Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Portable and efficient graphene-oxide based multistage filtration unit for

water purification
P. Akshay ⇑, S. Shreekanth, R. Rajesh, Geena Prasad ⇑
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In recent times, ensuring availability of adequate supply of potable water for its citizens is of great
Received 6 January 2020 concern for nations across the globe. Water purification is a matter of high immediacy in developing
Accepted 13 February 2020 countries, where enough supply of clean drinking water is unavailable. Globally, in consideration of
Available online xxxx
the water-related diseases, assurance of an affordable, scalable water treatment infrastructure is of
paramount significance. Many states in India face are confronted by scarcity of safe water and pollution,
Keywords: evoked mainly by anthropogenic activities. Majority of the population is unable to either access or afford
Water purification
safe drinking water. More than 60% of this population rely on groundwater for the purpose of drinking
Graphene-oxide coated sand
Vetiver grass
alone and on surface waters for all other purposes. In this era of high-water necessity, the aim of this
Fabric filter paper is to develop a handy personal, water purifier, which is a ubiquitous, cost-effective access to
UV filtration healthy potable water for humans. This portable water purifier is a multi-stage filter constituted of a fab-
ric filter, graphene-oxide coated sand filter, vetiver grass filter, and a UV filtration system. Water quality
test show drastic reductions in the total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, chloride and calcium ions.
Implementation of this filtration unit in water-stressed countries is expected to serve as an efficient
and affordable appliance for daily consumption of water.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference of Materials Processing and
Characterization.

1. Introduction Water scarcity and severe water contamination have been

Two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with a colorless,
inodorous liquid - a compound of oxygen and hydrogen (chemical
formula: H₂O) called water. The enormity of water source is evi-
dent from the oceans that contribute approximately about 97.2%
of total water available. The fresh water sources contribute 2.7%,
of which 0.35% is polluted by anthropogenic activities [1]. Water
is considered contaminated when the presence of certain soluble
pollutants in water exceed the prescribed limits [2]. As a rule,
water contains undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants
and suspended solids. Presence of these contaminants can be
highly detrimental to human health. Hence, an efficient and feasi-
ble method of water purification is inevitable. This purifier consists
of various stages of filtration which can remove harmful microor-
ganisms, dissolved salts and reduces the amount of other physio-
chemical components such as calcium, magnesium, nitrate etc.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: akshaypakzp@gmail.com (P. Akshay), prasad.geena@gmail.
com (G. Prasad).
reported in most regions across the world [1,7]. India falls under
the list of leading countries without easy access to clean drink-
able water. There are approximately 63.4  106 human beings
without any access to clean water over the world [3]. The rapid
growth in human population, combined with irrigation and
industrialization, accelerated the pace of demand for clean, pota-
ble water. In major parts of India there is still a high demand for
water filters among households [7,12]. They are leaned on to the
improvement of the quality of piped-in water, as quality of the
water supplied gets degraded and impure, by contamination in
the network of pipelines, from the filtration units to individual
consumers [3].
2. Materials and methodology
Depending upon the local conditions, it is important to use an
appropriate water treatment technology. These systems should
pose certain characteristics such minimum power, adequate usage
of chemicals and simple to operate. The main objective of this work

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.

Please cite this article as: P. Akshay, S. Shreekanth, R. Rajesh et al., Portable and efficient graphene-oxide based multistage filtration unit for water purifi-
cation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
2 P. Akshay et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

is to incorporate multiple filtration methods into a single portable
water purifier.
Fabric filter, graphene coated sand filter and vetiver was used in
this handy filter. Initially water is allowed to pass through fabric or
cotton layers, to filter suspended solids, followed by graphene
oxide-coated sand filter to eliminate heavy metals and dissolved
salts present in water. Later, a layer of vetiver grass which further
purifies the water and gives a pleasant taste and odor to the water.
These three filters form the main filtration unit which is placed at
the top of the bottle and designed in such a way that one filtration
unit is concentric to others. Water flows radially as the vertical
flow due to gravitational pull is occluded without any leakage.
Small perforations are made at the end of filtration unit for the
incessant flow of water. Finally, the water is treated with ultravio-
let light for few minutes, which removes harmful micro-organisms
present in the water, just before the constant suction to have puri-
fied water. Efficiency test of the filter will be done.
Following are the steps followed to design the final product. In
the context of a portable water purifier, focus will be mainly on the
characteristics of the water. A random survey was conducted with
a structured questionnaire with the sample size of 100 people and
many alterations were made from the results of the survey [6].
2.1. Modes of filtration used
2.1.1. Fabric filter
As a primary layer of filtration, the fabric filter was made. Fabric
filtration is the process by which insoluble contaminants in water
get physically retained, when a gas or liquid containing solid par-
ticles moves through a porous fabric medium [6,7]. The main pur-
pose of augmenting this filter is to obstruct fine, suspended, water-
insoluble particles, visible to our naked eye. This filter can even
remove some of the pathogenic bacteria present in the water [6].
The filter efficiency may be reduced by the settlement of dust par-
ticles. It’s flowrate is affected, leading to increased waiting time. To
avoid this, the filter must be replaced once in a month, or thor-
oughly cleaned, by washing to prevent clogging.
2.1.3. Vetiver grass filter
Vetiver grass, scientifically named as ‘Vetiveria zizanioides’, is
used in the water-filtration process, during phytoremediation
treatment. The vetiver grass absorbs environmental pollutants
such as pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals and hydrocarbons
without affecting its growth [17,18]. This plant is greatly accepted
and lauded by the people from ancient days. The vetiver grass puri-
fies water at a very low cost and the effortless regeneration of fresh
water has made us to select this in water filtration. In addition, it
has other medicinal values too. Vetiver grass can filter out sus-
pended solids and some heavy metals. The effectiveness of vetiver
in reducing toxicity from heavy metals and certain elements are
also proved [17]. The main drawback of vetiver filter is the fungal
growth which can degrade the plant’s organic constituents. The
taste and odor of water can easily be regulated by the replacement
of this grass, as it is economical and readily available in market.
2.1.4. Ultra-Violet filtration
Ultraviolet water filtration (UV filtration) is the prevailing
method for removal of bacteria and other harmful microbes from
water [9]. Generally, bacteria are de-activated by remarkably low
doses of UV radiation [4]. The device consists of a UV LED unit
which constituent a circuit and a battery. UV light is known to have
a very powerful germicidal action. Passing UV light through water
can destroy most of the known pathogens. UV LEDs are notably
efficient in destruction of E. coli. The failure can only be caused
by damage of the diode or by consumption of full energy from
the battery source. This occurs only once in 3 years for a moderate
use of a single person. Therefore, the solution is to replace the cell
before the intensity of UV light reduces. If the UV light is not get-
ting back to its normal intensity even after replacing the cell, the
whole UV setup requires a replacement.
2.2. Design and fabrication of portable water purifier

2.1.2. Graphene oxide-coated sand filter The portable water purifier is designed in Solid works part by
A layer of graphene, combined with oxygen functional groups part and assembled to form the whole setup. The following are
such as OH, CO and COC, is basically defined as graphene oxide the flowchart (Fig. 2), components (Figs. 1,3 and 4) and the final
[9]. Practically, oxidation of pristine graphene produces graphene product (Fig. 5).
oxide [5]. The filter comprised of a layer of coastal sand, coated
with graphene oxide. The graphene oxide coating is derived by
synthesis of common sugar. Graphene oxide has excellent filtering
capabilities, which remove heavy metals, dissolved salts and harm-
ful dissolved gases [11,16]. The major drawback of this filter is its
low reusable capacity. With increased water passing through the
filter, the homogenous coating gets separated or loosened; conse-
quently, the water will no longer be purified. This failure mode
of the filter can be anticipated over a usage period of 6 months.
This failure can be avoided by the replacement of the coated sand
by every 6 months.
Use carbon as a source for purification of water, here, sucrose
crystals (common sugar) are used. With 10 g of coastal sand,
50 mL of sucrose solution is treated. The mixture is then dried at
100 °C and constant stirring is maintained with the help of mag-
netic stirrer for 6 h. The sugar-coated coastal sand is placed in a
crucible and heated in a muffle furnace [3,14]. The temperature
inside the furnace should be maintained as follows:
Later, the mixed material inside the furnace is cooled to room
temperature. For the activation of carbon, 5 g of the composite
should be treated with 10 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid, and
kept undisturbed at room temperature, for 30 min [10]. By wash-
ing with concentrated sulphuric acid gives higher adsorption rate.
The mixture is finally filtered and dried at 120 °C. Fig. 1. Fabric Filter.

Please cite this article as: P. Akshay, S. Shreekanth, R. Rajesh et al., Portable and efficient graphene-oxide based multistage filtration unit for water purifi-
cation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
 P. Akshay et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 2. Different Stages of Temperature that should be maintained inside the Muffle
furnace.
Fig. 3. Graphene Oxide Coated Sand Filter.
Fig. 4. Vetiver Grass Filter.
2.2.1. Solid works design
In solid works, 3D CAD software- version 22 was used for this
analysis. The cross-sectional view of final product (Fig. 6) and side
view and top view of filtration unit (Figs. 7 and 8).
Please cite this article as: P. Akshay, S. Shreekanth, R. Rajesh et al., Portable and efficient graphene-oxide based multistage filtration unit for water purifi-
cation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
3
Fig. 5. UV Filter mounted on the Portable water purifier bottle.
Fig. 6. Cross-sectional view of Portable water purifier.
2.2.2. Part dimensions
The dimensions of the glass bottle, filtration assembly, bottom
lid, top lid and glass straw are given in Table 1. Stainless steel
meshes are used for making layers in the filtration assembly. The
primary mesh size is 74  10-6 m, whereas the secondary mesh
size is 800  10 6 m (see Figs. 9,10).
Time required for filling up a portable water purifier bottle, to a
capacity of 450 mL, was found to be 58 s, which is approximated to
1 min.
Time for UV purification – After filling the bottle, the UV lights
are switched ON and the bottle is kept undisturbed for 2 min; the
UV lights are then turned OFF. Now the water is fit for consump-
tion. Typically, UV System provides dosage of 30 mJ/cm2 which
inactivates most commonly found waterborne microorganisms.
4 P. Akshay et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Side-view of filter.

Fig. 9. Primary mesh.

Fig. 8. Top view of filter.

Table 1
Part dimensions.

Serial No. Parts/Components No of units Dimensions

Height(cm) Diameter
(cm)
Outer Inner
1 Glass bottle 1 24.00 6.50 6.45 Fig. 10. Secondary mesh.
2 Filtration Assembly 1 6 5.5 4
3 Bottom lid 1 2.5 6.5
4 Top lid 1 3 4
5 Glass Straw 1 26 0.5

So, a grand total of approximately 3 min is required for 450 mL of

water to get purified.

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Overview

A survey was conducted to get the details of the qualities of

water they preferred by using a link ‘survey monkey’ [15]. Most
of the people always cared about the color and taste of the water
which they drink. More than half of the people cared about the
material in which the water is stored. People are not much inter-
ested in spending too much money on drinking water. The studies
from priority survey shows that color, odor, taste and freshness Fig. 11. Survey result.

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cation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
 P. Akshay et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

Table 2
Multi-character Decision Modelling.

Alternatives Attribute
Color Taste Odor Durability Price Reduction Water Kept
of Bacteria Material
Activated Carbon Good (9) Good (9) Medium Good (7) Medium Good (7) Fair (5) Good (9) Fair (5)
UV Filter Poor (1) Fair (5) Medium Good (7) Good (9) Fair (5) Good (9) Good (9)
Solar Disinfection Medium Good (7) Medium Poor (3) Fair (5) Fair (5) Medium Poor (3) Fair (5) Medium Good (7)
Fabric Filter Medium Good (7) Medium Good (7) Fair (5) Medium Good (7) Medium Poor (3) Medium Good (7) Good (9)
Vetiver Grass Filter Good (9) Good (9) Good (9) Fair (5) Medium Poor (3) Medium Good (7) Fair (5)
Weightages 13.00% 15.00% 17/00% 5.00% 5.00% 40.00% 5.00%

Table 3
Ranking of Alternatives.

Anti-ideal alternative Ideal alternatives Closeness Ratio Rank

Activated Carbon 2.454 0.257 0.095 1
UV Filter 2.488 0.237 0.087 2
Solar Disinfection 2.529 0.149 0.056 5
Fabric Filter 2.493 0.199 0.074 4
Vetiver Grass Filter 2.471 0.226 0.084 3

Table 4
Design Failure Mode and Effects (DFMEA) Analysis of Portable Water Purifier.

Component NENT Failure mode Failure cause Failure effect Sx Ox Dx RPN Preventive actions
Graphene oxide Less reusable strength Adsorption capability Anti-biotic, heavy metals 8 5 6 240 Frequent inspection and if needed
coated sand diminishes as the coating present in water will not get replacing the whole mixture
gets loosen purified
UV filtration Diode damage Voltage reversal, Existence of E-coli bacteria 6 3 8 144 Proper casing of batteries and
Overheating careful insertion of battery.
Vetiver grass Degradation of the Fungal involvement in Bad taste and odor will not 6 5 7 210 Replacement after every frequent
organic materials product get eliminated if any inspection. Cheaper and is readily
present in it available
Fabric filtration Flow rate reduction Settlement of dust and More time consuming 5 7 6 210 Reusing fabric material after
impure substances washing it with fresh water.

were more important to the people than the material, durability

Table 5 and the price of it Fig. 11.
Results of water quality from piped-in water and filtered water.

BIS water from pipe Filter Water

3.1.1. Survey inference
Hence, the following filters were made to meet the required
Color (Hazen) <25 1 1
Odor Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
needs of the population:
Taste Agreeable Disagreeable Agreeable
Turbidity (NTU) <1 <0.10 <0.10  Graphene oxide filtration can be useful in elimination of bad
pH 7 6.87 7.5 taste, odor and color of the water. It also removes heavy metals
Total Hardness 200 222 141
and microorganisms present in the water.
(mg/L)
Total Dissolved 400 606 364  Besides all the benefits of the graphene filtration approach,
Solids (mg/L) Vetiver grass adds a pleasant taste to water and has medicinal
Aluminum (mg/L) <0.05 <0.03 <0.03 values. Hence, Vetiver grass filtration acts as the cornerstone
Sulphide (mg/L) 0.03 to 0.08 <0.05 <0.05 of the water filtration system.
Ammonia (mg/L) <0.1 <0.01 <0.01
Manganese (mg/L) 0.01–0.05 <0.05 <0.05
 Presence of bacteria such as E-coli, harmful to human and ani-
Copper (mg/L) <0.07 <0.05 <0.05 mal life, can be removed by UV filtration.
Arsenic (mg/L) <0.05 <0.002 <0.002
Phenolic Compound <0.01 <0.001 <0.001
3.2. Multi-character decision modelling
(mg/L)
Iron (mg/L) <0.3 <0.10 <0.10
Fluoride (mg/L) 0.2 0.35 0.34 This analysis explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting crite-
Nitrate (mg/L) 2 2.45 1.73 ria in decision making. Here the water qualities preferred by the
Magnesium (mg/L) 5 4.86 4.86 people and the effectiveness of each filtration methods is critically
Calcium (mg/L) 50 80.9 48.5
evaluated and given in Table 2. The alternatives are ranked and
Chloride (mg/L) 250 294 108
illustrated in Table 3.

Please cite this article as: P. Akshay, S. Shreekanth, R. Rajesh et al., Portable and efficient graphene-oxide based multistage filtration unit for water purifi-
cation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
6 P. Akshay et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 12. Summary of water quality test results (ignoring values below 0.1). Note: DW – Drinking Water standards; PW – Pipe Water Sample; FW – Filtered water sample.
3.2.1. Design failure mode and effects (DFMEA) analysis
The step-by-step approach for identifying all possible failures in
a design, manufacturing or assembly process, for a product or ser-
vice is generally termed as failure modes and effects analysis
(FMEA). Many industries mostly claim formal FMEA standards
[13]. Complex systems with multiple functions can have compli-
cated FMEA, since a large amount of information on the system
may need to be considered [8]. The FMEA presented here for por-
table water purifier is mainly focused on the design aspect. The
Risk Priority Number (RPN) values are used to analyze the failure
modes, so that preventive actions can be undertaken to reduce
the severity, occurrence, and to improve the detection of the fail-
ures. Design-FMEA is intended to make improvements through
reduction of RPN values. Based on the RPN values so obtained, fur-
ther modifications can be made in the design. Table 4 given below
shows Design Failure Mode and Effects (DFMEA) Analysis.
3.3. Water quality testing
Water quality testing was conducted to test the efficacy of the
portable filter. Water samples were collected from two sources-
water from pipe and water passed through a graphene oxide
coated sand filter (filter water). The results of water quality are
tabulated in Table 5 and the summary of water quality test results
are illustrated in Fig. 12.
From the results, it is clear that the total hardness, total dis-
solved solids, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, calcium, had reduced after
filtration. More than 50% reduction is seen in total dissolved solids
and chloride. This result helped us mainly in achieving the objec-
tive of our project. The physcio-chemical characterization is give
in Fig. 12.
4. Conclusion
Water purification process achieves its success by removing
physico-chemical, and biological characteristics from water. This
paper proposes an innovative, inexpensive and eco-friendly
method for water purification. In this portable water purifier, four
stages of filtration (fabric filter, graphene oxide-coated sand filter,
vetiver grass filter and UV light purification systems) are used. As
water passes through each of these stages, the contaminants or
harmful substances present in the water are removed, to some
extent, as confirmed by the water quality test reports. In addition,
Please cite this article as: P. Akshay, S. Shreekanth, R. Rajesh et al., Portable and efficient graphene-oxide based multistage filtration unit for water purifi-
cation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.504
the concentrations of chemical and dissolved solids were consider-
ably reduced after filtration. Other qualities like taste, odor and
color have been improved to consumer standards. Apart from gra-
phene oxide-coated sand filter, UV filter will reduce the presence of
pathogens and other microorganisms present in water.
In conclusion, both DFMEA and water quality test results were
helpful in achieving the objective. The portable water purifier pre-
sented is both efficient in making the water consumable as well as
largely convenient for daily use as it is easily transportable and
economical.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our deep gratitude to the Chancellor
of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, and a world-renowned humani-
tarian, Dr. Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, popularly known as
Amma. Her inspiring Mentorship facilitates unique opportunities
for a seamless blend of advanced scholarship, personal integrity,
and spiritual development. We wish to extend our thanks to the
anonymous reviewers.
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