, Simulation Studies, and Potential Applications
214
W. Zhang ;
N. Kronprasert
Using Pavement Conditions and Structural Evaluations to Optimize Construction Haul Routes for Wind Farm Development
227
Laxmikanth Premkumar ;
Paul M. Dalbey ;
William R. Vavrik
Vulnerable User Road Safety Enhancements for Transportation Asset Management
238
Carlos M. Chang ;
Marketa Vavrova

Development
Addressing the Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts Brought about by Infrastructure Development in an Environmental Justice
Community
247
Dennis A. Randolph
Efforts in Transportation Sustainability: Case Study of Villanova University
259
Patrick McTish ;
Seri Park ;
Liesel Schwarz
Developing Integrated Multimodal Transportation Networks in Bangladesh with Regional Connectivity: Key Issues and Challenges
270
Md. Shoaib Chowdhury
Effects and Frameworks to Estimate the Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Infill Development for Urban Planning
279
F. Qiao ;
K. Zhang ;
Q. Li ;
B. You ;
L. Yu
Evaluation of MRTS Using the Spatial Technique: A Case Study
289
Rajiv Gupta ;
R. Srinivas ;
P. Rajesh Reddy ;
Vemula Swathi
Impacts of OCTA’s Measure M Tier 1 and Tier 2 Grant Programs on the Transportation/Stormwater Nexus
299
Ken Susilo ;
Stacy Luell ;
Dan Phu ;
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Stacy Luell ;
Dan Phu ;
Alison Army
Laboratory Evaluations of Long­Term Hydraulic Performance and Maintenance Requirements for Pervious Concrete Mixes: A Case Study in
Southern Brazil
309
Liv Haselbach ;
Vanessa Fátima Pasa Dutra ;
Paulete Schwetz ;
Luiz Carlos Pinto da Silva Filho
Land Use and Transportation Modeling
318
Alireza Gerayeli ;
Jacqueline M. Jenkins
Prioritizing Safety Projects with Confidence Using Two‑Step Spatial Screening
329
W. Zhang ;
K. Hancock ;
Y. Wang ;
H. Sardar
Proactive Advances in Stormwater Management for Green Streets and Public Rights­of­Way in the City of Los Angeles
341
Ken Susilo ;
Wing Tam
Providing a Methodology to Codify Regulations for Private Parking in Tehran City
353
Mortaza Khalili ;
Amirreza Nickkar ;
Mojtaba Ghadiri
Rating Systems for Sustainable Transportation: Status and Opportunities
365
Michael D. Bennett ;
Kristen L. Sanford Bernhardt
Regional Governance and Hub Stations: The Impact on Development and Transport Connections
373
Rebecca Heywood ;
Joseph Sussman
Semi‑Markov Decision Process: A Decision Tool for Transportation Infrastructure Management Systems
384
O. S. Thomas ;
J. O. Sobanjo
Traffic Signal Timing Optimization by Modelling the Lost Time Effect in the Shock Wave Delay Model
397
Mohammad Noaeen ;
Amir Abbas Rassafi ;
Behrouz Homayoun Far

Rail and Public Transit
A Novel Approach to Assessing Railway Track Quality Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition
409
Zaiwei Li ;
Xiaoyan Lei ;
Liang Gao
A Transfer Route Choice Model of Railway Passengers Based on the Maximum Utility
422
Jin Zeng ;
Xiaonan Jin ;
Chunjiao Dong ;
David B. Clarke
Analysis on the Dynamic Performance of a High‑Speed Train Running on Different Types of Ballastless Track Structures
434
Xuancheng Yuan ;
Guoying Tian ;
Kaiyun Wang ;
Wanming Zhai
Automated Survey of Railway Conditions: A Preliminary Investigation
446
Baoxian Li ;
Xianxing Dai ;
Kelvin C. P. Wang ;
Enhui Yang ;
Yi Peng
A Corridor‑Level Evaluation of GPS‑Based Transit Signal Priority
455
Yu Song ;
Milan Zlatkovic ;
Richard J. Porter
CSX Trenton Line Clearance Improvement Project—Contract 1
467
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467
Christopher W. Wright ;
Derek S. Mihaly
Determining Optimal Lots for Developing Park‑and‑Ride Facilities: Case Study of Palm Beach County
479
Evangelos I. Kaisar ;
Majed Al‑Ghandour
Effective Radius at the Tangent Point and Its Uses
490
Nazmul Hasan
Fatigue Test of Rail
501
Nazmul Hasan
Flexpress: A Flexible High‑Speed Intercity Transit Service
513
Andisheh Ranjbari ;
Yi‑Chang Chiu ;
Mark Hickman
Hertzian Contact Stiffness
525
Nazmul Hasan
Identifying Themes in Railroad Equipment Accidents Using Text Mining and Text Visualization
531
Trefor P. Williams ;
John F. Betak
Innovative Technology for ADA Compliance and the Improved Safety of New Construction and Existing Track Crossings
538
Robert M. Loomis
Making Transit Reliability Benefits Accessible to Engineers
549
John C. Parker ;
Ben Rommelaere
Modeling Bus Travel Delay and Travel Time for Improved Arrival Prediction
562
Yashaswi Kotagiri ;
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha
Probabilistic Cost­Benefit Analysis for Shifting Transit Vehicles from Gasoline to Compressed Natural Gas in Lebanon
574
Dima Jawad
Public Sector Passenger and Freight Rail Programs: A Survey of U.S. Practice
588
D. B. Clarke ;
L. Ogard ;
J. Beckett
Discretized Journey–Time Model of Dynamic Link
602
Ying Liu ;
Yong Zhang ;
Ming‑jun Liao ;
Zhenghua Zhang ;
Chunguang Jing
Review of Global Evidence of the Ridership and Transportation System Impacts of High‑Speed Rail
611
Benjamin R. Sperry
A Smartphone‑Based Image Analysis Technique for Ballast Aggregates
623
Bin Zhang ;
Seung Jae Lee ;
Yu Qian ;
Erol Tutumluer ;
Sumana Bhattacharya
Stiffness Ratio of a Direct Fixation Fastener
631
Nazmul Hasan
Stray Current Mitigation and Collection Techniques Adopted by a DC Transit Agency and Its Effectiveness in Controlling Stray Currents
640
Saud Memon ;
Gary Clarner ;
Paul Fromme
The Impact of North Dakota’s Oil Boom on Transit Livability
651
Del Peterson ;
Elvis Ndembe
Tower 55: A Successful Partnership beyond Your Typical P3
659
Patrick Halsted ;
Brian Large ;
Dennis Schulze
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Roadways
3D Visualization for Long Pavement Surfaces with 1­mm Laser Imaging Data
671
Yue Fei ;
Kelvin C. P. Wang ;
Qiang "Joshua" Li ;
Cheng Chen
A Feasibility Growth Study of Native Mosses Associated with Self‑Sustaining Flora on Vertical Infrastructure
683
M. A. Kaufman
A Simulation­Based Operations Evaluation of Major Interchange Configurations
696
Md. Shoaib Chowdhury
Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of Transportation Infrastructure in Central Oklahoma
706
Qiang "Joshua" Li ;
Michael O’Hara ;
Kelvin C. P. Wang
Backcalculation of Pavement Layer Thickness and Moduli by the Wavelet‑Neuro Approach
718
M. Saltan ;
S. Terzi ;
Ö. Terzi
Evaluating the Benefits of Geocell Reinforcement of the Base Course in Flexible Pavement Structures Using 3‑D Finite Element Modeling
728
M. Sharma ;
S. Inti ;
C. Tirado ;
V. Tandon
Tackiness Properties of Non‑Tracking Tack Coats
740
A. Seo ;
M. S. Sakhaeifar ;
B. T. Wilson
Characterization of Platoon Dispersion Variables under Heterogeneous Traffic
752
P. S. Praveen ;
R. Ashalatha
Cluster Analysis of the LTPP Data of NM State to Estimate MEPDG Traffic Input and Sensitivity Analysis
766
Umme Amina Mannan ;
Jielin Pan ;
Rafiqul Tarefder
Compaction Quality Monitoring of Lime­Stabilized Clayey Subgrade Using Intelligent Compaction Technology
778
S. Anjan Kumar ;
Mehran Mazari ;
Jose Garibay ;
Raed E. AlDouri ;
Soheil Nazarian ;
Jimmy Si
Development of Crash Prediction Models for Curved Segments of Rural Two‑Lane Highways
791
Casey Knecht ;
Mitsuru Saito ;
Grant G. Schultz
Effect of Different Levels of Moisture Intrusion on the Dynamic Modulus and Tensile Properties of Dense Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using a Cyclic
Moisture Induced Stress Tester
803
S. D. Dhakal ;
R. S. Ashtiani
Enhancing Pavement Design Selection by Incorporating Normalization into Life Cycle Impact Assessments
813
S. Inti ;
M. Sharma ;
V. Tandon
Estimation of Dynamic PCU Using the Area Occupancy Concept at Signalised Intersections
825
P. Preethi ;
R. Ashalatha
Evaluation and Harmonization of Intelligent Compaction Systems
838
Mehran Mazari ;
Jorge Beltran ;
Raed Aldouri ;
George Chang ;
Jimmy Si ;
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Jimmy Si ;
Soheil Nazarian
Evaluation of Pavement Surface Characteristics for High Friction Surface Treatment (HFST)
847
Qiang Li ;
Guangwei Yang ;
Kelvin C. P. Wang ;
Jason Zhan
Evaluation of Using Geosynthetic Material and the Process of Grouting to Improve Pavement Performance over Sand Dunes Subgrade
859
Saad F. I. Al‑Abdullah ;
Gandhi G. Sofia ;
Zaman T. Teama
Bicycle/Pedestrian Crosswalk Alternatives for a Single‑Lane Roundabout: Experimental Analysis of Delay
871
Majed Al‑Ghandour
Explaining Overlay Tester Results with Digital Image Correlation and Finite Element Analysis
884
Estefany Ramos ;
Andrea Gutierrez ;
Cesar Tirado ;
Calvin Stewart ;
Imad Abdallah ;
Soheil Nazarian
Exploring Friction Modification to Improve the Safety of Horizontal Curve Roadways
895
Kimberley Musey ;
Seri Park ;
John McFadden
Roundabout Safety Analysis in the Context of Time Series: Case Study in the State of Pennsylvania
907
S. Coffey ;
S. Park ;
N. Zoccoli
Falling Weight Deflectometer Testing Based Mechanistic‑Empirical Overlay Thickness Design Approach for Low­Volume Roads in Illinois
920
P. Sarker ;
E. Tutumluer
Generic Methodology for 3‑D Available Sight Distance Calculation
932
Kiriakos Amiridis ;
Basil Psarianos ;
Nikiforos Stamatiadis
How Accurate Are Turning Volume Counts Collected by Microwave Sensors?
945
David K. Chang ;
Mitsuru Saito ;
Grant G. Schultz ;
Dennis Eggett
Infrastructure Optioneering: An Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach
957
S. Deo ;
D. Gilmore ;
M. Van Thof ;
J. Enriquez
Interchange Lighting System Design, Construction, and Maintenance: Is Privatization a Viable Option?
970
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha
Investigating the Permanent Deformation Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures in Repeated Load Creep Tests
981
Nader Mahmoodinia ;
Mohammad Molayem ;
Alireza Fardealirezaei
Measuring Pavement Albedo and Solar Radiation Flux for Asphalt Pavements
993
J. R. Hencken ;
M. Tulanowski ;
T. Bennert
Mechanical Properties of Multi‑Function Road Surfaces and Their Application on Steel Bridge Decks
1002
Yangyong Sun ;
Changyu Yin
Mitigating Safety in Utah Using the Hot Spot Identification and Analysis Methodology
1014
Grant G. Schultz ;
Jacob S. Farnsworth ;
Mitsuru Saito
Modeling the Impacts of Driver Aggression during a Metropolitan Evacuation
1026
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1026
Ryan N. Fries ;
Karna Ghale ;
Michael R. Williamson ;
Karzan Bahaaldin ;
Xin Chen
NJ Quiet Pavement Noise Analysis
1039
J. R. Hencken ;
M. Tulanowski ;
E. Haas ;
T. Bennert
Observational Study on the Pavement Performance Effects of Shoulder Rumble Strips on Shoulders
1052
S. Coffey ;
S. Park
Underlying Relationships between Fatal Crashes and All Other Non‑Fatal Crashes
1064
K. Hancock ;
W. Zhang ;
H. Sardar ;
Y. B. Wang
Operational and Safety Effects of a Reduced Cycle Length Strategy
1076
Synthia Tagar ;
Preethi Goverdhanam ;
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha
Operational Effects of Slow Vehicle Turnouts on a Rural Highway in Alaska
1087
Jeanne M. Bowie ;
James R. Kinney
Evaluating the Perception Index for Cyclists’ Safety Using Structural Equation Modelling
1099
D. J. Nair ;
N. Saxena ;
V. V. Dixit
Performance Evaluation of Coarse‑Graded Field Mixtures Using Dynamic Modulus Results Gained from Testing in the Indirect Tension Mode
1111
Parnian Ghasemi ;
Joseph Podolsky ;
R. Christopher Williams ;
Eshan Dave
Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement with Basalt Fibers and Recycled Polyethylene in Warm Regions of
Iran
1122
Rashid Tanzadeh ;
Javad Tanzadeh ;
Majid Haji Hosseini ;
Mehrnaz Mirsepahi
Performance Evaluation of the Impact of Modified Silica Nano‑Materials on the Hydrophobicity of Hot‑Mix Asphalt
1132
Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad ;
Javad Tanzadeh ;
Mandana Soozangar ;
Ameneh Otadi
Performance Modelling for Botswana Gravel Roadways: Outcomes and Conclusions
1142
A. S. Oladele
Permeable Pavements for Roadway Shoulders
1151
David Hein ;
Lori Schaus
Predictive Modeling of Pothole Formation Due to Traffic and the Environment
1162
Leila Sadeghi ;
John E. Haddock
Recalibration of the JPCP Cracking and Faulting Models in the AASHTO Pavement ME Design Software
1173
Jagannath Mallela ;
Leslie Titus‑Glover ;
Biplab B. Bhattacharya ;
Alex Gotlif ;
Michael I. Darter
Roundabout Managed Lanes: Experimental Analysis Comparison between Trucks and Buses
1185
Majed Al‑Ghandour
Rutting Potential of an Asphalt Pavement Exposed to High Temperatures
1194
M. I. Hossain ;
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8/12/2016 Table of Contents | ICTD 2016
M. I. Hossain ;
R. Mehta ;
N. A. Shaik ;
M. R. Islam ;
R. A. Tarefder
Statistical Analysis of Axle Load Distributions in India
1206
Donia Savio ;
Pranjal Paul ;
J. Murali Krishnan
Sustainable Infrastructure: Quantifying the Impact of Pavement Construction
1217
M. Harrell ;
T. Wilson ;
S. Gillen ;
D. Hein
Use of a Variable Energy Penetrometer and Geo‑Endoscopic Imaging in the Performance Assessment of Working Platforms Constructed with Large
Size Unconventional Aggregates
1227
Hasan Kazmee ;
Erol Tutumluer ;
Younes Haddani ;
Miguel A. Benz Navarrete ;
Roland Gourves
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International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 859

Evaluation of Using Geosynthetic Material and the Process of Grouting to Improve

Pavement Performance over Sand Dunes Subgrade
Dr. Saad F.I. Al-Abdullah1; Dr. Gandhi G. Sofia2; and Zaman T. Teama3
1
B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., (C.E.), MISSMGE.M.I.ASCE, College of Engineering, Al-
Mustansiria Univ., Iraq. E-mail: drsaadfarhan@yahoo.com
2
B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., (C.E.), College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiria Univ., Baghdad,
Iraq. E-mail: gandhisofia@gmail.com
3
B.Sc., M.Sc., (C.E.), College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiria Univ., Iraq. E-mail:
alitalaz@yahoo.com

Abstract
Transportation Engineers face many problems in using Sand Dunes available in huge
quantities through the desert areas in Iraq as construction Materials for Roads. This
study consists of using Sand Dunes as local material in road construction. Two
approaches are adopted to achieve this goal; the first is carrying out laboratory tests
through simulation of three layers of paved road, using a steel box model where
Subgrade layer represented by Sand Dunes at relative density 55.7% (in situe Value).
The study oriented as well to the improvement of sand dunes through using
reinforcement with two types of Geosynthetic material. Two models were studied, one
of which is reinforced by single layer of geotextile at subbase- subgrade interface and
the other using single layer of geogrid at the same depth to improve the subgrade,
grouting technique is used through the injection of the subgrade with a mixture of
cement, bentonite, and water. Using of geotextile and geogrid, leads to increase the
number of passes 108.53%, 78.05% respectively. The using of injection technique
increase the number of passes about 18.29%. FE approach using Abaqus program
was applied to find out displacement distribution through build pavement structure
model. The results obtained from both laboratory and finite elements are very much
encouraging with using Sand Dune as construction materials for Roads. However, using
reinforcement in between subbase- subgrade interface also satisfied the minimum
stability requirements for roads foundation structure with sand dunes as subgrade layer.
Keywords: Sand dunes subgrade; Geosynthetic materials; Grouting process; Abaqus.

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 860

INTRODUCTION
Geosynthetics are planar products manufactured from polymeric materials (the
synthetic) used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical- related materials (the geo) as
part of a civil engineering project or system. There are few developments that have
had such a rapid growth and strong influence on so many aspects of civil engineering
practice as geosynthetics. In 1970, there were only five or six geosynthetics available,
while today more than 600 different geosynthetics products are sold throughout the
world. The size of the market, both in terms of square meters produced and their value, is
indicative of their influence AL-Atbi .During construction and operation of roads or
highways on sand dunes bed may encounter several problems. Some of the associated
problems are mentioned ;A)The real problem of sand dunes is their crawl that affects
development of projects; such as highways, railways, irrigation and drainage canals,
agricultural lands, and other projects. Sand Dunes cause a decrease in the efficiency
and an increase in the maintenance costs for these projects. The delay of work in a
highway between Diwaniyah and Nasriyia is a good example for that (Salem, 2011),
B) the formation of depressions and settlement of road (Aiban, 1994), C) Shallowness of
the ground-water in some parts (Fookes and H igginbottom,1975) which alters the
compressibility of the soil and can lead to fines migration , D)Variability in strength
and compressibility leading to differential settlement (Abu-Taleb and Egeli, 1981; Al-
Amoudi et al., 1991) E)Sand movement causes abrasion to the existing structures and
blockage of some streets and highways. These problems and others are challenging for
both the short and long term consequence and not fully understood. This presents an
unacceptable risk in normal practice and calls for the improvement of the geotechnical
properties of such soils prior to any construction (Aiban et al., 1996).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Subgrade: Laboratory experimentation is done to investigate effect of change
relative density of sand dunes subgrade
Subbase Course: The sub base is brought from Al_ Nibaee quarry, north of Baghdad, this
type of sub base is commonly used as a layer in flexible pavement construction.
Surface course: 50-60-penetration grade bitumen is considered forexperimentation
and aggregates confirming midpoint gradation of grade II specifications as per Iraq
specification have been used.
Geogrid Reinforcement. The geogrid material used in this study is Pars Mesh
Polymer (PMP) Type SQ12 manufactured by the Iranian company Pars Mesh Polymer.
Tension tests performed on geogrid as per ASTM D6637 to determine its strength and
tensile modulus. Table (3.6) summarizes the physical and mechanical.
Geotextile Reinforcement. Geotextile in this study is woven
Laboratory pavement setup. Laboratory based pavement sections with conventional
materials and that with one value of subgrades relative density is prepared , subbase
layer and surface course is prepared in a prefabricated box type arrangement made of
mild steel of size 600mm length X 500 mm width X 400 mm depth. Four Laboratory
based multi-layer sample pavement sections were formed, one of them unreinforced
pavement section with sand dunes subgrade at relative density 55.7% , the second
reinforcement with single layer of geotextile at subbase /subgrade interface, third
model reinforced with single layer of geogrid at same location and the last one

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 861

unreinforced but improve it by use process of grouting through injection the sand
dunes subgrade.
DATA ANALYSIS
Material Properties
Table 1 show properties of sand dunes which used, Table 2 show properties of subbase
layer and Table 3 show properties of asphalt layer which used. Tension tests performed
on geogrid as per ASTM D6637 to determine its strength and tensile modulus. Table 4
summarizes the physical and mechanical properties of geogrid, the physical and
mechanical properties of geotextile, used in this study, as shown in Table 5

Table 1: Properties of sand dune

Property Type properties Index Standards
GS Specific 2.67 ASTM: D -854 -02
L.L Liquid Limit 25 ASTM: D -4318-00
P.L Plastic Limit NP ASTM: D -4318-00 PI
Plasticity Index NP
γ max Modify 18.7 ASTM 698-00 γ
min minimum dry 12KN/m3
Soil SP-SM (USCS).

Table 2: Properties of Subbase

Chemical Element Result %
So3 2.26
Gypsum 4.87
Tss 2.12
Om 1.69
Maximum density 2200
Soil classification GP
Table (3) Properties of asphalt cement

Property ASTM Designation AsphaltCement

Number [16] Daurah (40-50)
Penetration (25°C, 100 gm., D-5 43
5sec), (1/10 mm)
Softening Point (Ring and Ball), D-36 51.5
°C
Ductility, cm D-113 > 100
Flash Point (Cleave land open- D-92 335
cup)
Specific Gravity , 25 °C D-70 1.048
Loss on heat (5 hrs, 163 °C, D-1754 0.18
1/8 ") , %

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 862

Table 4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Geogrid

The physical properties
Property Data
Mesh type square
Standard Color amber
Polymer type HDPE
Packaging Rolls
Technical Properties
Elastic modules Gpa 0.25
Peak Tensile Strength kN/m .25

Table 5 the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Geotextile

Type of geotextile Woven
Color black
thickness 2 mm
Modulus of elasticity 800 Mpa
Laboratory Based Multi-Layer Pavement
The thickness of the pavement layers have been designed to ensure that the stresses
reach the subgrade level. It was proposed to form the multi-layer sample pavement
section with the 50mm thick bituminous concrete, 100mm thick subbase layer and 200
mm thick as show Figure 1 depict the laboratory pavement.

Figure 1. Cross section multi-layer pavement section

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

Model geometry. F.E. has been proven suitable for application to complex pavement
problems. 3D mode was built by using the finite elements program ABAQUS (6.12- 3),
to understand, with more precision, the distribution of the displacements in the entire
pavement layers when different densities of subgrade layer, (3D-DFEM) program that
has the capacity to simulate actual vehicle loading conditions and estimate the
structural response for flexible pavements are used to simulate

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 863

laboratory models. The thickness of layers are same thickness of laboratory are
200mm sand dunes subgrade , 100 subbase and 50 mm and 100mm asphalt ,as shown
in Figure (2). Elastic properties (modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio) are shown in
Table (6)
Finite Element Types and Mesh Size
All the parts of the model are modeled using the 8-node continuum three dimensional
brick element (C3D8R) with reduced order numerical integration available in
ABAQUS (6.12-3). This element has the capability of representing large deformation,
geometric and material nonlinear Solid element (C3D8R) has three degrees of freedom at
each node. . All layers are simulated with the same shape to preserve the continuity of
nodes between consecutive layers (Massod, 2013). Figure (3) shows total model
meshing

Figure 2. General Geometry of the Pavement Layers by Lab and ABAQUS Program

Table (6) material properties

Layers Modulus of Elasticity
(MPa) Poisson’s ratio(ૅ)*
Asphalt layer 1200 0.35
Subbase layer 110 0.35
Subgrade very loose layer 2 0.3
Subgrade loose layer 2.5 0.3
Subgrade medium layer 2.7 0.3

Figure 3. Mesh of All Layers

Boundary Condition and Interaction Between layers
The boundary conditions have a significant influence in predicting the response of the
model, the bottom surface of the subgrade and sides of layers is assumed to be fixed,

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 864

that means that nodes at the bottom of the subgrade and sides of layer cannot move
horizontally or vertically. This represents the bottom and sides of steel box. Figure (4)
shows the boundary conditions used in the analysis. Surface to surface contact used to tie
the asphalt, subbase, Geosynthetic and subgrade

Figure 4. The Boundary Condition & Interaction Between layers

Moving Load
The wheel load applied in the Abaqus is 96 kg (0.96 KN) and is distributed uniformly
over the total contact area. The resulting uniform contact pressure is 550 MPa which
is equal to the pressure of tire which used two parameters, longitudinal and transverse
distribution of vertical pressure on loaded area (Al-Qadi and Wang Hao 2009).
Loading is applied to simulate wheel horizontal motion in a pre-determined speed. In
this method, loading position should be moved in a gradual form in order to have a
complete wheel rolling as shown in Figure (5).Figure (6) show wheel path in model

Figure 5 .Schematic Illustration of Tire Moving along Pavement Surface

Figure 6. Show wheel path

RESULTS
Wheel tracking device was used to evaluate the rut depth. These laboratory based
pavement were subjected to wheel tracking on the wheel-tracking device under a

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 865

contact pressure of 550 MPa and temperature 50 cº result indicates that geotextile was
more effective in increase number of passes than geogrid and grouting ,the geogrid
more effective in increase number of passes to reach same rut depth than grouting,
Figures 7,8and 9 show the relation between number of passes and rut depth foe asphalt
,subbase and subgrade layer respectively for unreinforced model. Figures 10,11 and 12
show the relation between number of passes and rut depth foe asphalt ,subbase and
subgrade layer respectively for reinforced model with geotextile (GT) Figures 13,14
and 15 show the relation between number of passes and rut depth foe asphalt ,subbase
and subgrade layer respectively for reinforced model with geogrid (GG) and Figures
16,17and 18 show the relation between number of passes and rut depth foe asphalt
,subbase and subgrade layer respectively for grouting (injection) mode (INJ).Figure
19 show number of passes with rut depth for all models.,
The results of Abaqus program are very close to results of laboratory tests, Figure 20
and 21 shows the Abaqus out displacement (rutting) .Figure 22 and 23 show shows the
Result of Lab and Abaqus for unreinforced model and reinforcement with geotextile
respectively. Figure 24 show the shape of Abaqus model after run program. . The
electronic digital which have the measuring range (0-15mm, resolution 0.01mm,
accuracy: ±0.02mm

Figure 7. Flexible Pavement Surface Profile for unreinforced model

Figure 8. Asphalt /Subbase Interface Profile for unreinforced model

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 866

Figure 9.Subbase/Subgrade Interface Profile for unreinforced model

Figure 10. Flexible Pavement Surface Profile for reinforcement model with
geotextile

Figure 11. Asphalt /Subbase Interface Profile for reinforcement model with
geotextile

Figure 12.Subbase/Subgrade Interface Profile for reinforcement model with

geotextile

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 867

Figure 13. Flexible Pavement Surface Profile for reinforcement model with geogrid

Figure 14. Asphalt /Subbase Interface Profile for reinforcement model with georid

Figure 15. Subbase/Subgrade Interface Profile for reinforcement model with geogrid

s
Figure 16. Flexible Pavement Surface Profile for grouting

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 868

Figure 17. Asphalt /Subbase Interface Profile for grouting

Figure 18. Subbase/Subgrade Interface Profile for grouting

Figure 19. Relation between rut depth and number of passes for all models

Figure 20.Abaqus output of displacement side for 50mm asphalt thickness

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 869

Figure 21. The Result of Lab and ABAQUS for 50mm asphalt thickness

Figure 22. Abaqus output of Displacement Side for Reinforcement with Geotextile

Figure 23. The Result of Experimental and Abaqus for Reinforcement with Geotextile

Figure 24.Abaus Result After Run

© ASCE
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2016 870

Conclusions
Using single layer of geotextile at subbase/subgrade interface leads to increase the
number of passes and reduces the subgrade displacement. the use of
geotextile is more effective in improving the pavement structure in to
accommodate moving compared to other solutions .This may be to the effective
of geotextile in preventing intrusion of subbase practical into subgrade and
more distribution of the stress on subgrade which leads to decrease the
rutting in subbase and subgrade layers. Using single layer of geogrid at
subbase/subgrade interface leads to increase the number of passes and reduce
the subgrade displacement. The use of geogrid is effective in improving
slightly the pavement structure in carrying loads, and leads to decrease the
displacement in subbase and subgrade layers. The grouting of subgrade in
wheel path direction lead to increase in the number of passes which reaches the
same value of rutting for unreinforced model. ABAQUSE program was
successful in simulation pavement structure models, so Abaqus program can use
in analysis paved road.

REFRENCES
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Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. " Proc., Symp. Geotechnical
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Aiban, A. S. (1994) : '' A Study of Sand Stabilization in Eastern Saudi''
Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia Received 24 March 1993; revised
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Aiban, S., Al-Amoudi, O, Asi, I.M. and Zahrani A. (1996) : " Chemical
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Advances in Geotechnical Engineering III, Singapore, Vol. 1, 1-6. Al-
Qadi and Wang H:'' Pavement Damage Due to Different Tire and Loading
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ASTM D854-00: " Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids
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Geotechnique, 2, 406-414
Masood , G.G. ''Experimental and Numerical Investigation of stabilized unbound
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of Engineering Highway and Transportation Engineering Department
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Under Shallow Footing'' Ms Thesis University of Baghdad, College
of Engineering

© ASCE