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Final Project Introduction To Business Finance 121
Final Project Introduction To Business Finance 121
Class – BSAF – 3
1
Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 5
Mission statement ............................................................................................................................. 5
The way we collected data................................................................................................................. 5
Balance sheet.................................................................................................................................... 6
Income interest ................................................................................................................................. 8
Cash flow statement........................................................................................................................ 10
Ratio Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 12
Liquidity Ratios ................................................................................................................................ 13
Current ratio................................................................................................................................ 13
Quick ratio....................................................................................................................................... 13
Cash ratio ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Graph .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Interpretation .............................................................................................................................. 14
Current ratio ; .............................................................................................................................. 14
Quick ratio....................................................................................................................................... 14
Cash ratio ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Activity Ratio ................................................................................................................................... 15
Inventory turnover ratio .................................................................................................................. 16
INVENTORY TURN-OVER IN DAYS .................................................................................................... 16
AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD (in days) ...................................................................................... 16
Average payment period ................................................................................................................. 16
Cash conversion cycle ...................................................................................................................... 17
Total asset turnover ........................................................................................................................ 17
Fixed asset turnover ........................................................................................................................ 17
Graph .............................................................................................................................................. 18
........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Interpretation.................................................................................................................................. 19
Inventory turnover ratio .................................................................................................................. 19
Inventory turnover ratio in days ...................................................................................................... 19
Average collection period ................................................................................................................ 19
Cash conversion cycle ...................................................................................................................... 19
Fixed asset turnover ratio ................................................................................................................ 19
Total asset turnover ........................................................................................................................ 19
Average payment period ................................................................................................................. 19
Profitability Ratio ............................................................................................................................ 20
2
Gross profit margin.......................................................................................................................... 21
Operating profit margin................................................................................................................... 21
Net profit margin............................................................................................................................. 21
Return on asset ............................................................................................................................... 21
Return on equity.......................................................................................................................... 22
Earnings per share ........................................................................................................................... 22
Dividend per share ...................................................................................................................... 22
Graph .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Interpretation.................................................................................................................................. 24
Gross profit margin.......................................................................................................................... 24
Operating profit margins ................................................................................................................. 24
Net profit margin............................................................................................................................. 24
Return on asset ............................................................................................................................... 24
Return on equity ............................................................................................................................. 24
Earnings per share ........................................................................................................................... 24
Dividend per share .......................................................................................................................... 24
Market Ratio ................................................................................................................................... 25
Price earnings ratio.......................................................................................................................... 26
Market Value ratio .......................................................................................................................... 26
Graph .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Interpretation ................................................................................................................................. 27
• Price earnings ratio ................................................................................................................. 27
• Market/book value rate .......................................................................................................... 27
Debt Ratio....................................................................................................................................... 28
Debt to equity ratio ........................................................................................................................ 29
Interest coverage ratio ................................................................................................................... 29
Financial leverage multiplier .......................................................................................................... 29
Debt Ratio....................................................................................................................................... 29
Graph .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Interpretation ................................................................................................................................. 31
Interest coverage ratio................................................................................................................ 31
Debt to equity ratio..................................................................................................................... 31
Financial leverage Multiplier .......................................................................................................... 31
Finished Good turnover in days....................................................................................................... 31
Interpretation ................................................................................................................................. 32
Account payable turnover in days ................................................................................................... 32
3
Interpretation ................................................................................................................................. 32
Long term debt Capitalization ........................................................................................................ 33
Interpretation ................................................................................................................................. 33
Cash flow coverage ......................................................................................................................... 34
Interpretation.................................................................................................................................. 34
............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Horizontal analysis of balance sheet............................................................................................... 35
Vertical analysis of balance sheet ................................................................................................... 36
Horizontal analysis of income statement ........................................................................................ 37
Vertical analysis of income statement ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary of the ratios ..................................................................................................................... 38
References ...................................................................................................................................... 38
4
Introduction
Engro Foods Limited (EFL) being the 2nd largest dairy company of Pakistan was established
in 2005 with a view to cater the local needs with products in conformity with the global food
safety standard. In December 2016, it became subsidiary of the world 6 th largest dairy
cooperative in the world when Friesland Campina acquired 51% of its shareholding.
Mission statement
• Income statement
• Balance sheets
• Ratio analysis
As all these data that we have collected reflects the company way of dealing from 2015 to
2019 and how they have worked to stabiles the company through different ratios.
5
Balance sheet
The amount is in millions 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Property/Plant/Equipment,
12647.14 13027.55 13528.18 14053.42 15963.2
Total - Net
Property/Plant/Equipmen
27294.01 25904.17 24847.75 24108.59 25006.3
t, Total - Gross
Accumulated
-14646.88 -12876.63 -11461.78 -10209.08 -12469.03
Depreciation, Total
Goodwill, Net - - - - -
6
The amount is in
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
millions
Capital Lease
413.75 - 121.34 - -
Obligations
Minority Interest - - - - -
The amount is in
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
millions
7
Income interest
The value is in
millions 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Selling/General/Admin. 6633.2
4786.02 4924.51 4550.65 5903.46
Expenses, Total
-
Research & Development 0.09 2.04 - -
8
Net Income After
Taxes -954.87 63.78 379.3 2386.71 2983.32
Minority Interest - - - - -
Equity in
Affiliates - - - - -
U.S GAAP
Adjustment - - - - -
Net Income
Before
Extraordinary
Items -954.87 63.78 379.3 2386.71 2563.3
Total
Extraordinary
Items - - - - -
9
Cash flow statement
12 12 12 12 12
Period Length: Months Months Months Months months
Net Income/Starting
Line -1100.36 -170.32 562.98 3517.79 3698.3
Cash from Operating
Activities 1522.06 1230.81 4515.67 5121.51 6542.63
Cash Payments - - - - -
- - - -
Capital Expenditures
1158.09 1340.31 1180.78 1385.84 1400.36
Other Investing Cash Flow
319.71 227.49 280.12 197.74
Items, Total
200.69
Cash from Financing
Activities -458.06 -958.11 -5393.27 -3175.88 -3200.69
10
Financing Cash Flow Items - - - - -
-
Total Cash Dividends Paid -0.62 -306.31 - 5236.3
7656.94
Issuance (Retirement) of
- - - -
Stock, Net -
Issuance (Retirement) of -
-457.44 -651.79 2263.66
Debt, Net 3175.88
3300.36
Foreign Exchange
Effects - - 4.7 1 2.36
11
Ratio Analysis
LIQUIDITY
RATIOS 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
current
CURRENT assets/current
RATIO liabilities 2.00070218 1.918001697 1.203574729 1.086997034 0.9155293
liquid
assets/current
QUICK RATIO liabilities 1.118387511 0.843856907 0.725850479 0.67370409 0.36590801
(cash cash
equvilants)/current
CASH RATIO liabilities 1.22268617 1.0668135 0.701685088 0.648735273 0.54960546
12
Liquidity Ratios
Current ratio
2015 = 11254.63/5625.34 = 2.00070218
2017 =8531.72/7088.65=1.203574729
Quick ratio
2015 =11254.63-4963.32/5625.34 =1.118387511
2016 =10467.36-4605.29/5457.43=0.843856907
2018 =9577.52-3641/8810=0.67370409
2019=10590.55-4232.78/11567.68= 0.36590801
Cash ratio
2015 =11254.63-50.65-4325.6/5625.63=1.22268617
2016=10497-69.65-4605.29/5457.43=1.0668135
2017=8531.72-170.67-3386.42/7088.65=0.701685088
2018=9577.53-400.31-3461.19/8810.99=0.648735273
2019=10590.55-4232.78-915.73/11597.68= 0.54960546
13
Graph
Liquidity Ratio
8
0
1 2 3 4
Interpretation
Current ratio ;
The company is showing huge short-term debates and payables through which it has been see
decreasing in current ratio. Also, the current assets are decreasing which shows the current ratio
decreasing
Quick ratio
As we can see that throughout the company is indicating a decrease in quick ratio as the company is
struggling to grow sales and is paying bills and the receivables are slow through which the company
is struggling
Cash ratio
As we can that the company has less than 1 ratio which indicates that a company is at risk. it also
shows there is increase in short term debt and decrease in current assets.
14
Activity Ratio
Activity ratio shows the numbers of times of assets employed or any constitution of
assets turned into sale during an accounting period.
ACTIVITY
RATIOS
INVENTORY
TURN-OVER
RATIO COGS/inventory 1217.620366 1086.433428 15919.68952 20290.44253 19130.814
INVENTORY
TURN-OVER IN
DAYS 365/inventory turn-over 0.075532608 0.33596168 0.022928576 0.017988765 0.01907917
AVERAGE
COLLECTION account
PERIOD (in receivables/average
days) sales per day 0.000313567 0.000443044 0.001326977 0.002333244 0.00405334
AVERAGE account
PAYMENT payables/average
PERIOD purchasing per day 0.290607838 0.293108577 0.965872514 1.210484108 1.42874187
CASH inventory account
CONVERSION receivables-account
CYCLE payables 3547.04 3324.8 286.21 -366.09 -899.04
TOTAL ASSETS
TURN-OVER sales/total assets 1.723396785 6.361150079 5.787698715 7.535332853 9.58665201
FIXED ASSETS
TURN-OVER sales/fixed assets 11.92529132 11.18645853 9.50556542 13.16962898 17.8633272
15
Inventory turnover ratio
2015 =5957025/4892.35=1217.620366
2016=5003341/4605.29=1086.433428
2017==53910755/3386.42=15919.68952
2018=73880139/3641.13=20290.44253
2019=80976527/4232.78=19130.814
2016 =365/1086.433428=0.33596168
2017 =365/15919=0.022928576
2018 =365/20290.4425=0.017988765
2019 =365/19130.814=0.01907917
2016 =69.65/157208/365=0.000443044
2017 =170.64/128593/365=0.001326977
2018 =400.31/171568/365=0.002333244
2019 =915.73/225920/365=0.00405334
2016 =1349.85/4605.29=0.293108577
2017 =3270.85/3386.42=0.965872514
2018 =4407.53/3641.13=1.210484108
2019 =6047.55/4232.78=1.42874187
16
Cash conversion cycle
2015 =4892.35+56.96-1402.27=3547.04
2016 =4605+69.65-1349.85=3324.8
2017 =170.64+3386.42-3270.85=286.21
2018 =400.31+3641.13-4407.53=-366.09
2019 =225920/23566.1=-899.04
2016 =157208/24713.77=6.361150079
2017 =128593/22218.33=5.787698715
2018 =171568/22768.47=7.535332853
2019 =225920/23566.1=9.58665201
2016 =157208/14053.42=11.18645853
2017 =128593/13528.18=9.50556542
2018 =171568/13027.55=13.16962898
2019 =225920/12647.14=17.8633272
17
Graph
Activity ratio
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
18
Interpretation
It holding its inventory longer as it has high which shows that the company has less sales thus having
high inventory turnover in days
19
Profitability Ratio
PROFITABILITY
RATIOS
(gross
GROSS PROFIT profit/sales)
MARGIN *100 6% 23% 4% 19% 2%
(operating
OPERATING profit/sales)
PROFIT MARGIN *100 2% 2% 1% 0% 0%
(net
RETURN ON income/total
ASSET assets) *100 2% 2% 17% 0% -4%
(net
RETURN ON income/total
EQUITY equity) *100 14% 14% 4% 1% -11%
net income/no.
EARNING PER of share of -
SHARE common stock 0.460098931 0.311338697 0.049478474 0.008319897 0.1245597
dividend/no of
DIVIDENT PER share of -
SHARE common stock 1.299295848 1.13399496 0.165713101 0.12360748 0.0019045
2016=10102.73/44346*100=23%
2017=5632/128593*100=4%
2018=31934.43/171568*100=19%
2019=38736.12/2259320*100=2%
2016=3865.82/157208*100=2%
2017=1087.47/128593*100=0%
2018=505.02/171568*100=1%
2019=121.22/225920*100=0%
2016=3517.79/157208*100=2%
2017=562.98/128593*100=0%
2018=63.78/171568*100=0%
2019=-954.87/225920*100=0%
Return on asset
2015 =2568.66/105382*100=2%
2016 =2368/157208*100=2%
2017 =379.3/2218.33*100=17%
2018 =63.78/22768.47*100=0%
2019 =-954.87/23566.100=-4%
21
Return on equity
2015 =2586.66/18623.32*100=14%
2016 =2386.71/17150.52*100=14%
2017 =379.3/9721.02*100=4%
2018 =63.78/9341.06*100=1%
2019 =-954.87/8384.67*100=-11%
2016=2386.71/7665.96=0.311338697
2017=379.3/7665.96=0.049478474
2018=63.78/7665.96=0.008319897
2019=-954.87/7665.96=0.1245597
2016=8693.16/7665.96=1.13399496
2017=1270.35/7665.96=0.165713101
2018=947.57/7665.96=0.12360748
2019=-14.6/7665.96=0.0019045
22
Graph
Proftability Ratio
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
23
Interpretation
In 2016 and 2017 the ratios that there were profits more than its cost and in 2015, 2017, 2019
We can see that the company cost is more than its profits
Return on asset
The ratio indicates there is increase in which shows that either the net income is increasing or
average total assets are decreasing and the decrease indicates which is from 2017 and 2019 and it
shows that there is a profit and due their investment that they have made and it is showing
promising colors
Return on equity
The ratio indicates decrease which shows that the business is not efficient in generating profit thus
there are less sales and are decreasing every day
24
Market Ratio
Market value ratio are used to evaluate the current share of a publicity –held company stock.
These ratios are employed by current and potential investors to determine whether a
company's shares are over-priced or under-priced. The most common market value ratios are:
Price earnings ratio = market price per share equity share \earning per share *100
MARKET
RATIOS
common stock
MARKET/BOOK equity/book
VALUE RATIO value per share 0.001407856 0.001304461 0.001282051 0.001265502 0.0013508
-
TOTAL 3526.627757 8693.137886 379.2090147 63.73105964 14.599869
25
Price earnings ratio
2015=3527.12-9960.35/766.6/26.32=3526.626349
2016=8693.16-2368.71/766.6/131.94= 8693.136581
2017=379.3-1270.35/766.6/17.96=379.2077326
2018=63.78-947.57/766.6/24.62= 63.72979414
2019=-14.6-24.6/766.6/26.3= 14.60122
2016=7665.96/7665.96/766.6 =0.001304461
2017=7665.96/7665.96/780 = 0.001282051
2018=7665.96/7665.96/790.2 =0.001265502
2019=7665.96/7665.96/740.3 =0.0013508
Graph
Chart Title
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
-1000
26
Interpretation
The ratio shows increase in 2015 and 2016 which shows that the company stock is overvalued but in
the 2017 to 2019 it shows that the ratio is low which shows that the stock is undervalued which
means that their business is undervalue because their stock price trade relatives to its fundamentals
The ratio is low which indicates the that you can buy the stock for the low price relative to the value
27
Debt Ratio
Debt ratio is calculated to determine the ability of business to serve its debt long term.
total
liabilities/total
DEBT RATIO assets 0.053180145 0.220825475 0.319045131 0.386975797 0.49086102
INTEREST
COVERAGE EBIT/interest -
RATIO expense 2.004595792 -217.143827 -51.6495413 100.7810651 26.6883337
DEBT TO total
EQUITY debts/total
RATIO equity 0.034902477 0.029153635 0.423961683 0.428216926 0.4309949
FINANCIAL total
LEVERAGE assets/total
MULTIPLIER equity 5.658604373 1.44099246 2.285596573 2.437461059 2.81061747
28
Debt to equity ratio
2015=650/18623.32=0.034902477
2016=500/17150.52=0.029153635
2017=4121.34/9721.02=0.423961683
2018=4000/9341.06=0.428216926
2019=3613.75/8384.67= 0.4309949
2016=3517.73/-16.2=-217.143827
2017=562.98/-10.9=-51.6495413
2018=-170.32/-1.69=100.7810651
2019=-1100.36/-41.23=26.6883337
2016=24713.77/17150.52=1.44099246
2017=22218.33/9721.02=2.285596573
2018=22768.47/9341.06=2.437461059
2019=23566.1/8384.67=2.81061747
Debt Ratio
2015=5604.23/105382=0.053180145
2016=5457.43/24713.77=0.220825475
2017=7088.65/22218.33=0.319045131
2018=8810.99/22768.84=0.386975797
2019=11567.68/23566.1=0.4908610
29
Graph
Chart Title
150
100
50
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
Debt ratio Interest coverage ratio Debt equity ratio financial leverage multiplyer
30
Interpretation
=37.39 days
=35.0 days
=82.39 days
31
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Interpretation
The ratio indicates that there must be more stock due to any company’s reason such as weather
conditions or another reason through which it shows that the finished goods stock will be lower
=38.42 times
=41.01 times
=39.67 times
=37.6 times
=10.1 times
Interpretation
The ratio indicates increasing from 2015 to 2018 which shows that the company has plenty of cash
available to pay off its short term debt and it also shows the company is managing their debts and
cash flow effectively and there is a decrease in 2019 which shows that the company is taking longer
to pay its off its debts which is a bad sign for the company
32
Long term debt Capitalization
2. Long term debt to capitalization: Formula: LTD + Preferred stock + common stock
2019 =3200+0+766.6
=3966.6
2018 =4000+766.6
=4766.6
2017 =4000+766.6
=4766.6
2016 =500+766.6
=1266.6
2015 = 450+800
=1250
Interpretation
The ratio indicates from 2015 to 2018 there an increase which shows the firm is in a financial
weakness and is at risk but in 2019 the ratio decreases which means that the business is trying to get
a hold of its financially.
33
Cash flow coverage
Interpretation
The ratio is indicating decrease cash flow coverage which means that company is going to
bankruptcy of the company if they do not go to 1 which means that the company is struggling
financially each year.
34
Horizontal analysis of balance sheet
35
Vertical analysis of balance sheet
36
Horizontal analysis and vertical analysis of income statement
37
Summary of the ratios
As we can see that the company is being seen struggling with debts, as we can see that every year
the debt is increasing which can be a good sign but rather it’s a liability thus for this the company
needs. The company is struggling financially but in 2019 the company is trying to hold back by using
its assets and using them effectively. As the ratios are indicating that if the company would not stand
on its feet but we can see in 2019 that company is at least paying its interest and its expense and to
its vendors but if the situation is like this for long the company would fall financially.
References
• https://www.engro.com/investor-relations/financial-reports/
• https://www.engro.com/app/media/2019/04/engro-corp-annual-report-2018.pdf
• https://www.engrofertilizers.com/downloads/
• https://www.investing.com/equities/engro-foods-balance-sheet
• https://www.investing.com/equities/engro-foods-income-statement
38