Chapter # 2 Process Description

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

2.1 HYDROTREATING PROCESS

Definition / Function:
The main function or purpose of this unit is to prepare hydrotreated naphtha
as feed for the plateformer unit by a catalytic refining process. As we know that
heavy naphtha from stabilizer column still contains some N 2, O2, sulphur, metals
(traces) and olefins etc. These impurities remove from the feed by different
reactions in the presence of H2.

2.1.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION:

The naphtha Hydrotreating process is a catalytic refining process
employing a select catalyst and hydrogen-rich gas stream to decompose organic
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen compounds contained in hydrocarbon fractions. In
addition, Hydrotreating removes Organo-metallic compounds and saturates
olefinic compounds.
The Hydrotreating process is commonly used to remove Platforming
catalyst poisons from straight run or cracked naphthas prior to changing to the
Platforming process unit. The catalyst used in the Naphtha Hydrotreating Process
is composed of an Alumina base impregnated with compounds of cobalt and/or
nickel and molybdenum. A relatively high percentage of carbon on the catalyst
does not affect its sensitivity or selectivity. A volumetric recovery of product
depends on the sulfur and olefinic contents, but is usually 100%+ 2 % or 100% -
2%.
Organo-metallic compounds, notably arsenic and lead compounds, are
known to be permanent poison to the platinum containing catalyst. The complete

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

removal of these materials by Hydrotreating will give longer ultimate catalyst life
in the Platforming process unit. Sulfur is temporary poison to the Platforming
catalysts. Alternate Platforming activity causes an unfavorable change in he
product distribution and increases coke laydown. Organic nitrogen is also
temporary poison to the Platforming catalyst. It is extremely an important one,
however, and a relatively small concentration of nitrogen in the Platforming feed
will cause a large activity offset as well as deposit ammonium chloride salts in the
Platforming process unit cold section.
Oxygen compounds are detrimental to the operation of Platformer. Any
oxygen compound, which is not removed in the Hydrotreater, will be converted to
water in the Platforming process unit thus, affecting the water/chloride balance of
the Platforming catalyst. Large amounts of olefins contribute to increase coking of
Platforming catalyst. Also, olefins can polymerize at Platforming operating
conditions, which can result in exchanger and reactor fouling.
The naphtha Hydrotreating process makes a major contribution to the ease
of operation and economy of Platforming. Much greater flexibility is affordable in
the choice of allowable charge stocks to the Platforming process unit. Because this
unit protects the Platforming catalyst, it is important to maintain consistently the
good operation in the Naphtha Hydrotreating Process unit.
It can be seen that the primary function of the naphtha hydrotreating
process unit can be characterized as a “clean up” operation. As such the unit is
critical to the refinery downstream operations.

2.1.2 THEORY OF PROCESS:

As previously stated that the main purpose of naphtha Hydrotreating
Process is to “clean up” naphtha fraction so that it is suitable as a charge to

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

Platforming Process unit. There are six basic types of reactions that occur in the
naphtha Hydrotreating process.

Reactions:
1. Conversion of organic sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide.
2. Conversion of organic nitrogen compounds to ammonia.
3. Conversion of organic oxygen to water.
4. Saturation of olefins.
5. Conversion of organic halide to hydrogen halides.
6. Removal of Organo-metallic compounds.
1) Sulfur Removal:
For by metallic Platforming catalysts, the feed naphtha must contain
less than 0.5 by weight ppm sulfur to optimize the selectivity and stability
characteristics of the catalyst. In general, sulfur removal in the Hydrotreating
process is relatively easy, and for the best operation of the Platformer, the
hydrotreated naphtha sulfur content should be maintained well below the 0.5
weight ppm maximum.
However hydrotreated naphtha feed with too low sulfur content, i.e. less
than 0.1 wt. ppm, to platformer process unit may result in coke ball formation in
the Platforming reactors and sulfur contents in the hydrotreated naphtha to the
Platforming process unit must be controlled above 0.1 by wt. ppm, by injecting
organic sulfur compounds in the Platforming Process unit.

Typical sulfur removal reactions are shown below.

(a) (Mercaptants) C-C-C-C-C-C-SH + H2 → C-C-C-C-C-C +H2S
(b) (Sulfide) C-C-C-S-C-C-C + 2H2→ 2C-C-C +H2S
(c) (Disulfide) C-C-C-S-S-C-C-C + 3H2→ 2C-C-C + 2H2
(d) (Cyclic Sulfide)

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

It is possible however to operate at too high a temperature for maximum

sulfur removal. Recombination of hydrogen sulfide with small amounts of olefins
or olefins intermediates can then result, producing mercaptants in the product.

If this reaction is occurring, the reactor temperature must be lowered.

Generally, operation at 315-370 ºC (600-695 ºF) average reactor temperature will
give acceptable rates of the desired hydrogenation reactions and will not result in
significant amount of olefins/hydrogen sulfide recombination. This temperature is
dependent upon feedstock composition, operating pressure, and LHSV (light
hydrotreated space velocity).
2) Nitrogen Removal:
Nitrogen removal is considerably more difficult than sulfur removal
in naphtha hydrotreating. The rate of denitrification is only about one-fifth the
rate of desulfurization. Most straight run naphthas contain much less nitrogen
than sulfur, but attention must be given to ensure that the feed naphtha to a
bimetallic Platforming catalyst contains a maximum of 0.5 wt. ppm, Nitrogen
and normally much less. Any organic nitrogen that does enter a platformer will
react to form ammonia and further with the chloride in the recycle gas to form
ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride will deposit in the recycle gas circuit
or stabilizer overhead system. Ammonium chloride salts can be removed by

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

water washing. Nitrogen removal is much more important when Naphtha

Hydrotreating unit processes thermally derived naphtha, as these feed stocks
normally contain much more nitrogen than straight rum naphtha. The ammonia
formed in the denitrification reactions, detailed below, is subsequently removed
in the hydrotreater reactor effluent wash water.

(a) (pyridine)
(b) (Pyrrole)

(c) (Methylmamine)

3) Oxyg
4) oxygen Removal:
Organically combined oxygen, such as phenol and alcohol, is
removed in the Naphtha Hydrotreating unit by hydrogenation of the carbon-

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

hydroxyl bond, forming water and the corresponding hydrocarbon. The reaction is
detailed below.
(Phenols)

5) Olefin Saturation.
Olefin saturation is almost as rapid as desulfurization. Most straight
run naphthas contain only trace amounts of olefins, but cracked naphthas usually
have high olefin concentration. Processing high concentrations of olefins in the
Naphtha hydrotreating unit must be approached with care because of the high
exothermic heat of reaction associated with saturation reaction.

(Linear olefins) C-C-C-C-C-C + H2 → C-C-C-C-C-C

2.1.3 HYDROTREATING CATALYST:

Catalyst developed for hydrotreating includes cobalt and molybdenum
oxides on alumina nickel oxide, nickel thiomolybdate, tungsten sulfide and
vanadium. The cobalt molybdenum oxides on alumina catalyst are in most general
use today because the have proven to be highly selective, ease to generate and
resistant to poison.

If, however for the removal of nitrogen of significant consideration, catalyst

is composed of nickel cobalt and molybdenum or nickel molybdenum compounds
supported on alumina are efficient. Nitrogen is usually more difficult to remove
then sulfur from hydrocarbon streams and any treatment, which reduces excess
Production of gasoline from naphtha 23
Chapter # 2 Process Description

nitrogen concentration to a satisfactory level, will effectively remove excess

sulfur. Nickel containing catalysts generally requires activation by pre-sulphiding
with carbon disulphide, mercaptants or dimethyl sulfide before bringing up to
reaction temperature; however some refiners activate these catalysts by injecting
the sulphiding chemicals into the oil feed during the start up. The sulphiding
reaction is highly exothermic and care must be taken to prevent excessive
temperature during activation.

Cobalt molybdenum catalysts are selective for sulfur removal and nickel
molybdenum catalyst are selective for nitrogen removal although both catalysts
will remove both sulfur and nitrogen. Nickel molybdenum catalyst has a high
hydrogenation activity than cobalt and molybdenum, which results, at the same
operating conditions in a greater saturation of aromatic rings. Simply stated, if
sulfur reduction is the primary objective, then cobalt molybdenum will reduce a
sulfur a given amount at a less severe operating condition with lower hydrogen
consumption than nickel molybdenum catalyst. If nitrogen reduction or aromatic
ring saturation is desired, nickel molybdenum catalyst is the preferred catalyst.

Catalyst consumption varies from .001 to .007 lb/bbl feed depending upon
the severity operation and the gravity and metal contents of the feed.

2.1.4 PROCESS VARIABLES FOR HYDROTREATER

REACTOR.

a) Reactor Pressure Drop:

The unit pressure is dependent on the catalyst life required and feed stock
properties. At high reactor pressures, the catalyst is generally effective for a longer

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

time and reactions are brought to a greater degree of completion. For straight run
naphtha desulfurization, 20 to 35 kg/cm^2g (300 to 500 psig) reactor pressure is
normally used, although design pressure can be higher if feed nitrogen and/or
sulfur contents are higher than normal. Cracked naphthas contain substantially
more nitrogen and sulfur than straight run naphthas and consequently require
higher processing pressures, up to 55 kg/cm^2g (800psig). Similarly higher
operating pressures are necessary to completely remove organic halides.
The selection of the operating pressure is influenced to a degree by the
hydrogen to feed ratio set in the design, since both of these parameters determine
hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor. The hydrogen partial pressure can be
increased by operation at a higher ratio of gas to feed at the reactor inlet. The
extent of substitution is limited by economic considerations.
The unit has been designed so that the desulfurization and the
denitrification reactions go substantially to completion well below the design
temperature of the reactors, for the design feedstock. Small variation in pressure or
hydrogen gas rate in the unit will not cause change enough to be reflected by
significant differences in the product quality.

b) Temperature:
Temperature has a significant effect in promoting hydrotreating reactions.
Its effect, however, is slightly different for each of the reactions that occur.
Desulfurization is increased as the temperature is raised. The desulfurization
reaction begins to take place at temperature as low as 230 ºC (450 ºF) with the rate
of reaction increasing markedly with temperature. Above 360 ºC (680 ºF) there are
only slight increases in further removal of sulfur compounds due to temperature.
The decomposition of chloride compounds in low concentrations (<10 wt.
ppm) will occur at about the same temperature as sulfur compound decomposition.

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

Olefin saturation behaves somewhat similarly to the desulfurization

reaction with respect to temperature, except that olefin removal may level off at a
somewhat higher temperature. Because this reaction is very exothermic, the olefin
content of the feed must be monitored and perhaps limited to keep reactor peak
temperature within an acceptable temperature range.
At very high temperatures, an apparent equilibrium condition limits the
degree of olefin saturation. This may cause the residual olefins in the product to be
greater at higher temperatures than would be the case at lower operating
temperatures. When processing naphtha with a significant amount of light ends
over fresh catalyst, H2S can react with these olefins o form mercaptants. However,
with two reactor system, the second reactor inlet temperature will be low enough
(by cooling the first reactor effluent) to eliminate residual olefins that could react
to form mercaptants.
Decomposition of nitrogen and oxygen compounds requires a somewhat
higher temperature than desulfurization or olefin saturation. The removal of these
compounds does not appear to level off at elevated temperatures. Units with
significant levels of conversion
The de-metallization reactions require a minimum temperature of 315ºC
(600 ºF), metals removal is essentially complete. Below this temperature, there
may be some cases where all the metals will not be removed.
The recommended minimum inlet temperature to Reactor 1 to ensure a
properly prepared Platformer feed is 315ºC (600F). there are two factors, which
are important in determining this minimum temperature.
First, below the minimum temperature, reaction contaminant removal may
be too low. Second, the temperature must be maintained high enough to ensure
that the combined feed (recycle or once-through gas plus naphtha) to a charge
heater is all vapors.

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

Normal reactor design temperature for both straight run and cracked
naphthas (SRN) are 399ºC (750ºF) maximum. Actual operating temperature will
vary, depending the feed type, from 285ºC (550ºF) to 385ºC (650ºF). cracked
stock may require processing at higher temperatures because of the higher sulfur,
nitrogen and olefin contents. For these feeds, the reactor delta T will be in the
range of 10-55ºC (20-100ºF).
As the catalyst ages, the product quality may degenerate, which may be
corrected by increasing reactor inlet temperature. If increasing the temperature
does not improve the product quality, regeneration or the change of catalyst will
be required, depending on history of the operation and catalyst state.

c) Hydrogen / Hydrocarbon Ratio:

Minimum hydrogen to feed ratio is dependent on hydrogen consumption,

feed characteristics, and desired product quality. For straight run naphthas of
moderate S content, 40-75 m3/m3 of feed is normally required. Cracked naphthas
must be processed at higher hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratios. For nitrogen removal
or complete sulfur removal, high hydrogen purity greater than 80% is necessary.
The lower hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio can be compensated by increasing
reactor inlet temperature.

d) Space Velocity:

The quantity of catalyst per unit of feed depends upon feed stock properties,
operating conditions and product quality required.
LHSV:- hourly volumetric liquid flow rate per unit of reaction volume
GHSV:- hourly volumetric gas flow rate per unit of reaction volume
WHSV:-hourly mass feed flow rate per unit of catalyst mass
The approximate ranges of space velocities depend upon the various feed types.
Production of gasoline from naphtha 27
Chapter # 2 Process Description

LHSV for cracked naphtha = 2-8 sec-1

LHSV for SRN = 4-12 sec-1
GHSV for SRN = 100- 125 sec-1

2.1.5 PROCESS FLOW DESCRIPTION

It is divided into two parts:

1) High pressure process flow
2) Low pressure process flow

2.1.5.1 High Pressure Process Flow Stream:

Important equipments excluding pumps and valves:
1) Reactor
2) Furnace
3) Product separator vessel
4) Compressors
5) Exchangers
6) Air and water coolers

Stabilized heavy naphtha from intermediate storage tanks and H 2 gas from
plate forming unit compressor’s mix together and passes through the shell sides of
exchanger .it is preheated by reactor’s effluent containing hydrotreated naphtha
vapors, H2, NH3, H2S, & water vapors which is passing through the tube sides .to
get the heat about 615 ºF .it enters in the furnace in vapor state and then into the
reactor .reactions take place in reactor a and the reactor effluent comes out from
the bottom. it is after passing exchangers and cooled down from air & water
coolers collected in product seperator vessel in the form of condensate and non
condensable gases. it is drain with water from seperator bottom naphtha is
Production of gasoline from naphtha 28
Chapter # 2 Process Description

collected in vessel between the water and non condensable gases.H 2 rich gas is
sent to kero hydrobon unit from the top if the unit is running.

2.1.5.2 Low Pressure Process Stream:

Important equipments:
1) Stripper
2) Re-boiler heater / furnace:
3) Exchangers
4) Reflux drum
5) Air and water cooler

Hydrotreated naphtha from the product seperator is pressured to stripper after gaining
heat from stripper’s effluent in the exchangers function of stripper is to remove all light
hydrocarbons,H2S water and NH3.it happens due to low pressure of stripper (115 psig) &
high bottom reboiler temperature(432ºF).all these light H/C comes out from top and
collected in reflux drum .after condensation by coolers to prevent corrosion by H 2S uni
core is injected at the inlet of coolers top temperature of column is maintained as 210 ºF
by total reflux non condensable gases like H 2S & NH3 sent to fuel gas system from the
bottom of stripper treated naphtha which is free from all impurities is sent to either
intermediate storage tanks or direct to the plateformer unit after cooling by coolers
&exchangers.

2.2 THE PLATFORMING PROCESS UNIT:

Definition:
The process is use to upgrade low octane number straight run naphtha to
higher octane motor fuel blending component by catalytically promoting specific
group of chemical reactions. Its main purpose is to produce aromatics from
paraffins and naphthenes, which have higher octane number. It is the

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

rearrangement of molecules of naphtha feed by changing the molecular structure

of hydrocarbon.

Importance:
It is the most important process in refinery due to several reasons some are
as follows:-

1) Hydrogen which produces as a by product of aromatics reaction use in

plateforming feed as well as in other hydrotreating units.
2) Light hydrocarbon gas producing in hydrocracking reactions help to
increase quantity in fuel/gas system.
3) Butane which is also by product of hydrocracking reactions is used to
adjust vapor pressure of gasoline.

Source and Composition of Feed

Hydrotreated naphtha from hydrocarbon unit is the feed of plateforming
process. It contains mostly c6 through C11 paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics
.however aromatics processing mostly emphasizes on C8 and C7 H/C reactions
which are slow and more difficult to promote .it is because branched and smaller
chain paraffins have higher octane number than straight and longer chain paraffins
similarly napthenes have higher octane number than that of paraffins but aromatics
have best. Therefore the feed contains “rich naphtha” (low paraffins, high
naphthenes) makes operation much easier than the feed having “lean naphtha”
(high paraffins, low naphthenes).

2.2.1 PLATFORMING REACTIONS

Following reactions take place on plateforming process unit:
1. Dehydrogenation of naphthenes.
2. Isomerization of naphthenes and paraffins.
Production of gasoline from naphtha 30
Chapter # 2 Process Description

3. Dehydrocyclization of paraffins.
4. Hydrocracking
.
1) Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes:
Conversion of aromatics from naphthenes (either a cyclohexane or a
cyclopentane) is termed as dehydrogenation reaction as we know that naphthenes
are most desirable feed component which is easy to promote and produce
hydrogen and aromatics as by-product, therefore it is extremely rapid reaction and
catalyzed by metal function.

2) Isomerization

(a) Isomerization of Naphthenes:

It is the conversion of cyclopentane to cyclohexane. it involves ring
rearrangement and probability of ring opening is very high.

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

(b) Isomerization of Paraffins:

It is the conversion of normal hexane into iso-hexane .both reactions (a and
b)are slightly dependent of operation pressure and have acidic catalyst function.

3) Dehydrocyclization Of Paraffins:
This reaction involves very difficult molecular rearrangement from paraffin
to naphthene. It is favored by low pressure and high temperature .during reaction it
faces both metal as well as acid functions of catalyst.

4) Hydrocracking:
This reaction breaks large straight chain paraffins & naphthenes into
smaller Paraffins. It is relatively rapid reaction and favored by high temperature &

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

pressure .it consumes hydrogen which cause in lower platformer yield due to
exothermic reaction. It needs acidic function of catalyst.

2.2.2 MAJOR PLATFORMING PROCESS VARIABLES:

1. catalyst type
2. reactors temperature
3. space velocity
4. reactors pressure
5. hydrogen/hydrocarbon ratio
6. feed stock properties
7. feed additives

1) Catalyst Type:
The selection of catalyst has made according to the processing requirements
in order to get the better yield activity and stability of product. A bimetallic
catalyst platinum/rhenium is use recently a high stability is loaded in the reactor
due to the sensitivity of these catalyst it is very necessary to pay close attention to
the contaminants and operational setup in daily operation to get full benefits.
The purpose of platinum of the catalyst is to promote dehydrogenation and
hydrogenation reactions, i.e. the production of aromatics, participation in
hydrocracking, and rapid hydrogenation of carbon –forming precursors. For the
catalyst to have an activity for isomerization of both paraffins and naphthenes, the
initial cracking step of hydrocracking, and participate in paraffin
dehydrocyclization, it must have an acid activity. The balance between these two

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

activities is most important in a reforming catalyst and, in fact, may require being
different to different duties. For example, in the production of aromatics from
naphthenes it is important that hydrocracking should be minimized to avoid loss of
yield, and thus the acid activity should be lower than in the case of gasoline
production from a Paraffin feed, where dehydrocyclization and hydro cracking
play an important part.
The acid activity can be obtained by means of halogens (usually fluorine of
chlorine up a about 1 per cent wt in catalyst) or silica incorporated in the alumina
base. Platinum content of the catalyst is normally in the range 0.3-0.8 per cent wt.
At higher levels there is some tendency to effect de-methylation and naphthene
ring opening, which is undesirable, while at lower levels the catalysts tend to be
less resistant to poisons.
The choice of platinum content of the catalyst is, in general one of
economics. Platinum is extremely expensive (about pound 50/troy ounce) and the
metal content of the catalyst represents a substantial amount of capital tied up. As
the platinum content of catalyst is reduced its resistance to deactivation is also
reduced, and the reduction of capital invested must be balanced against the
reduction of time between regenerations and a reduction of ultimate catalyst.
Normally the high platinum catalyst ( 0.6 -0.8 percent wt Pt) are used for severe
operations such as the production of 100 octane number gasoline from feeds with
only moderate naphthene contents .

2) Reactor Temperature:
The temperature at which catalyst beds are held is the primary variable
available to the refiner to control the product quality. Platforming catalysts are
capable of operation over a wide range of temperature with little adverse effect on
product yield and catalyst stability. Very high temperature above 538 0C can cause

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

thermal reaction that will decrease Platforming yields and increase catalyst
deactivation.
Required temperature on each reactor inlet is 950 ºF by a furnace before
each reactor .it is controlled by automatic temperature control system increase
temperature above 1010ºF may cause thermal reaction which will decrease
platformer yield catalyst stability.

3) Space Velocity:
The measurement of naphtha which is processed over a given amount of
catalyst in a specific period is called space velocity .if this amount is taken in
volume it is called LHSV (liquid hourly space velocity).
Space velocity will determine the limits of product quality (i.e. Octane no.).
The greater the space velocity, the lower the limit, or maximum octane possible.
Reactor temperatures are interchangeable with LHSV, and the two together
determine the product quality. Within normal Platforming-unit design parameters,
space velocity has little effect on the product yields and product stability (on a
barrel-per pound basis).

4) Reactor Pressure:
The average catalyst pressure in the reactor in each of three reactors has
350 psig pressures which are controlled by automatic pressure control system.
Reactor pressure is more accurately defined as the average catalyst
pressure. For practical purposes, a close approximation is the last reactor inlet
pressure. Separator pressure, as an operating parameter, is of limited value since
pressure drop from unit to unit is can be considerably different and even with same
unit the pressure drop will vary considerably with charge rate, recycle gas-rate,
recycle gas gravity, etc.
The reactor pressure effects the Platforming yields reactor temperature

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

requirement, and catalyst stability. Reactor pressure has no theoretical limitations,

although practical design limitations have an effect. Decreasing the reactor
pressure will increase the hydrogen and Platforming yield, decrease the
temperature requirement to make the product quality, and shorten the catalyst
cycle(increase the catalyst coking rate).

5) Hydrogen / HC Ratio:
It is defined as the mole of recycle hydrogen per mole of naphtha taken at
the unit .recycle hydrogen is necessary to increase the catalyst stability .increase
H2/HC ratio helps naphtha to move faster through reactors in hydrotreated naphtha
and 90% pure H2 gas are used with a mole ratio of 1:7.

6) Feed stock properties:

Feed stock properties are tested by different laboratory method .the
properties of straight run naphtha (hydrotreated naphtha) and their tests are as
follows:-

Properties Test
Initial boiling point (i.b.p)
Medium boiling point (m.b.p) 50% ASTM distillation
End boiling point (f.b.p)

Paraffin content PONA test (paraffin, olefin, naphthene,

aromatics)
Naphthene content
Aromatic content

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

7) Feed Additives:
To maintain the chloride content and the acidic function of bimetallic
catalyst, chloride and water injection is necessary, we know that these properties
helps in dehydrocyclization and isomerisation reactions. If these reactions
decrease the aromatics and iso-paraffin content decreases which have good octane
numbers. Its mean overall catalyst activity decreases, therefore PDC (propylene
dichloride ) is injected to the feed before it enter the furnace .condensed water
injection helps to redistributes the chloride through whole catalyst bed.

2.2.3 PROCESS FLOW DESCRIPTION:

Flow description is divided into two parts:-
1. High pressure system process flow.
2. Low pressure system process flow.

1. High Pressure System Process Flow:

Following are the main components of the unit in this system(excluding

pumps & exchangers)
 Compressors
 Reactors(three)
 Furnaces(three)
 Product separator drum

Hydrotreated naphtha from hydrogen unit is high pressure process

stream .H2 gas is injected in the feed from compressor pdc (propylene dichloride is
also mix with the feed before it enters the exchangers in exchangers it takes as
much heat as possible from reactors effluent then enters the first furnace and get
heat about 700 ºF from there .it proceeds to the first reactor where the temperature

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Chapter # 2 Process Description

requirement is 950 ºF. Then after it enters in the second furnace and second reactor
&third furnace and third reactor respectively in first two reactors due to
endothermic reactions hydrogen is consumed due to exothermic reaction without
temperature drop.
After cooling from air and water coolers reactor effluent is collected in
product seperator drum as condensed platformate with non condensable gases and
water from there compressor suction H 2 gas recycle it and sent to feed line
hydrocarbon unit feed and fuel /gas system water is drawn from the bottom.

2. Low Pressure System Process Flow:

Main components are:-
 Stabilizer or debutanizer column
 Reboiler
Condensate platformate which is present between H 2 rich gas and water in
product seperator is pressured to stabilizer column reactor effluent through
reboiler also join the feed line of stabilizer column by 119-p-1a/b(pump)and enter
in tray no 17th of the column. Stabilizer column which is also called debutanizer
column(when H.O.B.C is feed to BTX unit) removes all light hydrocarbon from
the top in the form of vapors and collected in reflux drum as condensate materials
.from there non condensable gases(H2, CH4, C2H6) sent to fuel/gas system and H2
to flare top temperature of column is maintained as 135 ºF by LPG reflux bottom
reboiler temperature is 450 ºF pressure of column is 275 psig under automatic
pressure control system bottom LPG from reflux is sent to storage. It is also sent to
PRU (Propane Recovery Unit) when propane production is required.
Bottom product of stabilizer column is called platformate. It sent to storage
as finished product H.O.B.C .after exchange some of its heat by incoming feed
and remaining cooled by air and water coolers respectively.

Production of gasoline from naphtha 38