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The presentation topic

Stages of mining : Development and

Exploitation
 Mining Stages

Prospecting

Reclamation Exploration

Exploitation Development
 Mine Development
•Process of constructing a mining facility.
•Infrastructure to support the facility.
•Major purposes: Providing access, Permitting
entry, Ventilation, Transportation, Waste
disposal.
•Limited to: Excavation of openings,
Equipment installation and construction
requiring initial exploitation.
Factors in Mine Development

Factors

Social-
Natural and Economic-
Locational
Geologic Political-
Environmental
 Locational Factors

Ease of transport

Availability of services

Operational and Psychological impcats

Employees’ satisfaction
Natural and Geologic Factors

Topography
Spatial relations
Geologic considerations
Rock mechanics properties
Chemical and metallurgical properties
Socio-Economic-Political-
Environmental Factors

Demographics and occupational skills

Financing and Marketing
Political stability
Environmental legislation
Government: Aids and Restricton
 Sequence of Development
Adoption of Feasibility report.
Confirmation of Mining method.
Finance arrangement.
Land and Mineral acquisition.
Documentation of environmental impact
statements.
Provision of access, transportation, communication
and power supply.
 Sequence of Development
Planning and Construction of surface plant.
Erection of Mineral processing plant.
Mining equipment acquisition.
Main openings construction.
Underground facilities construction.
Requirement and training.
 Land Acquisition
Ownership of
Public Land

Ownership of Leasing of
Private Land Private Land

Leasing of
Public Land
 Environmental Protection
Regulations requires adopting modern technology.
Environmental protection must be planned before
excavation.
Mining permits are withheld, until environmental
laws are obeyed.
Three major acts:
1. The National Environmental Policy
act(NEPA)
2. Environmental Impact Statement(EIS)
3. Environmental Assessment(EA)
Financing and Implementation

Loans from various Issues of securities

sources through investment

Leasing of equipment Government loans

Financing and Implementation

Implemented
according to a crafted Mine Plant
schedule

CPM method to
Such schedule is
achieve development
required to acquiring
in shortest possible
financial support
time
 Taxation
Taxation is a system by which a
government takes money from people
based on their property and earning to use
for government purposes.

Mineral property taxation is unique ,

variable and complex.

There are different types of taxes these

significantly affect income(depletion rates
affects tax , as mineral value varies from
5% to 22% for variation of mineral ).
 Cost estimation
Cost estimation is the approximation of the cost of a
program, project or operation.

Bureau of Mine Staff has provided us with the

knowledge of cost estimation.

Along that, SME Mining Engineering Handbook

provides primarily metal mining information and coal &
secondarily metal mining data.
 Cost estimation

The mine budget is the sum of all cost that are used in
mine.

In mine operation a capital investment goes on

development of mine.

As a result it’s of acute need to secure enough capital to

open a mine and to initiate revenue from deposit.
 Cost estimation
• An example goes-
Coal Mines
Surface $40-150/ton/yr ($44-165/ton/yr)
Underground $100-200 (110-220)

Metal Mines
Surface $75-200 (83-220)
Underground $100-200 (110-330)
 Exploitation :
General strategy

Exploitation is the work of recovering mineral from

earth in economic amounts and delivering it to shipping
or processing facilities.

A chief activity of this stage is production. Production

process includes production cycle and support
operations.

Exploitation is the brief of first three and the fifth stage

of a mine.
 Exploitation :
General strategy

Strategy of exploitation stage are –

 Selection of mining methods matching unique
characteristics.
 Safety requirements
 Mineral processing
 Environment
 Reducing mining cost
 Combination of mining , processing and
requirements of land.
 Exploitation:
Mining Method
Factors in selection: In selection of mining method there
are many quantitative and qualitative that must be evaluated.
The following are considered:

Spatial characteristics of the deposit: size , shape, attitude,

depth etc.
Geologic and hydrologic conditions: chemical
composition, mineralogy, petrology etc.
Geotechnical properties: rock mass rating, elastic-plastic
properties etc.
 Exploitation:

Economic considerations: reserve, production rate,

mine life etc.
Technological factors: recovery, dilution, flexibility
etc.
Environmental concerns: workforce, atmosphere
control etc.
 Guidelines and Procedure

Mining method is carried in three levels . These are-

I. Conceptual study

II. Engineering study

III. Detailed design study

Classification of mining methods
Relative
Locate Class Subclass Method Commodities Cost (%)

Surface Mechanical Open pit mining Metal, 5

nonmetal
Quarrying Nonmetal 100
mining
Open cast Coal, nonmetal 10
mining
Auger mining Coal 5
Aqueous Placer Hydraulicking Metal, 5
mining nonmetal
Dredging Metal, <5
nonmetal
Solution Borehole Nonmetal 5
mining
Leaching Metal 10
 Classification of mining methods
Relative
Locate Class Subclass Method Commodities Cost (%)
Underground Unsupported Room and pillar Coal, nonmetal 20
mining
Stope and pillar Metal, nonmetal 10
mining
Shrinkage stoping Metal, nonmetal 45

Sub-level stoping Metal, nonmetal 20

Supported Cut and fill mining Metal 55

Stull stoping Metal 70

Square set mining Metal 100

Caving Longwall mining Coal 15

Sub-level caving Metal 15
Block caving Metal 10
MINE MANAGEMENT
 Mining costs
Overall Mining cost is the sum of two ,either total unit basis as
follow:

Overall mining cost = Direct cost+ Indirect cost

Sum of all costs associate with the prospecting, exploration,

development, exploitation and reclamation is called direct
mining cost.
The indirect cost includes the allowance.
 Mining costs
Summing the five stages in mine life assuming in 20years
mine life for stage four we obtain data like the following
on-
 Mining costs
While calculating cost of mine we find that,

1. Labour intensive method increase the absolute

cost on the contrary mechanized and automated
method decrease the absolute cost.

2. Geological condition, ground condition in

production, physical dimensions of deposit affects
the absolute costs.
 Conclusion
In order to become well acquainted with various
mining method these following things should keep in
practice-

I. Sketch each method

II. Describe how is to developed and operated
III. Summarize its distinctive conditions and features.

At conclusion, assembling the assigned methods ,a

lasting well-engineered summary record is
produced for future .
Thank

You