Renewable Energy and

Energy Storage
Systems
Chapter 10
Power Electronics for Utility
Applications
 Introduction
 Alternative and renewable energy
 Non-constant output voltage
 DC sources
 Eg. Photovoltaic systems, fuel cells
 Maximum power point tracking
 AC sources
 Relying electromechanics
 Eg. Wind power, tidal power, hydro power systems
 Power conditioning with power electronics necessary
 Bidirectional, resonant, soft-switching multiple O/P techniques
 Energy storage systems
Energy Storage Systems
 Storing energy when renewable power enough
 Releasing power when renewable power not sufficient
 Energy storage devices
 Batteries, hydrogen tanks, other energy storage devices
 Power electronics
 For charging energy storage devices
 For converting voltage in appropriate format and level
 For achieving MPPT
Battery Energy Storage Systems
 BESS for PV systems
 DC/DC converters
 Providing DC link voltage to the inverter from battery
 Achieving maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

DC/DC DC
Inverter
Converter

Photo Voltaic AC
Battery
Battery
Charger
 Battery Energy Storage Systems
 BESS for PV systems
 MPPT
 Current of PV increasing VI Curve
while voltage decreasing Impp
MPP

Current & Power

ve
 Control output current with

r
Cu
corresponding output

er
voltage levels of the PV

w
Po
 For maximising output
power
 Avoiding overload of PV
Voltage Vmpp
Battery Energy Storage Systems
 BESS for Utility
 Bidirectional Inverter (DC/AC or AC/DC)
 DC/AC conversion to AC grid
 AC/DC conversion to charging battery
AC/DC Conversion

Battery Inverter

Charging Battery AC
Battery Energy Storage Systems
 Comparison of batteries for BESS
 Examples of types of lithium-ion batteries
 Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) battery (high energy density)
 Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePo4 or LFE) battery (safer)
Type Cell voltage (V) Density (Whr/kg) Efficiency (%)
Lead-acid 2.1, 2.2 30-40 70-92
Ni-Cad 1.2 40-60 70-90
Ni-iron 1.2 50 65
NiMH 1.2 30-80 66-95
Li-ion Based 3.6 160 99
Nano Titanate 13.8 90 87-95
Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems
 Hydrogen as fuel
 Electrolyser
 Decomposing water to H and O2
 H stored in a high pressure tank as fuel storage
Alternative Load or DC Bus
Energy Source

H Hydrogen
Electrolyser Fuel Cell
Storage Tank

Water Oxygen Oxygen Water

or Air or Steam
Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems
 Fuel cell
 generating DC power by
reaction of H and O2
 Water or steam released
as waste
 MPPT necessary
 Hydrogen able to be
transported via gas pipes
Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems
 Efficiency
 Electrolyser best efficiency < 85%
 Fuel cell around 35%, best efficiency < 50%
 Overall HESS around 30% efficiency
 Much lower than BESS
 Energy density
 Up to 425 Whr / kg
 Higher energy density than batteries
Other Energy Storage Systems
 Ultracapacitors (supercapacitors)
 2.7 to 16.2 V
 Much faster dynamic response
than batteries
 Low energy density and high price
 Acting as Assistive energy
storage devices with batteries
 Improving dynamic response of a
BESS
 Other Energy Storage Systems
 Superconducting magnetic energy
storage system
 Superconductor
 Energy stored as DC current
 Energy stored in superconducting coil
 Very high L and extremely low R coil
 Current freewheeling in coil
 0.5LI2
 High costs for cold support
Renewable Energy System for Utility
 Able to provide power to grid
 Producing DC power directly
 Photovoltaic systems
 DC/DC converters with MPPT
 Inverter for DC/AC conversion to grid
 Producing AC power with generators
 Wind power, tidal power and hydro power
 Electromechanical machines as turbines generating unstable
AC power
 Converters or inverters generating AC power
Photovoltaic Systems
 Parallel current control
 Avoiding circulating current
 Modulation index (M) of inverter
 0.4 to 1.15 DC/DC
PV PV PV AC
 Typical 0.9 Converter Inverter

DC/DC
PV PV PV

DC Bus
Converter

Grid
Parallel
Current
Control

DC/DC
PV PV PV
Converter
Renewable Energy System with
Electromechanics
 Variable frequency to constant frequency converters used
 Constant frequency O/P Doubly-fed
Induction Generator
 Constant AC voltage O/P AC
Mechanical Stator
 AC/DC/AC converters Subsystem M
 Matrix converters Rotor
AC/AC
 Cycloconverters Converter

Induction Generator
DC
Mechanical AC/DC AC
M

+
Inverter
Subsystem Converter
 Renewable Energy System with
Electromechanics
 Types of renewable energy with electromechanics
 Wind power, tidal power and hydro power
 Green or organic gas with combustion generators
 Hydrogen, organic methane
Synchronous Generator
DC
Mechanical AC/DC AC
M

+
Inverter
Subsystem Converter

Inverter

Switched Reluctance Generator

DC
Mechanical SRG AC
M

+
Inverter
Subsystem Converter
 AC/DC/AC Converters
 AC/DC converter + DC Link Capacitor + Inverter
 DC link capacitor for energy storage and voltage smoothing
 C prolonging uninterrupted time when no power from input
 Battery able to be used with C together
 AC/DC converter can be a rectifier or a PFC converter
DC Link
AC AC/DC AC
+

Inverter
I/P Converter O/P
 Matrix Converters
 AC/AC power conversion
 With many bidirectional
Vin
switches
 constructed with IGBTs
and anti-parallel diodes
 Outputting voltage level,
shape, frequency Vout
 By controlling switching patterns and duty ratio of switches
 Obtaining sinusoidal output voltage with high order harmonics
Matrix Converters
 Advantages of matrix converters
 Small power circuit
 No magnetic components and DC link capacitors
 Reliability getting rid of lifetime of capacitors
 Sinusoidal output voltage with minimal high order harmonics
 Unity power factor
 Bidirectional power conversion and power flow
Renewable Energy Network
Wind Rail
Power Transportation

EV
Solar Charging
Photovoltaic
Electric
Vehicle

Bio-power Building
Generation Power LED
Distribution Lighting
Hydrogen

Street
& Traffic Elevator
Motor
Lights Escalator
Drives
Air-con
Fuel Cell HESS
Computers
BESS Waste
Food
AV
Entertainment