Global Resource Management

towards SDGs: Lens from IRP

Read by: Prof. (Anthony) Shun Fung Chiu 周纯峰

University Fellow, De La Salle University Member, UN International Resource Panel

拉萨大学 院士 讲座教授 联合国 国际资源专家委员会 专家委员
 經歷
• 聯合國可持續發展領域早期工作者，自1997参加主导聯合國开发并
注资于工業生態與循環經濟，資源高效清潔生產 （RECP），可持續
消費和生產（SCP），生態工業發展（EID）等计划； 共同编写近23
年聯合國多份峰会報告并发表200餘篇期刊論文，書籍章節和主场演
讲。2001年为大工生态规划所创所人之一, 同年任JCLP进Elsevier
创刊编辑。
• 历任14年菲律賓環境与自然資源部全國污染審判委員會（法庭）審
判官，出使或主持联合国亞太經社會2030年議程路線圖 （2030
SDG），里約+20國家元首首腦峰会，19届可持續發展峰会
（CSD19），亚太部长峰会，亚太3R峰会代表团等。
• 曾/现任数國際科技学会主席（APRSCP，ISBITM，APIEMS），秘书
长（ISIE，IFPR）和高影響力国际期刊編委會成員（JCLP，RCR，
IJPE, JPIIE，JCIIE，PIE）。
 Sustainable Growth
“……. Another challenge related to growth, besides the
inclusive growth, is the sustained and sustainable growth
i.e. growth should be stable (sustained) and must be
achieved through sustainable use of the natural resources
to protect future
generations’ ability
to also use them. “
 Outline

Current Situation

International Development

Solutions / Economic Model

Conclusions
 WWF 2016 Living Planet
Report
The 2016 edition of the LPR
highlights the tremendous
pressure that humanity is
putting on our planet.
We are using 50 per cent
more resources than the
Earth can provide.
By 2030, even two planets
will not be enough.

5
Eco Footprint 1961
Source : Living planet Report – WWF (2012)
Eco Footprint 2008
Source : Living planet Report – WWF (2012)
INTERNATIONAL POLICY NEEDS A SCIENCE BASE

The international resource panel Climate Change IPCC

was created in 2007 as a science-

policy interface in responding to Biodiversity Loss
IPBES

economic growth, escalating use

of natural resources and Assessments under
Hazardous Substances the Basel Convention
deteriorating environment and
climate change.
Montreal Protocol’s
Ozone Depletion Scientific Assessments

Resource Efficiency International

Resource Panel IRP
THE WORLD WE LIVE
IN
AND CHALLENGES WE ARE FACING
 20th CENTURY
THE GREAT ACCELERATION

•Growth of population by a factor 3.7

•Annual extraction of construction materials grew by a
factor of 34, ores and minerals by a factor of 27, fossil
fuels by a factor of 12, biomass by a factor of 3.6
•Total material extraction grew by a factor of 8
•GHG emissions grew by a factor of 13
 21st CENTURY
FACTS WE CAN NOT IGNORE
POPULATION
•Population growth (2050 – 9.7 billion)
•Per capita consumption growth (McKinsey
estimates up to 3 billion consumers moving from
low to middle class consumption till 2030)
 21th CENTURY
FACTS WE CAN NOT IGNORE
POVERTY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
•Oxfam Report: 62 people own the same as half of the
world and the richest 1% is more wealthy than the rest
of the world)
•Nearly 800 million people are hungry, over 2 billion
suffer from micronutrient deficiencies … while over 2
billion people are obese
•We throw away one third of the food we produce
 21th CENTURY
FACTS WE CAN NOT IGNORE
ENVIRONMENT
•60% of ecosystems already degraded or used
unsustainably
•Increasing evidence of the climate change threat
•33% of soils is moderately to highly degraded due to
erosion, nutrient depletion, acidification, salinization,
compaction and chemical pollution
•467 000 premature deaths yearly in EU due to air
pollution (7 millions globally)
 21th CENTURY
FACTS WE CAN NOT IGNORE
URBANISATION
• Around 50% of urban fabric expected to exist by
2050 still needs to be constructed
• Between 2000 and 2030 it is estimated that
developing countries would have added 400,000
km2 of built-up urban area, equal to the world’s
built-up area in 2000
• In the three years period (2011-2013), China has
used more cement than the USA during the entire
20th century
INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS
 The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

UNIDO RECPNet Global Executive

 Sustainable Consumption and Production / Resource Mgt

Access to natural Sustainable Chemicals in Education for

resources for food air/water sustainable
energy, food, water systems pollution lifestyles

Reduce water Renewables Resource Sustainable

pollution Energy efficiency infrastructure,
Water efficiency efficiency Sustainable industry
Tourism Environmentally
sound
technologies
Sustainable
urbanization,
transport
Resource efficient
cities

Climate Sustainable
change fisheries,
mitigation tourism
SDGs DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON NATURAL
RESOURCES
 Sustainable Consumption and Production is the most
efficient strategy to avoid trade-offs and create synergies
to resolve the development and environmental challenges
articulated in the SDGs.
SDGs DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON NATURAL
RESOURCES
IN THE RECENT MONTHS …
 THE NEW UNEP IRP MATERIAL FLOW AND
RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY DATA SET
•A coherent account of material use in the global economy
and for every nation, complementary to the System of
National Accounts
•A large data set covering 40 years (1970–2010) and most
countries of the world.
•Presents direct and consumption-based material flow
indicators, covering total usage, per capita use and material
use per US$.
•Information should help identify opportunities, risks and
vulnerabilities related to the global supply of primary
materials and show the potential for efficiency gains and
reductions in material use in the global economy
 GLOBAL MATERIAL FLOWS AND
RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY (1970-2010)
•Consumption has been stronger driver of growth in material use than
population growth
•Since 2000 material efficiency has declined - global economy needs more
materials per unit of GDP. Production has shifted from material efficient
countries to countries that have lower material efficiency
•The richest countries consume on average 10 times more materials as
the poorest
•The level of well-being achieved in wealthy industrial countries
cannot be generalised globally based on the same system of
production and consumption
 GLOBAL MATERIAL USE HAS ACCELERATED
• Annual global extraction of materials grew from 22 billion tonnes in
1970 to around 70 billion tonnes in 2010
• Non-metallic minerals used in construction was the fastest growing
group of materials

Figure 1. Global material extraction (DE) by four material categories, 1970–2010, million tonnes
 MATERIAL EXTRACTION GREW UNEVENLY IN THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
• Asia and the Pacific had the largest growth, especially China and
Southeast Asia
• Growth in Asia and the Pacific reverberated in Latin America and
Africa who supplied materials to Asia

Figure 2. Domestic extraction (DE) by seven subregions, 1970–2010, million tonnes

 CONSUMPTION IS DRIVING GLOBAL MATERIAL USE
• Growth in per capita income and consumption have been the
strongest driver of growth in material use, even more
important than population growth in recent decades

Figure 5. Drivers of net change in domestic material consumption between 2000 and 2010 for world regions: population,
affluence, and material intensity
RICHEST COUNTRIES CONSUME ON AVERAGE 10 TIMES
THE MATERIALS AS POOREST COUNTRIES
• Average material footprint of medium HDI countries has grown
slowly over past two decades, reaching 5 tonnes per capita, while
material footprint in low HDI countries has been stagnant for the
past two decades at 2.5 tonnes per capita

Figure 8. Per capita material footprint (MF) by HDI level, 1990–2010 (the HDI is a compound index on life expectancy, literacy and income)
 OVERALL DECLINE IN MATERIAL EFFICIENCY
• Global economy now needs more materials per unit of GDP than it did at
the turn of the century
• This has been caused by large shift of economic activity from very
material-efficient economies such as Japan, the Republic of Korea and
Europe to the much less material-efficient economies of China, India and
Southeast Asia

Figure 7. Material intensity by development status and global material intensity, 1970–2010
 THE LEVEL OF WELL-BEING ACHIEVED IN WEALTHY INDUSTRIAL
COUNTRIES CANNOT BE GENERALIZED GLOBALLY BASED ON THE
SAME SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

If current systems of
production and provision
for major services will not
be changed, nine billion
people would require about
180 billion tonnes of
materials annually by 2050,
almost three times today’s
amounts

Figure 6. Per-capita material footprint (MF) by seven world regions, 1990 and 2010,
tonnes
 AND …
SOLUTIONS
 DECOUPLING IS THE IMPERATIVE
OF MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECONOMIC POLICY
• Developed economies will need to adopt strategies
that bring their resource consumption down to
globally sustainable levels (ABSULUTE DECOUPLING)

•Developing nations must strive to improve resource

efficiencies and cleaner production processes as their net
consumption of natural resources increases for a period
until they achieve a societally acceptable quality of life
(RELATIVE DECOUPLING)
 The Basic MFA Model

Air, Water
FHF Water Vapour
Imports Exports
Immigrants Economic Emigrants

DMI Processing
DPO
TMR DE
Stocks TDO
DHF DHF
Domestic Environment
Source: WRI et al.,2000; Rapera, Corazon
 Energy Comparison Geng, ISIE 2005

C G
O J I F E C C
U A T R R U U A H
N P A A M K S N I
T A L N A A N
R N y C N D A
Y E Y A

Energy
Consump
tion 1.00 1.33 1.50 1.50 2.17 2.67 3.50 11.5
Per USD
 Comparisons between China and Other
Countries

Countries US Canada Japan Australia

SO2emission(kg/1000usdGDP) 2.3 3.7 0.3 4.7

NOx emission(kg/1000usdGDP) 2.7 2.9 0.6 5.5
Countries France Germany OECD China
SO2emission(kg/1000usdGDP) 0.8 0.7 2.0 18.5
NOx emission(kg/1000usdGDP) 1.4 1.0 2.1 16.6
Geng, ISIE 2005
Resource use in Asia Pacific dominates global use...

Source: UNEP Janet Salem

Material use per capita in 2015

8 t/cap: Rate at which

15 t/cap: Rate at which
we would have to stop
current socio-economic
consuming to halt
models correlate with
current levels of
material standard of
resource extraction
living
Source: UNEP Janet Salem
Increasing intensity of resource use in Asia Pacific

Source: UNEP Janet Salem

 Human well-being

Systems Thinking
and social equity

Environmental risks
and ecological
scarcities

Conservation Resource
Economic system
of Resources
resources Efficiency Products &
Services

By-products
Objectives:
to MAXimize output with MINimum input, and operating within the carrying
9/9/2019 anthonysfchiu@gmail.com capacity of the eco-system 41
Systems Studies at Plant / Factory
Level
Year of Entry: 1990s Focuses: energy, pollution, MSME

Raw Finished
materials products

PRODUCTION
100
90 90
80
CLEANER

Product w/ negative
economic value Waste
10
20
9/9/2019 Anthony SF Chiu43
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis

Fertiliser
Farms Water Lake Water Industry
Tissø (NH4)2S2O3
Novo Steam Statoil
Biomass Nordisk Water Refinery Sulphur- and
Water
& Yeast Ammonia-rich
Steam Artificial
Slurry Gas Effluents
Lake
Asnæs Used Water
Power Station
Waste Gypsum
Fly Ash Water Residual
Bioteknisk Heat
Gyproc
Jordrens
Sludge
Cement Municipality Residual Fish
Industry of Kalundborg Heat Farms
Nickel &
Vanadium Source: UNEP 2002 (Erkman) 2004 (Chiu)
44
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis - Waste Flow

Fertiliser
Farms Industry
(NH4)2S2O3
Novo Statoil
Biomass Nordisk Refinery Sulphur- and
& Yeast Ammonia-rich
Slurry Gas Effluents
Asnæs Used Water
Power Station
Waste Gypsum
Fly Ash Water
Bioteknisk
Gyproc
Jordrens
Sludge
Cement Municipality
Industry of Kalundborg
Nickel &
Vanadium Source: UNEP 2002 (Erkman) 2004 (Chiu)
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis - Water
Flow
Water Lake Water
Tissø
Novo Steam Statoil
Nordisk Water Refinery
Water
Steam Artificial
Lake
Asnæs Used Water
Power Station
Waste
Water

Source: UNEP 2002 (Erkman) 2004 (Chiu)

Municipality
of Kalundborg

46
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis - Energy Flow

Novo Steam Statoil

Nordisk Refinery
Steam
Gas
Asnæs
Power Station

Residual
Heat
Source: UNEP 2002 (Erkman) Gyproc

2004 (Chiu) Municipality Residual Fish

of Kalundborg Heat Farms

9/9/2019 47
 Green Industry / SCP Update of SEAsia
 SAsia?
Country Policy Program or Project Action Plan Incentive or Award Government Unit

Laos √ √ √ √

Myanmar √ √ √ √

Indonesia √ √ draft √ √

Malaysia √ √ √

Thailand √ √ √ √

Philippines √ √ √

Vietnam √ √ √ √

Cambodia √ √ √ √ √

Chiu (2015) UNIDO G.I. Phnom Penh Report

Membership Status

RECPnet has 74 members:

• 39 Regular Members
 1 in process of becoming Associate member
• 29 Observer Members
 7 in process of becoming Regular members
• 6 Associate Members
 Life cycle thinking and Life Cycle Assessment
Source: Wolf, EC JRC

Environmental and Climate change, Acidification, Summer smog, Human toxicity,

health impact Ecotoxicity, Eutrophication, Ozone layer depletion,
modelling Radioactive releases, ...

Emissions
Life Cycle Inventory Energy carrier
extraction Production Material
of electricity recycling
Extraction of
raw material A Production of
intermediates Incineration
Extraction of Production of Utilisation
raw material B final product
Production of Land filling
parts
Extraction of
raw material C
... ...
...

Resources
Resource depletion Material and energy resource consumption, land use

Life Cycle Production phase Use phase End-of-Life

Phases: phase

Scheme of Life Cycle Thinking and Assessment

Sustainable Production & Consumption
SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION

URBANIZATION 10YFP
Infrastructure Sustainable Public
Transportation Procurement
Housing Consumer Information
Food system Sustainable Tourism
Clothing Sustainable Lifestyle and
Education
IRP CITIES DECOUPLING Sustainable Buildings and
IRP REFURB Construction
Sustainable Food Systems
Circular Economy (C2C) Elleen MacArthur Fdn
TO CONCLUDE …
 WE HAVE TO FIX A BROKEN
COMPASS
(PAVAN SUKHDEV)

NEW ECONOMIC MODEL BASED ON SCP

INTEGRATING ALL THREE PILLARS OF
SUSTAINABILITY IS

NECESSARY
AND UNAVOIDABLE SCIENCE
 MARKETS
CANNOT ENSURE EFFICIENCY IN THE ALLOCATION AND
USE OF RESOURCES …

• If prices do not reflect the true value and costs of resources,

• If rewards to capital are disproportionate to other inputs (finacial capital
is overvalued, human capital is undervalued and natural capital in many
cases not valued at all),
• If managers on annual contracts are induced to make short term
investment decisions overly influenced by bonuses based on short term
share price, if ...
 Better regulation
is not about less regulation, it is about
creating the conditions for confidence to
invest in technologies for the markets of
the future
 NECESSARY CONDITIONS
1. SCP SHOULD BE PRIORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT (NOT ONLY ENV): Defined in
the strategic documents, supported by indicators, monitoring, reporting and
linked to the core economic policy decisions.
2. ALL ECONOMIC POLICIES SHOULD BE SYSTEMATICALLY ADJUSTED: Beyond
GDP, natural capital accounting, corporate sustainability reporting,
tax policy, state aid, public procurement, product design, use of
banking potential, R and D and innovation, investments in
infrastructure, education, consumers awareness, new business
models, support to SMS, etc.)
3. ACTIVE DIALOGUE WITH ALL STAKEHOLDERS IS NECESSARY: Transition is
only possible if we actively involve those loosing in the process of
transition
 Thank you for listening!
Anthony SF Chiu
University Fellow, Professor, and Research Fellow
JM Reyes Professorial Chair of Industrial Engineering and
Mechanical Engineering
De La Salle University

Member, Philippines Delegation to UN Summits

Member, Pollution Adjudication Board, DENR (2004-16)
Republic of the Philippines

Member, United Nations International Resource Panel

anthony.chiu@dlsu.edu.ph

Some photos and animation may be obtained from google searched

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