CE40 – ENGINEERING ECONOMY

Mapua University 3rd Quarter SY 2019 - 2020

School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological
Engineering
NAME: YUSOP, DATU AL-NABE “JUHAIRY” S.
FINAL EXAMINATION
SIGNATURE:

INSTRUCTION: Please forward/upload your answers to your Blackboard account (Course

Message) until May 5, 2020 (5:00pm). For any question, please don’t hesitate to text or
message me at the messenger. In addition, you are requested to answer the examination that
had been be posted in your blackboard account. The coverage of the exam will be the lecture
uploaded. Thank you. Keep safe.

I. Answer the following completely. Show your complete solution and box/underline
your final answer. (20 points each)
1. What is the uninflated present worth of $5000 in 3 years if the average inflation
rate is 6% and i is 10%?

2. It costs P1500 per year to maintain a cemetery plot. If the interest rate is 6.0%,
how much must be set aside to pay for maintenance on each plot without
touching the principal?
3. It costs $1000 for hand tools and $1.50 labor per unit to manufacture a product.
Another alternative is to manufacture the product by an automated process
that costs $15,000, with a $0.50 per-unit cost. With an annual production rate of
5000 units, how long will it take to reach the break-even point?

4. A loan of $10,000 is made today at an interest rate of 15%, and the first
payment of $3000 is made 4 years later. The amount that is still due on the loan
after the first payment is most nearly?
 5. The maintenance cost for an investment is $2000 per year for the first 10 years
and $1000 per year thereafter. The investment has infinite life. With a 10%
interest rate, the present worth of the annual disbursement is most nearly?

6. A machine is purchased for $1000 and has a useful life of 12 years. At the end of
12 years, the salvage value is $130. By straight-line depreciation, what is the
book value of the machine at the end of 8 years?

7. With an interest rate of 8% compounded semiannually, the value of a $1000

investment after 5 years is most nearly?

II. Answer the following: (60 points)

1. What does the outbreak/pandemic mean for the Engineering Economy?
The pandemic has badly affected the economy of every country. Talking about
engineering economy, it mainly depends on the need of people. Like all the
physical engineering activities are been affected with this and it will take a long
time to grow back again. Civil, mechanical, electrical engineers up to some extent
had been got limited in their work. On the other hand, the IT industries, got
comparatively less affected as their work is majorly done from one place, but then
also transport is required to reach out at a place. Overall total engineering
economy is down due to lockdown effect of pandemic as engineering is involved
in everything. One other aspect of this pandemic is that it will make us more
attentive and aware towards the new innovations and inventions. Like the saying
'Invention only comes from the problems. We have our vision on use of robots,
using new technologies and many more.

2. How this pandemic (Covid-19) affected our Engineering Economy?

The new coronavirus is sweeping through the world like a scythe, disrupting not
only our lives but also our jobs, companies, and industries. Whether we suddenly
find ourselves telecommuting, facing unanticipated supply chain difficulties, or
unable to run our factories, we’re all affected. This update looks at some of the
ways this virus-borne disease, Covid-19, is reshaping the engineering world.
Longer-term construction companies across the board will have to contend with
decreased demand as governments face rising deficits and residential and
commercial projects are dampened by unemployment and low GDP growth.
Although some companies may be able to execute on the backlog of the projects,
the pipeline is expected to be weak for the foreseeable future. This suggests: a)
Construction companies with high levels of debt and low cash reserves may face a
liquidity crisis, b) As smaller businesses, sub-contractors may fail rapidly, c)
Contract management will come into sharp focus, as customers seek to terminate
or renegotiate contracts, and d) Internationalization will become less viable as
companies reconsider the regions in which they want to operate and put more
restrictions on foreign companies.

3. What are the different impacts of this Covid – 19 to:

a) Local Economy (Philippines setting )
 The Philippine economy may lose between P276.3 billion and P2.5 trillion,
depending on how the coronavirus pandemic develops in the next few
months, according to a state-run think tank. The country’s economic losses are
estimated to reach P2.5 trillion under a “worse case” scenario, where it is
assumed that the pandemic is not contained around the world and that the
global economy would fall into a recession. Meanwhile, losses are projected to
total P1.6 trillion under a “moderate case,” wherein it is assumed the
pandemic is “effectively contained around the world” by the end of the third
quarter this year. For the “best case” scenario, where the pandemic is
assumed to be contained globally by the end of the second quarter, economic
losses amount to P276.3 billion. PIDS said the transport, storage, and
communication sector is expected to “suffer substantial losses” between P11.7
billion and P124.3 billion due to expected declines in tourism. This is
equivalent to around 1.1%-11.3% of the sector’s share of gross value added to
the economy. Other sectors’ projected losses include manufacturing (P82.1
billion-P855.2 billion); wholesale and retail trade (P93.2 billion-P724.8 billion);
“other services” (P41.5 billion-P356.9 billion); financial intermediation (P18.5
billion-P141.3 billion); agriculture, forestry, and fishing (P9.4 billion-P110.3
billion); real estate, rental, and business activities (P10.7 billion-P79.7 billion);
electricity, gas and water (P5.7 billion-P44.3 billion); mining and quarrying
(P1.7 billion-P26.9 billion); and construction (P1.7 billion-P19.3 billion).

b) International Economy
The normal economy won’t be coming back sooner or later. Regular business
cycles generally start with the more volatile sectors of the economy—real
estate and construction, for instance, or heavy engineering that depends on
business investment—or sectors that are subject to global competition, such
as the motor vehicles industry. In total, those sectors employ less than a
quarter of the workforce. The concentrated downturn in those sectors
transmits to the rest of the economy as a muffled shock. The coronavirus
lockdown directly affects services like retail, real estate, education,
entertainment, restaurants. Thus, the result is immediate and catastrophic. In
sectors like retail, which has recently come under fierce pressure from online
competition, the temporary lockdown may prove to be terminal. In many
cases, the stores that shut down in early March will not reopen. The jobs will
 be permanently lost. Millions of people are facing catastrophe. Many
European economies cushion the effects of a downturn by subsidizing short-
time working. This will moderate the surge in unemployment. But the collapse
in economic activity cannot be disguised.

4. What are the guidelines set for construction in the “Management of COVID-19?”

Construction Safety Guidelines for the Implementation of Infrastructure Projects During the
COVID-19 Public Health Crisis

Pursuant to Presidential Proclamation Nos. 922 and 929, Series of 2020 declaring a State of
Public Health Emergency and Calamity throughout the Philippines due to COVID-19 and in
view of the extended implementation of the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) and
General Community Quarantine (GCQ), the following construction safety guidelines,
supplemental to the existing safety standards, are hereby established for the construction of
all private and public infrastructure projects, as the case may be.

A. Prior to Deployment
a) Only persons from Twenty-One (21) to Fifty-Nine (59) years of age, without pre-existing
health conditions, such as, but not limited to, immunodeficiency, comorbidities, or
other health risks, including any person who resides with the aforementioned; and who
did not come into contact with someone with COVID-19 shall be allowed to be included
in the workforce. Employees or consultants who are Sixty (60) years of age or above
may be part of the workforce for construction projects as may be allowed under GCQ
and ECQ guidelines under Omnibus Guidelines on the Implementation of Community
Quarantine in the Philippines ("OG") dated 29 April 2020.

b) Construction personnel shall be required to undergo any available COVID-19 test, as

may be prescribed by DOH, and retested as the need arises. In this regard, consultation
with medical doctors (duly accredited by DOH, if possible) prior to the conduct of
COVID-19 test shall be made.

c) The head of the concerned Implementing Office (10) shall issue construction quarantine
pass (QP) to the individual qualified personnel of the concessionaires, contractors,
subcontractors, and suppliers, clearly stating the identification, designation, nature of
work, validity and destination. (See Annex "A" — Construction Quarantine Pass Format)
It is understood that the QP shall cover transit of personnel from (a) GCQ area to ECQ
area, and vice versa and (b) an area not under community quarantine to a GCQ or ECQ
area, and vice versa.
 d) The concessionaires, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers shall provide for their
personnel/workers the necessary welfare facilities and amenities, such as employees'
quarters for board and lodging, ensuring compliance to social distancing, proper
hygiene, etc. Contractors shall submit the design for the said welfare facilities and
amenities, for monitoring, to the District Engineering Offices or Regional Offices
concerned.

e) Contractors shall ensure that their projects are in compliance with DOLE D.O. NO.
13 series of 1998. Contractors shall provide their personnel and workers continuous
supply of vitamins, particularly vitamin C, other over - the - counter medicines,
quarantine facilities, and oxygen tanks for emergency purposes.

f) Contractors shall provide disinfection facilities in their respective project sites in

compliance with pertinent DOH and IATF Guidelines, to be placed at strategic locations
to ensure the safety and welfare of all personnel.

g) Proper information dissemination regarding COVID-19 construction protocols on top of

existing construction safety practices shall be conducted by Safety Officers to all
personnel.

h) For Government construction projects, personal records of all personnel necessary for
contact tracing shall be submitted by the concessionaires, contractors, subcontractors,
and suppliers to the DPWH 10 and shall be resubmitted and updated monthly, or as the
need arises. (See Annex "B" — Worker's Records Log Format)

B. During Deployment
a) Conduct an inventory of works for the construction sequencing to be followed and
undertaken to uphold the required social distancing. Break times shall be conducted in
a staggered manner.

b) Employees shall be housed in their respective quarters for the entire duration of the
project covered by the ECQ and GCQ. Otherwise, "Prior to Deployment" procedures
shall be conducted at every instance of re-entry.
c) Errands to be conducted outside the construction site premises shall be kept to a
minimum. Number of personnel running errands shall be limited and shall be properly
disinfected and closely monitored for symptoms within fourteen (14) days upon re-
entry.

d) Field offices, employees' quarters, and other common areas shall be regularly
maintained including the daily disinfection of such facilities.
e) Adequate food, safe/potable drinking water, disinfectants, and hand soaps shall be
made available by the concessionaires, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers to its
in — house personnel.

f) Daily monitoring of the pre and post work health conditions of workers shall be
undertaken by the concessionaires, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers
including, but not limited to, temperature, health, and exposure monitoring, as
preventive measures. Personnel with manifestations or symptoms relative to COVID-19
shall be immediately isolated and quarantined for fourteen (14) days and if necessary,
brought to the nearest DOH COVID-19 treatment facility under strict confidentiality and
privacy. Proper protocols in accordance with the DTI and DOLE Interim Guidelines on
Work Place Prevention and Control of COVID-19 shall likewise be strictly observed. For
Government construction projects, a daily health monitoring report to be prepared by
the Safety Officer shall be submitted to the DPWH 10. (See Annex "C" - Daily con-19
Survei//ance FWUp/Check/ist Form)

g) Work activities shall be under daily strict monitoring by the Safety Officer at site to
ensure compliance with safety standards and quarantine protocols.

h) For Government construction projects, the DPWH Engineers assigned at the site shall
ensure strict compliance to DOLE D.O. 13, series of 1998, and implementation of
wearing additional Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) required such as, but not
limited to, face masks, safety glasses/goggles, face shields, and long sleeve T-shirts, to
contain the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace. On the other hand, contractors for
essential private construction projects under GCQ shall assign a full time safety officer
devoted to ensure compliance with D.O. 13, series of 1998 and implementation of
social distancing measures provided herein.

i) For off-site employees' quarters, transport service, duly disinfected before and after
use, shall be provided, with social distancing observed.

j) Sharing of construction and office equipment is discouraged. However, if necessary, the

shared equipment must be disinfected in between transfers amongst personnel.

k) All material and equipment delivery and disposal shall be conducted by a specific team
of personnel on an isolated loading/unloading zone while limiting contact with the
delivery/disposal personnel. All material and/or equipment entering the construction
site shall be duly disinfected, as possible.
l) Non-essential personnel, visitors, and the general public shall be restricted to enter the
construction site, employees' quarters, and field offices. Otherwise, all personnel
entering the construction site premises on a temporary basis (e.g. Delivery truck
drivers, inspectors, etc.) shall be properly logged and checked for symptoms.
 Gatherings, Liquors, and/or merry — making are strictly prohibited within the
construction site premises.

m) Clustered and staggered deployment of employees within the construction site shall be
observed to minimize personnel contact and for easier contact tracing.

n) Proper waste disposal shall be provided for infectious waste such as PPEs and other
waste products coming from outside the construction premises.

5. What is your personal opinion regarding “how this pandemic affects our
Engineering Economy?
In my opinion, this covid-19 pandemic can greatly affect the engineering economy
because first of all how can the labors in the industry can work properly and not
all of them can afford the proper PPE to avoid the pandemic like face shields, face
mask and etc. Small construction companies will sink because of no work that can
be done during the Enhanced community quarantine and general community
quarantine here in the Philippines, and even though they can work during these
times, they need to assure the safety and health of their workers to prevent the
second wave of this covid-19 pandemic that can be fatal to us in the future.
During this time, we need to lift each other to help them grow even when we are
in crisis. Government should find a way to help those small business to have funds
to give to their workers. Many guidelines about safety and health are need to be
put because of the safety of the community.