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Modulf5edisiguru 180925204046
Modulf5edisiguru 180925204046
Modulf5edisiguru 180925204046
v–u sin i
1 a= 16 n=
t sin r
1 1 1
4 Momentum = mv 18 = +
f u v
5 F = ma 19 Pembesaran linear v
m=
Linear magnification u
6 Tenaga kinetik
= 1 mv 2
Kinetic energy 2 20 v = fλ
ax
7 Tenaga keupayaan graviti
= mgh 21 λ=
Gravitational potential energy D
22 Q = It
8 Tenaga keupayaan kenyal 1
= Fx
Elastic potential energy 2
23 E = VQ
tenaga
9 Kuasa, P =
masa 24 V = IR
energy
Power, P =
time
m 25 Kuasa / Power, P = IV
10 ρ=
V
26 g = 10 m s–2
F
11 Tekanan / Pressure, P =
A Ns V
27 = s
Np Vp
12 Tekanan / Pressure, P = hρg
Kecekapan / Efficiency
28
13 Haba / Heat, Q = mcθ IV
= s s × 100%
Ip Vp
14 Haba / Heat, Q = mL
29 E = mc 2
PV
15 = pemalar / constant
T 30 c = 3.0 × 108 m s –1
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Gelombang
UNIT 1 Waves
3 – 50
Keelektrikan
UNIT 2 Electricity
51 – 83
Keelektromagnetan
UNIT 3 Electromagnetism
84 – 132
Elektronik
UNIT 4 Electronics
133 – 170
Keradioaktifan
UNIT 5 Radioactivity
171 – 196
D.g.e. sel Besar Membekalkan arus yang lebih besar melalui perintang yang sama
16
E.m.f. of cell Large / Big Supply a larger current through the same resistance
Kuasa alat elektrik Tinggi Menggunakan lebih banyak tenaga elektrik sesaat
17
Power of electrical device High / Large Uses more energy per second
Voltan kerja alat elektrik
Besar Memerlukan arus yang lebih kecil untuk menjana kuasa yang tertentu
18 Voltage (working voltage
High Need a smaller current to produce a fixed amount of power
of electrical device)
Julat ammeter Besar Boleh mengukur arus yang lebih besar / Biasanya mempunyai kepekaan yang lebih
19
Range of an ammeter Big rendah / Can measure large current / Usually has a lower sensitivity
Boleh mengukur beza keupayaan yang lebih besar / Biasanya mempunyai kepekaan
Julat voltmeter Besar
20 yang lebih rendah
Range of voltmeter Big
Can measure higher voltage / Usually has a lower sensitivity
Pendek Mereput dengan lebih cepat / Keaktifan berkurang dengan lebih cepat
Short Decays faster / Activity decreases faster
Setengah hayat
21 Mereput dengan lebih perlahan / Keaktifan berkurang dengan lebih perlahan /
Half-life Panjang
Keradioaktifan tahan lebih lama
Long
Decays slowly / Activity decreases slowly / Radioactivity lasts longer
Kadar pengembangan Tinggi Mengembang dengan lebih banyak untuk kenaikan suhu yang tertentu
22
Rate of expansion High Expands more for a certain rise in temperature
Rendah Mudah patah / putus / pecah apabila dikenakan daya
Kekuatan Low Breaks easily / Needs a small of external force to break
23
Strength Tinggi Tidak mudah patah / putus / pecah apabila dikenakan daya
High Difficult to break when a force is exerted on it
Rendah Lebih perlahan menjadi karat
Kadar pengaratan Low Does not rust easily / quickly
24
Rate of rusting Tinggi Lebih cepat menjadi karat
High Rust easily / quickly
Gelombang
1 Waves
1
• Membezakan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang membujur dan memberi contoh-contoh bagi setiap gelombang.
UNIT
Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give examples for each type of wave.
• Menyatakan maksud muka gelombang.
State what is meant by a wavefront.
• Menyatakan arah perambatan gelombang terhadap muka gelombang.
State the direction of propagation of waves in relation to wavefronts.
• Mentakrifkan / Define
i. Amplitud / Amplitude, ii. Tempoh / Period, iii. Frekuensi / Frequency,
iv. Panjang Gelombang / Wavelength, v. Halaju Gelombang / Wave speed.
• Melakar dan mentakrifkan graf sesaran-masa bagi gelombang.
Sketch and interpret a displacement-time graph for a wave.
• Melakar dan mentakrifkan graf sesaran-jarak bagi gelombang.
Sketch and interpret a displacement-distance graph for a wave.
• Menjelaskan hubungan antara laju, panjang gelombang dan frekuensi.
Clarify the relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan laju, panjang gelombang dan frekuensi.
Solve problems involving speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menghuraikan pelembapan dalam sistem ayunan.
Describe damping in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikan resonans dalam sistem ayunan.
Describe resonance in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikan pantulan gelombang dalam sebutan sudut tuju, sudut pantulan, panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju
dan arah perambatan.
Describe reflection of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of reflection, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of
propagation.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pantulan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves.
• Menghuraikan pembiasan gelombang dalam sebutan sudut tuju, sudut biasan, panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju
dan arah perambatan.
Describe refraction of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of
propagation.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pembiasan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves.
• Menghuraikan pembelauan gelombang terdiri daripada panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju, arah perambatan dan
bentuk gelombang.
Describe diffraction of waves in terms of wavelength, frequency, speed, direction of propagation and shape of waves.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pembelauan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show diffraction of waves.
Memahami Gelombang
1.1 Understanding Waves
1 Gelombang ialah gangguan atau ayunan yang merambat melalui ruang-masa. Perambatan gelombang
menyebabkan pemindahan tenaga dan momentum
dari satu titik ke titik yang lain.
Wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space-time. Wave motion causes transfers of energy and
momentum from one point to another.
2 Apabila tenaga dipindahkan oleh gelombang daripada sumber yang bergetar kepada penerima, maka tidak
terdapat pemindahan zarah-zarah antara dua titik.
When energy is transferred by wave from a vibrating source to a distant receiver, there is no transfer of particles
1
between the two points.
UNIT
Perbandingan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang membujur
Comparison between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
the particles
Amplitud
Amplitude, a Arah getaran spring
Sesaran ayunan
Garisan atau permukaan yang menyambungkan titik-titik pada fasa yang sama.
The locus of points which vibrates in phase .
Muka gelombang
Wavefront
Titik dalam fasa yang sama
Takrif Points in phase
C
Definition
C = Puncak / Crest
T = Lembangan / Trough
UNIT
Arah perambatan
Jenis muka Arah perambatan gelombang
gelombang gelombang The direction of wave
Type of The direction of wave propagation
wavefront propagation
Muka gelombang
Muka gelombang Wavefront
Wavefront
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua titik yang berturutan yang bergetar
dalam fasa yang sama.
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points which are vibrating in phase.
atau / or
Jarak antara dua puncak berturutan atau lembangan yang berturutan. (rujuk rajah
di bawah)
The distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs . (refer diagram below)
λ
Puncak / Crest
λ
Panjang
gelombang, λ
Wavelength, λ λ Lembangan / Trough
Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua mampatan yang berturutan atau jarak
antara dua renggangan yang berturutan pada gelombang bunyi. (rujuk rajah di bawah)
Wavelength is the distance between two successive compressions or two successive
rarefactions in a sound wave. (refer to the diagram below)
λ
Puncak Puncak ialah titik pada gelombang dengan sesaran positif yang maksimum .
Crest maximum positive displacement
A crest is the point on a wave with the .
Lembangan Lembangan ialah titik pada gelombang dengan sesaran negatif yang maksimum .
Trough maximum negative displacement
1
A trough is the point on a wave with the .
UNIT
Ialah kawasan sepanjang gelombang membujur di mana tekanan dan ketumpatan
Jenis ayunan
Kedudukan
Type of oscillation keseimbangan Satu ayunan lengkap
Equilibrium position
One oscillation
1 atau n
f = T or f = t
1
λ
A
Masa
a Jarak, d
O Time
(cm)
Graf O Distance, d a
Graph a (cm)
Halaju Halaju, v = f λ
Velocity Velocity, v = f λ
v v f
Graf
Graph
λ f λ
0 0 0
Tempoh / Masa ayunan bergantung pada Panjang gelombang dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi.
Inferens panjang bandul. Wavelength is influenced by frequency.
Inference The period / time of oscillation depends on
the length of the pendulum.
1 UNIT
Tempoh meningkat dengan panjang / Semakin Semakin tinggi frekuensi, semakin pendek
panjang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang panjang gelombang.
Hipotesis tempoh ayunan. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
Hypothesis
The period increases with length / The longer the
pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation.
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang dan tempoh Mengkaji hubungan antara frekuensi dan
Tujuan ayunan bandul ringkas. panjang gelombang bagi gelombang.
Aim To investigate the relationship between the length and To investigate the relationship between frequency and
the period of oscillation for a simple pendulum. wavelength of a wave.
Jam randik, pembaris meter, kaki retort, Tangki riak, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris
Senarai radas pengapit-G dan 2 keping gabus / papan lapis. meter, motor penggetar, kertas putih, bekalan
dan bahan Stopwatch, metre ruler, thread, retort stand, G-clamp kuasa, lampu dan bar kayu.
List of apparatus and 2 small pieces of cork / plywood. Ripple tank, mechanical stroboscope, metre ruler,
and materials vibrator motor, white paper, power supply, lamp and
wooden bar.
Lampu
Motor Lamp
Motor
Air
Kaki retort Water
Stroboskop
Retort stand mekanikal
Benang Mechanical
Susunan radas Thread stroboscope
Bar
Arrangement of the getaran
apparatus Vibrating
bar
1. Radas dan bahan disediakan seperti dalam 1. Tangki riak disediakan seperti dalam rajah
rajah dengan panjang bandul ditetapkan pada dan sehelai kertas putih diletakkan di bawah
90.0 cm. tangki riak.
Apparatus and materials are set up as shown in A ripple tank is set up as shown and a sheet of
the diagram with the length of pendulum fixed white paper is placed under the ripple tank.
at 90.0 cm. 2. Hidupkan suis motor penggetar pada
2. Hujung bandul ditarik ke sisi dengan sudut frekuensi 10 Hz.
sesaran yang kecil dan dilepaskan. Switch on the vibrator motor at a frequency of
The pendulum is pulled sideways with a small 10 Hz.
angular displacement and released. 3. Perhatikan gelombang air dengan
3. Masa 10 ayunan lengkap, t1 diukur dan menggunakan stroboskop, ukur panjang
UNIT
_
2
t
T dan
= T2 dikira.
10
The readings are tabulated and t =
_
t1 + t 2 ,
_ 2
t
T= and T2 are calculated.
10
t/s Panjang
Frekuensi, f / Hz
ℓ/cm _ T/s T 2 / s2 gelombang, λ / cm
t1 / s t2 / s t/s Frequency, f / Hz
Wavelength, λ / cm
90.0 10
Penjadualan Data
Tabulation of the 80.0 20
data
70.0 30
60.0 40
50.0 50
40.0
T 2 / s2 λ / cm
Menganalisis data
Analysis of the data
o I / cm o f / Hz
Latihan / Exercise
1 Seorang pelajar menggetarkan suatu sistem getaran 4 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang bunyi yang
spring sebanyak 4 kali per saat. Panjang gelombang KBATdihasilkan daripada satu tala bunyi.
bagi spring tersebut ialah 0.6 m. Berapakah halaju The diagram below shows the sound waves produced by a
gelombang menerusi spring tersebut? tuning fork.
A student makes a spring vibrating system vibrate at 4 cm
4 times per second. The wavelength of the wave on the
spring is 0.6 m. What is the speed of the wave moving
along the spring?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given
1
f = 4 Hz, λ = 0.6 m 150 cm
UNIT
v = f λ
= 4 Hz × 0.6 m
= 2.4 m s–1 (a) Berdasarkan rajah, tentukan
Based on the diagram, determine
2 Gelombang radio merambat dengan halaju (i) amplitud / the amplitude
3 × 108 m s–1. Berapakah panjang gelombang bagi (ii) panjang gelombang / the wavelength
gelombang radio FM yang diterima pada 200 MHz (b) Berapakah frekuensi gelombang bunyi
bagi mendapatkan siaran radio tersebut? sekiranya halaju bunyi adalah 330 m s–1?
Radio waves travel at a speed of 3 × 108 m s–1. What is the What is the frequency of the sound waves if the speed
wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on of sound is 330 m s–1?
your radio dial? Penyelesaian / Solution
Penyelesaian / Solution 4 cm
(a) (i) a = (b) v = f λ
Diberi / Given 2
330 m s–1 = f × 0.5 m
v = 3 × 108 m s–1, f = 200 MHz = 2 cm
... f = 660 Hz
v = fλ
(3 × 108 m s–1) = (200 × 106 Hz) x λ (ii) 3λ = 150 cm
λ = 1.5 m λ = 50 cm
3 Seutas tali direntangkan di atas lantai. Satu 5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf sesaran-jarak.
penghujung tali tersebut digoyangkan dengan The diagram below shows the displacement-time graph.
frekuensi 8 Hz. Graf di bawah menunjukkan Sesaran / m
sebahagian pergerakan tali dalam suatu masa. Displacement / m
A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the 10
rope is then shaken at frequency of 8 Hz. The graph below
shows the rope at a particular moment in time. 0 Masa / s
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Time / s
Sesaran / m
Displacement / m –10
0.5
Berdasarkan graf di atas, tentukan
0 Jarak / m Based on the graph above, determine the
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Distance / m (a) amplitud / amplitude
–0.5 (b) tempoh / period
(c) frekuensi / frequency
Tentukan / Determine Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) amplitud / the amplitude
(a) a = 10 m
(b) panjang gelombang / the wavelength
(b) T = 0.4 s
(c) halaju gelombang / the speed
Penyelesaian /Solution 1
(c) f =
T
(a) a = 0.5 m 1
(b) λ = 0.8 m = 0.4 s
(c) v = f λ
= 8 Hz × 0.8 m = 2.5 Hz
= 6.4 m s–1
Mengalami / Experiences
Terminologi Penjelasan
Terminology Explanation
Daya luar mesti dikenakan kepada sistem ayunan untuk membolehkan sistem berayun
Daya luar secara berterusan.
External force
An external force must be applied to an oscillation system to enable the system to go on continuously.
Daya luar membekalkan tenaga kepada sistem memaksa sistem berayun. Ayunan ini
Ayunan paksa dinamakan ayunan paksa.
Forced oscillation The external force supplying energy to the system forces the oscillation. This oscillation is called a
forced oscillation.
1
Frekuensi asli ialah frekuensi sesuatu sistem yang bergetar sendiri tanpa sebarang
UNIT
Frekuensi asli daya luar yang bertindak ke atasnya.
Natural frequency Natural frequency is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of
an external force.
Eksperimen yang
menunjukkan
fenomena F
A
resonans B D
Experiment to show
a phenomenon of E
resonance C
Beban
Load
• Bandul yang lain akan berayun dengan amplitud yang sangat kecil .
The other pendulums oscillate with very small amplitudes .
• Bandul D menerima tenaga yang lebih besar daripada bandul B, berbanding setiap bandul
yang lain. Maka, resonans berlaku.
Pendulum D receives a bigger amount of energy from pendulum B compared to each of the other
pendulums. Hence, resonance occurs.
Gelombang tuju
Gelombang tuju
1
Incident wave
Incident wave
λ
λ λ
Pemantul cekung
Concave reflector
Pemantul satah
Plane reflector
i r
i = sudut tuju
(sudut di antara gelombang tuju dan normal) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
angle of incidence • Sudut i = sudut r / Angle of i = Angle of r
(the angle between the direction of propagation of the
incident wave and the normal) • Panjang gelombang , frekuensi dan halaju
r = sudut pantulan
tidak berubah selepas pantulan.
(sudut di antara gelombang pantulan dan normal)
angle of reflection Wavelength , frequency and speed do not change after
(the angle between the direction of propagation of the
reflection.
reflected wave and the normal)
• Arah perambatan gelombang berubah apabila ia
Gelombang tuju
Incident wave dipantulkan.
Gelombang terpantul Direction of propagation of wave changes when it is reflected.
Reflected wave
• i = r
• Gelombang tuju, gelombang terpantul dan garis normal terletak pada satah yang sama pada sudut tegak dengan
permukaan pantulan pada titik tuju.
The incident wave, reflected wave and normal lie in the same plane which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface
Panjang
gelombang tetap
Constant Mempunyai sudut tuju
wavelength yang sama dengan
(λ) sudut pantulan
Has an angle of incidence
equal to the angle of
reflection
Gelombang tuju,
1
gelombang terpantul dan
UNIT
garis normal berada pada Ciri-ciri Pantulan
satah yang sama Gelombang
Incident wave, reflected wave
Characteristics of
and the normal lie in the same Frekuensi tetap
Reflection of Wave
plane Constant frequency
f
Tujuan Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut pantulan.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Kotak sinar, cermin satah, plastisin, protraktor dan kertas putih
List of materials Ray box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white paper
and apparatus
Protraktor / Protractor
Susunan radas O
Arrangement of the i Kertas putih / White paper
apparatus r
Kotak sinar
N
UNIT
Ray box
Plastisin / Plasticine
1
r/º
Menganalisis
data
Analysis the data
i/º
0
1
pembengkokan gelombang disebabkan oleh perubahan Gelombang mempunyai frekuensi yang
UNIT
halaju apabila ia bergerak dari satu medium ke medium lain, sama tetapi berbeza pada halaju ,
yang mempunyai perbezaan ketumpatan optik atau panjang gelombang dan
kedalaman . arah perambatan
Refraction is the change in direction of the wave when its speed The wave has the same frequency but
changes as it moves from one medium to another, which has different different speed , wavelength and
optical densities or different depths . direction of propagation.
Apabila gelombang merambat dari satu medium merentasi sempadan ke medium lain yang berbeza halaju,
gelombang yang terbias akan merambat dalam arah yang berbeza daripada gelombang tuju.
When a wave travelling in one medium crosses the boundary into another medium where its velocity is different , the refracted
wave will move in a different direction from that of the incident wave.
Ciri-ciri gelombang
Characteristics of waves
Keadaan Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek
Situation In deep water In shallow water
Halaju
Speed lebih laju / faster lebih perlahan / slower
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength lebih panjang / longer lebih pendek / shorter
Frekuensi
Frequency tidak berubah / unchanged tidak berubah / unchanged
F
1
Sinar tuju
Incident ray Udara Sinar tuju
i
Air Incident ray
Kaca i
Sinar
Glass
r terbias Sinar
Kaca Refracted Udara terbias
Glass ray r
Air Refracted
ray
Kesan pembiasan
Effects of refraction
Laut Pantai
Sea Beach
1
Teluk Udara sejuk
UNIT
Bay Cold air
• Apabila gelombang air merambat dari tengah laut ke pantai, • Pada waktu malam, lapisan udara di bawah lebih
mengikut bentuk pantai sejuk daripada lapisan udara di atas.
gelombang air . At night, the air layer near the ground is cooler than the
When water waves propagate from the sea to the beach, the water waves layer above.
follow the shape of the beach.
• Gelombang bunyi merambat lebih
• Ini disebabkan gelombang air merambat dari kawasan air
laju dalam udara panas daripada
dalam ke kawasan air cetek . udara sejuk disebabkan lapisan udara panas
This is so because the water waves propagate from deep
kurang tumpat daripada udara sejuk.
water to shallow water.
Sound waves travel faster in warm air than in
cold air because warm air is less dense than cold
• Halaju dan panjang gelombang
air.
berkurang apabila gelombang air menghampiri pantai dan
mendekati • Gelombang bunyi dibiaskan
gelombang air dibiaskan garis normal.
The speed and wavelength decrease as mendekati bumi pada waktu malam.
the waves approach the beach and hence the water wave is Hence, sound waves are refracted
refracted towards the normal. towards the earth at night.
• Air di teluk lebih tenang berbanding air di tanjung. • Pada hari panas, permukaan bumi yang panas
The water in the bay is more calm compared to the water at the cape. menyebabkan lapisan udara yang berdekatan
permukaannya menjadi panas.
• Ini disebabkan kedalaman air berkurang secara perlahan On a hot day, the hot surface of the earth heats the layer of
merentasi kawasan teluk dan tenaga gelombang air near the surface.
air disebarkan ke kawasan yang luas berbanding • Ini menyebabkan gelombang bunyi
kawasan berdekatan dengan tanjung.
dibiaskan menjauhi permukaan bumi pada
This is because the depth of water decreases gradually across
energy hari panas.
the area of the bay and the of the water wave
This causes sound waves to be refracted away
spreads to a wider area compared to the region near the cape. from the earth during hot day.
Tujuan
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut biasan
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
1
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Blok kaca, kotak sinar, kertas putih, protraktor, bekalan kuasa
List of materials Glass block, ray box, white paper, protractor, power supply
and apparatus
Kotak sinar
Ray box
N
i
A O B
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the
apparatus r
D C
P
1. Blok kaca diletakkan di atas sehelai kertas putih. Bentuk bongkah kaca dilakarkan di atas kertas
putih dan dilabelkan ABCD. Bongkah kaca dialihkan.
The glass block is placed on a piece of white paper. The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the
white paper and labelled as ABCD. The glass block is removed.
2. Garis normal ON dilukis. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut tuju diukur, i = 10°.
Bongkah kaca diletakkan semula di atas lakaran itu. Alur cahaya dari kotak sinar di tujukan pada
sudut i itu. Alur yang terbias dari CD dilukis sebagai PQ. Blok kaca dialihkan semula. Satu garisan
Prosedur OP dilukis.
Procedure The normal ON is drawn. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence is measured, i = 10°.
The glass block is placed again on its outline on the paper. A ray of light from the ray box is directed along the
incidence line. The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ. The glass block is removed again. The
points O and P are joined by a line and is drawn as line OP.
1
3. Sudut biasan, r diukur dan direkodkan. / The angle of refraction, r, ray is measured and recorded.
UNIT
4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sudut tuju, i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
The experiment is repeated for angles of incidence i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
Menjadualkan Sudut tuju / Angle of incidence, i / ° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°
data
Tabulation of data Sudut biasan / Angle of refraction, r / °
Sudut biasan
Angle of refraction
r/°
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Sudut tuju
Angle of incidence
0 i/°
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan antara kedalaman air dan panjang gelombang
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength of water waves
experiment
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, bar kayu, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, protraktor, satah pantulan, plat
dan radas perspek, pembaris 15 cm, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris meter
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, protractor, plane reflector, perspex plate, 15 cm
and apparatus ruler, mechanical stroboscope, metre rule
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor Air
Water Plat perspeks
Perspex plate
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
1. Kedalaman air, d, di atas permukaan perspek, diukur dengan menggunakan pembaris 15 cm.
The depth of water, d, over a perspex plate, is measured by using a 15 cm ruler.
2. Bekalan kuasa dihidupkan untuk menggetarkan motor supaya gelombang satah merambat
merentasi plat perspek. Gelombang itu dibekukan dengan menggunakan stroboskop mekanikal.
The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate across the perspex plate. The waves
are frozen by a mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
3. Jarak antara 11 jalur terang berturutan, x, diukur dengan menggunakan pembaris meter dan
Prosedur direkodkan
Procedure The distance between 11 successive bright bands, x, is measured by the metre ruler and recorded.
x
4. Panjang gelombang, λ, dikira / The wavelength λ, is calculated, λ = cm
10
5. Eksperimen diulang 4 kali dengan menambahkan bilangan plat perspek untuk mengubah
kedalaman air di atas plat perspek.
The experiment is repeated 4 times by increasing the number of perspex plates to change the depth of the
water across the plate.
Panjang gelombang
wavelength
λ / cm
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Kedalaman air
0 Depth of water
d / cm
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang satah air bergerak dari kawasan P ke kawasan Q yang mempunyai kedalaman
KBATberbeza.
The diagram shows a plane water wave moving from one area P to another area Q of different depths.
P Q
1
12 cm 12 cm
UNIT
Halaju gelombang air di kawasan P ialah 18 cm s–1. Berapakah halaju gelombang air di kawasan Q?
The speed of the water wave in area P is 18 cm s–1. What is the speed of the water wave in area Q?
Penyelesaian
Solution
P Q
4λ = 12 cm 8λ = 12 cm
Kedalaman P:
Deep region P:
4λp= 12 cm vp = f λp
12 18 cm s–1 = f (3 cm)
λp = cm
4
\ f = 6 Hz
λp = 3 cm
Rajah: Belauan gelombang cahaya. Cahaya mempunyai panjang gelombang yang pendek .
Belauan gelombang cahaya terjadi hanya pada celahan yang mempunyai lebar 10–4 m atau kurang.
Diagram: Diffraction of light wave: Light has a very short wavelength. Diffraction of light waves occurs only for a
slit with a width of 10–4 m or less.
Dua rajah di bawah menunjukkan gambar foto belauan gelombang cahaya. Perhatikan bahawa lebar pinggir-pinggir
cerah dan gelap itu tidak malar. / The two diagrams below show the photographs of diffraction of light waves. Notice that the bright
and dark fringes are not constant in width.
Gambar foto (i) Gambar foto (ii)
Rajah / Diagram:
• Gelombang bunyi mempunyai gelombang yang panjang .
long Dinding
Sound wave has a wavelength. Wall
• Belauan gelombang bunyi menyebabkan bunyi masih boleh didengar
Pendengar
di penjuru dinding bangunan. Radio
Listener
Diffraction of sound waves enables sound to ‘go around a corner’. Radio
1 UNIT
Inferens Sudut bengkokan gelombang air bergantung kepada saiz celah
Inference The angle of bending of the waves depends on the size of the gap
Hipotesis Sudut bengkokan gelombang air meningkat apabila saiz celah berkurang
Hypothesis The angle of bending of the waves increases as the size of gap decreases
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut bengkokan gelombang air dan saiz celah
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of bending of the waves and the size of gap
experiment
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, bar kayu, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, dua batang bar besi, pembaris
dan radas meter, protraktor dan stroboskop mekanikal
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, two pieces metal bar, metre rule, protractor and
and apparatus mechanical stroboscope
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor
Air
Water Bar logam
Metal bar
Celahan
Aperture slit
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the Stroboskop
apparatus mekanikal
Mechanical
stroboscope
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
3. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan lebar celah,a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm dan 2.5 cm.
The experiment is repeated for width of slit, a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm.
UNIT
Menjadualkan Saiz celah / Size of aperture, a / cm 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
1
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Saiz celah
Size of aperture
0 a / cm
Hipotesis Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah bertambah apabila saiz celah berkurang
Hypothesis The width of the middle bright fringe increases as the size of the slit decreases
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan lebar pinggir cerah di tengah dengan saiz celah
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the width of the middle bright fringe and the size of the slit
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Sumber cahaya monokromatik, slaid celah tunggal, pembaris meter
List of materials Monochromatic light source, single slit slide, metre rule
and apparatus
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the
apparatus
x
1 UNIT
Skrin Pinggir tengah cerah
Screen Middle bright fringe
1. Lebar celah direkodkan, a = 0.2 mm. Cahaya dari sumber ditujukan ke arah celahan.
The width of the slit is recorded, a = 0.2 mm. The light beam from the source is directed towards the slit.
2. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, lebar pinggir cahaya di tengah, x, diukur dan
Prosedur direkodkan
Procedure
By using a metre rule, measure the width of the middle bright fringe, x and recorded.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan lebar celah, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm dan 1.0 mm.
The experiment is repeated for widths of slit, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm.
Menjadualkan Lebar celah / Width of slit, a / mm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
data Lebar pinggir cerah tengah
Tabulate the data Width of middle bright fringe, x / cm
Menganalisis
data
Analysis the data
Lebar celah
Width of slit
0 a / mm
Gelombang merambat
melalui medium yang Gelombang merambat
berbeza ketumpatan optikal Tenaga melalui celahan atau
atau berbeza kedalaman berubah halangan
28
Amplitud
Pembelauan berkurang
Pembiasan Gelombang Amplitude
Gelombang Diffraction of decreases
Corak
Refraction of gelombang Wave
Wave berubah
λ berubah mengikut Wave pattern is
kedalaman medium changing
atau ketumpatan optikal
medium
λ varies with the depth of the λ malar
medium or optical density of Constant λ
the medium
Latihan / Exercise
1
A saiz celah bertambah / the size of slit increases
UNIT
B frekuensi gelombang bertambah / the frequency of the wave increases
C panjang gelombang bertambah / the wavelength increases
2 Rajah menunjukkan corak yang dihasilkan di atas skrin apabila cahaya monokromatik melalui celahan.
KBATThe diagram shows the pattern formed on a screen when a monochromatic light is passed through a slit.
G C G C G C G
Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah terhasil apabila saiz celah dikurangkan?
Which of the following diagrams occurs when the size of the slit is decreased?
A
3 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan corak belauan cahaya bagi gelombang cahaya apabila
cahaya monokromatik melalui lubang pin yang halus?
Which of the following diagrams shows the patterns of diffraction of light waves when a monochoromatic light passes through
a small pin hole?
A
INTERFERENS / INTERFERENCE
• Interferens ialah kesan daripada superposisi dua gelombang dari dua sumber koheren
Interference is produced by the superposition of two waves from two coherent sources.
• Dua gelombang adalah koheren jika gelombang itu mempunyai frekuensi yang sama, panjang gelombang
yang sama dan dalam sefasa (fasa yang sama) .
Two waves are coherent if they have the same frequency , the same wavelength and are in
phase (same phase) .
UNIT
• Interferens terhasil apabila dua gelombang bertemu semasa merambat dalam medium yang sama.
Interference occurs when two waves meet at a point during propagation along the same medium.
1
• Apabila dua gelombang bertindih, interferens akan terhasil sama ada interferens membina atau
interferens memusnah
When the two waves are superposed, interference will occur. It will either be constructive interference or destructive
interference.
The Principle of superposition states that when two waves move simultaneously and coincide at a point, the displacement at that point is
equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
Amplitud maksimum
Maximum amplitude Amplitud sifar
Zero amplitude
Rajah: / Diagram: ax
Formula Interferens Young:
λ=
Young’s Interference Formula: D
Garis antinod Garis nod
(Interferens membina) (Interferens memusnah)
Antinodal line Nodal line
(Constructive interference) (Destructive interference) x
1
Garis
antinod
UNIT
Antinodal
Puncak
line
Crest
D
Lembangan
Trough
S1 S2 Puncak
Sumber gelombang Crest
S1 S2
Waves sources
Lembangan a
Trough
gelombang amplitud sifar / zero amplitude waves
gelombang puncak maksimum / maximum crest waves
gelombang lembangan maksimum / maximum trough waves
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
Jarak antara dua garis nod (atau garis antinod) yang berturutan
x
Distance between two consecutive nodal lines (or antinodal lines)
Jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara dua sumber koheren.
Inferens
Inference The distance between two consecutive nodal lines depends on the distance between two coherent sources.
Jarak antara dua garis nod berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara dua sumber koheren
berkurang.
Hipotesis
Hypothesis The distance between two consecutive nodal lines increases as the distance between two coherent sources
decreases.
UNIT
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a,' dan 'jarak antara dua garis
1
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, kayu bar, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, pencelup sfera, pembaris meter dan
dan radas stroboskop mekanik
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, spherical dippers, metre rule and mechanical
and apparatus stroboscope
Lampu / Lamp
Motor
Motor
Air
Pencelup
Water
Dipper Tangki riak
Ripple tank
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua pencelup diukur, a = 2.0 cm.
By using a metre rule, the distance between two dippers is set, a = 2.0 cm.
2. Bekalan kuasa dihidupkan untuk menghasilkan dua gelombang membulat dari pencelup. Gelombang
dibekukan dengan menggunakan stroboskop mekanikal. Gelombang dilakarkan pada skrin.
The power supply is switched on to produce two circular waves from the dippers. The waves are frozen by a
mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
Prosedur
Procedure 3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x, diukur
dan direkodkan
By using a metre rule, the distance between two consecutive nodal lines, x, is measured and recorded.
4. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara dua pencelup, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm
1
dan 10.0 cm. / The experiment is repeated with different values of the distance between two dippers,
UNIT
a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm and 10.0 cm.
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Jarak antara dua pencelup
Distance between the two dippers
0 a / cm
Latihan / Exercise
1 Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji corak interferens gelombang air, jarak antara dua pencelup sfera ialah
2.5 cm dan jarak antara dua garis antinod berturutan pada titik pengukuran ialah 5.0 cm. Berapakah panjang
gelombang bagi air jika jarak dari dua pencelup ke titik pengukuran itu ialah 10.0 cm?
In an experiment to investigate the interference pattern of water waves, the distance between two spherical dippers is 2.5 cm
and at the point of measurement, the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines is 5.0 cm. What is the wavelength of the
water waves if the distance from the two dippers to the point of measurement is 10.0 cm?
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given a = 2.5 cm, x = 5.0 cm, D = 10.0 cm
ax
λ =
D
2.5 cm × 5.0 cm
=
10.0 cm
= 1.25 cm
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bergantung kepada panjang gelombang
Inferens gelombang cahaya
Inference
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes depends on the wavelength of the light waves.
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bertambah apabila panjang gelombang
Hipotesis gelombang cahaya bertambah
UNIT
Hypothesis
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes increases as the wavelength of the light waves increases.
1
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang cahaya dan jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang
Tujuan
eksperimen berturutan
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the wavelength of light waves and the distance between two
experiment
consecutive bright fringes.
Senarai bahan
dan radas Sumber cahaya laser, skrin, dwicelah, pembaris meter dan pembaris 15 cm
List of apparatus Laser light source, screen, double slit, metre ruler and 15 cm ruler
and materials
Skrin
Screen
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the Sumber cahaya laser a Kawasan
apparatus Laser light source interferens
Interference area
Corak pinggir interferens
Slit dwicelah 3.0 m Interference fringe pattern
Double slit D
3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris 15 cm, jarak merentasi 6 pinggir cerah yang berturutan, L diukur
dan direkodkan.
By using a 15 cm ruler, the distance across 6 consecutive bright fringes, L is measured and recorded.
Prosedur
Procedure L cm
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan dikira, x =
4. 5
L cm
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x = is calculated.
5
1
5. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sumber laser yang berbeza supaya panjang gelombang =
UNIT
λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
The experiment is repeated with different laser light sources so that the wavelength = λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
Menjadualkan λ/m
data
Tabulation of data x/m
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
0 λ
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan corak pinggir yang terbentuk dalam eksperimen dwicelah apabila cahaya monokromatik
KBATdigunakan. Jarak antara celah ialah 0.5 mm dan skrin adalah sejauh 3.0 m dari dwicelah itu.
The diagram shows the fringe pattern obtained in a double slit experiment when a monochromatic light is used. The double slits are
0.5 mm apart and the screen is 3.0 m away from the double slits.
1.4 cm
Berapakah panjang gelombang cahaya monokromatik itu? / What is the wavelength of the monochromatic light?
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given: ax
λ =
a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m D
D = 3.0 m (0.5 × 10–3 m) × (0.28 × 10–2 m)
=
1.4 cm 3.0 m
x =
5 = 4.67 × 10–7 m
= 0.28 cm
= 0.28 × 10–2 m
2 Dalam eksperimen interferens cahaya yang menggunakan cahaya hijau dengan panjang gelombang
KBAT 5 × 10 m, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk pada skrin ialah 0.4 mm. Apabila eksperimen
–7
diulangi dengan menggunakan cahaya monokromatik, L, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk ialah
0.48 mm. Berapakah panjang gelombang cahaya L?
In an experiment of light interference using green light of wavelength 5 × 10–7 m, two consecutive bright fringes formed on the
screen are 0.4 mm apart. When the experiment is repeated using monochromatic light, L, two consecutive bright fringes formed
are 0.48 mm apart. What is the wavelength of light L?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi λHijau = 5 × 10–7 m, Given λGreen = 5 × 10–7 m,
–4 –4
xHijau = 4 × 10 m, xL = 4.8 × 10 m xGreen = 4 × 10–4 m, xL = 4.8 × 10–4 m
ax a
Dengan menggunakan λ = , Using λ = ,
D D
UNIT
a a
λHijau = ( )(xHijau ) ("a" dan D adalah malar di λGreen = ( )(xGreen ) (here, "a" and D are constants),
D D
sini),
λGreen
1
a
λ \( )= (i)
a D xGreen
\( )=
Hijau
(i)
D xHijau a
But λL = ( )(xL)
a D
Tetapi λL = ( )(xL) λ
D a
λ \( )= L (ii)
a D xL
\( )= L (ii)
D xL Equation (i) = Equation (ii);
Pers. (i) = Pers. (ii); λ λ
λHijau λL \ Green = L
xGreen xL
\ =
xHijau xL λGreen
λ \ λL = ( )(x )
xGreen L
\ λL = ( Hijau )(xL)
xHijau (5 × 10–7 m)
–7
= × (4.8 × 10–4 m)
(5 × 10 m) –4 (4 × 10–4 m)
= × (4.8 × 10 m)
(4 × 10–4 m) = 6.0 × 10–7 m
–7
= 6.0 × 10 m
3 Dalam eksperimen interferens dwicelah dengan cahaya biru, jarak antara skrin dan dwicelah ialah
1.2 m dan pisahan antara celah ialah 2 × 10–4 m. Pinggir-pinggir cerah dan gelap terbentuk pada skrin. Kira
nilai x. (Diberi: panjang gelombang cahaya biru = 4.0 × 10–7 m).
In a double-slit interference experiment with blue light the distance between the screen and double slits is 1.2 m and slit separation
is 2 × 10–4 m. Bright and dark fringes are seen on the screen. Calculate x. (Given: the wavelength of blue light = 4.0 × 10–7 m).
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given D = 1.2 m, a = 2 × 10–4 m, λ = 4.0 × 10–7 m
ax
λ = x
D
\ x = λD (4.0 × 10–7 m)(1.2 m)
=
a 2 × 10–4 m
= 2.4 × 10–3 m
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara pendengar
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara pendengar
Tujuan Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara pendengar dari dua pembesar suara' dengan 'jarak
eksperimen antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan'. / To investigate the relationship between the 'distance
Aim of the
experiment between the listener and the two loudspeakers', and the 'distance between two successive loud regions'.
1
experiment the distance between two successive loud regions, x
UNIT
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
panjang gelombang bagi gelombang bunyi, jarak antara dua pembesar suara
the wavelength of sound waves, distance between the two loudspeakers
Senarai bahan
Dua pembesar suara, penjana frekuensi-audio, dawai penyambung dan pembaris meter, padang
dan radas
atau gelanggang terbuka.
List of materials
Two loudspeakers, audio-frequency generator, connection wires and metre ruler, open court or field.
and apparatus
Penjana berfrekuensi audio
Audio-frequency generator Pembesar suara
Loudspeaker
Pembesar suara
Loudspeaker
Pendengar
D=2m
Listener
2. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara pendengar dan pembesar suara,
D = 2.0 m, diukur.
Penjana berfrekuensi audio dihidupkan. Eksperimen ini dijalankan di gelanggang terbuka supaya
tiada gema.
By using a metre rule, the distance between the listener and the loudspeaker, D = 2.0 m, is measured.
Prosedur The audio-frequency generator is switched on. This experiment is conducted in an open court so that there is no echo.
Procedure 3. Pendengar berjalan selari dengan sisi depan meja dan jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat
berturutan, x diukur dan direkodkan. / The listener walks in a straight path parallel to the front edge of
the table and the distance between two successive loud regions, x, is measured and recorded.
4. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara pendengar dengan pembesar suara,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m dan 10.0 m.
The experiment is repeated with different distances between the listener and the loudspeakers,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m and 10.0 m.
x/m
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
D/m
0
UNIT
Latihan / Exercise
1
1 Dalam eksperimen interferens gelombang bunyi, pendengar berada pada jarak 5.0 m dari dua pembesar
suara. Jarak antara dua pembesar suara ialah 2.0 m. Pembesar suara disambungkan kepada penjana
berfrekuensi audio untuk menghasilkan gelombang bunyi pada frekuensi 0.8 kHz.
In an experiment on the interference of sound waves, a listener is at a distance of 5.0 m from the two loudspeakers. The distance
between the two loudspeakers is 2.0 m. The loudspeakers are connected to an audio-frequency generator to produce sound
waves at a frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Hitungkan / Calculate
(a) panjang gelombang bunyi jika halaju bunyi ialah 320 m s–1
the wavelength of the sound waves if the speed of sound is 320 m s–1
(b) jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan
the distance between two successive loud regions
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given D = 5.0 m, a = 2.0 m, f = 0.8 × 103 Hz, v = 320 m s–1
(a) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, v = f λ
320 m s–1 = (0.8 × 103 Hz)(λ)
λ = 0.4 m
ax
(b) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, λ =
D
(2.0 m)(x)
0.4 m =
5.0 m
\ x = 1.0 m
2 Dalam eksperimen interferens gelombang, dua pembesar suara diletakkan pada jarak 1.5 m antara satu sama
lain. Jarak antara dua bunyi lemah yang berturutan ialah 6.0 m dan pendengar berada pada jarak 4.5 m dari
pembesar suara. Berapakah panjang gelombang bunyi yang digunakan?
In an experiment on the interference of waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a distance of 1.5 m from each other. The distance
between two consecutive soft sounds is 6.0 m and the listener is at a distance of 4.5 m from the loudspeakers. What is the
wavelength of the sound wave used?
Penyelesaian
Solution
1
x is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources, a
UNIT
1
xα a
•
a
0
λ
0
• x α
D
D
0
• Kelawar bergerak waktu malam dengan • Gelombang bunyi ialah gelombang membujur .
mengeluarkan gelombang bunyi yang tinggi Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
kelangsingannya dalam julat ultrasonik. • Gelombang bunyi diklasifikasikan sebagai gelombang
Bats can navigate in darkness by emitting high-pitch mekanikal .
Sound waves are classified as mechanical waves.
sound waves in ultrasonic range.
UNIT
1
• Halaju gelombang bunyi meningkat dengan
If the echo-sounders measure an interval of time, t, and the
UNIT
speed of sound wave in water is v, then the depth, d can be suhu .
calculated as follows: increases temperature
The speed of sound with .
Jarak yang dilalui oleh isyarat yang dipantulkan = • Halaju gelombang bunyi di puncak gunung lebih
Distance travelled by pulse =
speed × time bot rendah daripada halajunya di paras laut
2d = v × t boat
kerana suhunya dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh
tekanan rendah .
d d The speed of sound at the peak of high-altitude mountains is
lower than its speed at the sea level because of
Dasar Laut
Sea Bed temperature and not due to the lower pressure .
Penghasilan Bunyi
Production of Sound
Kenyaringan Kelangsingan
Loudness Pitch
Amplitud Frekuensi
Amplitude Frequency
Kenyaringan bunyi bergantung kepada amplitud nya. Kelangsingan bunyi bergantung kepada frekuensi nya.
The loudness of the sound depends on its amplitude . The pitch of the sound depends on its frequency .
A B C UHF VHF
Gelombang
langit
Gelombang Sky wave
angkasa
Space wave
Televisyen
Stesen satelit bumi Television Radio Stesen
Penjana frekuensi audio disambung Earth satellite station Radio geganti Stesen pemancar
Relay Transmitting station
kepada pembesar suara dan diletakkan station
berhampiran sudut satu dinding. Tiga orang
1 Gelombang yang merambat berdekatan dengan permukaan
pelajar, A, B, dan C, pula berdiri di sudut
bumi dikenali sebagai gelombang bumi. Gelombang radio yang
hadapan. Apabila bunyi yang mempunyai
berfrekuensi rendah adalah sesuai untuk komunikasi jarak jauh
kelangsingan tinggi dihasilkan, hanya
mengikut permukaan bumi.
pelajar C sahaja yang boleh mendengar
Waves propagating near the earth's surface is known as the wave of the earth.
bunyi dengan jelas. Apabila kelangsingan Low-frequency radio waves that are suitable for long-distance communication
bunyi yang rendah dihasilkan, ketiga-tiga in accordance with the earth's surface.
pelajar boleh mendengar bunyi dengan 2 Oleh sebab julat jarak yang dilaluinya pendek (lebih kurang
jelas. Kelangsingan adalah berkadar terus 100 km), maka stesen geganti diperlukan untuk menerima dan
dengan frekuensi yang menyebabkan menghantar isyarat.
bunyi bernada tinggi. Kelangsingan yang Due to the short range of distance traversed, so a relay station is needed for
tinggi mempunyai frekuensi yang tinggi dan receiving and transmitting the signal.
panjang gelombang yang pendek. Panjang Gelombang yang dipantul oleh lapisan ionosfera
gelombang yang pendek menyebabkan Waves reflected by the ionosphere
pembelauan berkurang dan bunyi kurang 1 Gelombang radio yang dapat dipantul balik oleh ionosfera dari
merebak keluar, jadi hanya pelajar C boleh bahagian atas atmosfera jika frekuensinya kurang daripada
mendengar bunyi dengan jelas. Apabila 30 MHz dikenali sebagai gelombang langit. Gelombang ini boleh
kelangsingan rendah, frekuensi gelombang merambat melalui suatu jarak yang lebih jauh.
rendah. Bunyi mempunyai panjang Radio waves can bounce off the ionosphere from the upper atmosphere
gelombang yang panjang, maka ia mudah if its frequency is less than 30 MHz known as sky wave. These waves can
dibelaukan supaya ketiga-tiga pelajar boleh propagate through a greater distance.
mendengar bunyi tersebut. 2 Gelombang langit bergerak mengelilingi Bumi dengan pantulan
An audio frequency generator is connected to a antara ionosfera dengan permukaan bumi.
speaker and placed near the corner of a wall. Three Sky wave moves around the Earth with reflection between the ionosphere and
students, A, B, and C, are standing at the other the earth's surface.
1
corner. When a pitch sound is high, only student
C can hear the sound clearly. When a low pitch Gelombang yang merambat menembusi ionosfera
UNIT
sound is generated, all the three students can hear Propagating waves penetrate the ionosphere
the sound clearly. Pitch is directly proportional to 1 Jika frekuensi gelombang radio melebihi 30 MHz, gelombang
frequency causes high pitch, high frequency and itu boleh merambat menembusi ionosfera ke ruang angkasa.
short wavelength. Short wavelength cause less Gelombang jenis ini dikenali sebagai gelombang angkasa.
diffraction and spread out, so only student C can Gelombang angkasa merambat mengikut garis lurus ke penerima
hear the sound clearly. When low pitch, frequency di sepanjang garis pandangan dari pemancar.
is low so wavelength is long. Sound can be easily If the frequency of radio waves exceeding 30 MHz, the wave can penetrate
diffracted, hence all the students can hear the the ionosphere into space. This type of wave is called as space wave. Space
sound. wave propagates in a straight line to the receiver along the line of sight of the
transmitter.
2 Pelbagai perambatan gelombang angkasa boleh ditambah melelui
satelit. Satelit bertindak sebagai stesen geganti untuk menerima
dan menghantar semula gelombang ke permukaan bumi.
Range of propagation of space wave can be added via satellite. Satellite acts
as a relay station for receiving and transmitting it back to the earth's surface.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Isyarat sonar telah dihantar secara menegak ke dasar laut dari sebuah kapal dan dipantulkan dari dasar laut
dan dikesan oleh mikrofon 0.8 s selepas dipancarkan. Jika halaju bunyi dalam air ialah 1 500 m s–1, berapakah
kedalaman dasar laut itu?
A sonar signal sent vertically downwards from a ship is reflected from the ocean floor and detected by a microphone on the keel
0.8 s after transmission. If the speed of sound in water is 1 500 m s–1, what is the depth of the ocean?
Penyelesaian
Solution
2d = v × t
2d = (1 500 m s–1) × (0.8 s)
1 500 m s–1 × 0.8 s
d =
2
= 600 m
2 Seorang lelaki berdiri di hadapan sebuah dinding satah yang besar pada jarak 50 m. Dia menepuk tangan dan
sela masa antara 20 tepukan dan gemanya ialah 12.0 s. Berapakah halaju bunyi itu?
A man stands in front of a fairly large flat wall at a distance 50 m. He claps his hands and the time intervals between 20 claps
and its echo is 12.0 s. What is the speed of the sound?
Penyelesaian / Solution :
2d = v × t
12.0 s
2(50 m) = v ×
20
v = 166.67 m s–1
UNIT
Medan magnet
Magnetic field
Arah perambatan gelombang
Direction of propagation of waves
2 Spektrum elektromagnet ialah spektrum yang berterusan , tanpa jurang antaranya dan frekuensi
berterusan dalam julat. / The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous spectrum , with no gaps in it and the
frequencies continuous in the range.
Spektrum elektromagnet / The electromagnetic spectrum
Frekuensi
Gelombang panjang radio
Frequency 103
Long-wave radio
Gelombang
Radio wave
radio
6
10 Gelombang pendek radio
Short-wave radio
100
109 Gelombang mikro
Gelombang
Microwaves
Microwaves
mikro
Gelombang milimeter
Panjang gelombang
Millimeter waves
Cahaya inframerah
10–3
Infrared light
1012
Wavelength
Sinar inframerah
Frekuensi
Frequency
Infrared light
Visible light
nampak
Hz m
Cahaya
light
Sinar X 10–9
1018 X-rays
Sinar X
X-rays
Gamma rays
gama
Sinar
rays
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
Komponen medan magnet dan medan elektrik saling bergetar berserenjang antara satu sama lain dan ke
arah perambatan gelombang.
The magnetic field and electric field components of the wave oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of
propagation of the wave.
1
Mematuhi persamaan gelombang, Sifat gelombang
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
UNIT
elektromagnet
c = f λ, c adalah halaju cahaya
Properties of
Obey the wave equation, electromagnetic Can travel through a
waves vacuum at the speed of light
c = f λ, c is velocity of light
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Objek yang sangat panas, i. Membunuh mikrob, mengesan Terlalu tinggi dos UV
matahari, lampu wap wang kertas palsu / Kill microbes, yang boleh merosakkan
Sinar ultraungu merkuri detecting forged bank notes retina, menyebabkan
Very hot objects, the sun, ii. Pensterilan untuk memusnahkan kanser kulit
Ultraviolet radiation mercury vapour lamps kuman / Sterilisation to destroy germs Large doses of UV which
iii. Penghasilan vitamin D dalam kulit can damage retina, causes
skin cancer
UNIT
Rajah 2
0 T 0 T Diagram 2
f f
Pernyataan yang manakah betul?
B D
Which statement is correct?
A Amplitudnya ialah 2.0 cm.
The amplitude is 2.0 cm.
B Panjang gelombangnya ialah 4.0 cm.
0 T 0 T The wavelength is 4.0 cm.
C Tempoh ayunannya ialah 4.0 s.
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf sesaran melawan jarak The period of oscillation is 4.0 s.
bagi gelombang. / Diagram 2 shows the displacement- D Bilangan ayunan dalam 2 s ialah 0.5.
distance graph of a wave. The number of oscillation in 2 s is 0.5.
3 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan 5 Rajah 5 menunjukkan gelombang air yang
contoh gelombang membujur? merambat ke arah satu pemantul dalam tangki
Which diagram shows an example of a longitudinal wave? riak.
A Cahaya bergerak dari lampu ke skrin. Diagram 5 shows water waves propagating towards a
Light traveling from a lamp to a screen. reflector in a ripple tank.
Pemantul
Reflector
Lampu Kanta Skrin
Lamp Lens Screen
Rajah 5
B Riak air disebabkan pencelup bergetar ke
1
Diagram 5
atas dan ke bawah. Corak gelombang manakah yang betul selepas ia
UNIT
Water ripple caused by a dipper moving up and down.
menghentam pemantul tersebut?
Which wave pattern is correct after it hits the reflector?
Pencelup
Dipper Air A C
Water
Pemantul Pemantul
Reflector Reflector
C Spring ditolak ke hadapan dan ke belakang.
A spring is pushed forwards and backwards.
B D
7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan satu alat yang digunakan Jika panjang gelombang ialah 1.0 cm, berapakah
oleh pengurup wang untuk mengesan wang kertas nilai bagi jarak antara dua sumber, a?
palsu. If the wavelength is 1.0 cm, then what is the value of a, the
Diagram 7 shows a device used by a money-changer to distance between the two sources?
detect counterfeit bank notes. A 2.0 cm C 2.8 cm
B 2.4 cm D 3.2 cm
P
Rajah 7 / Diagram 7 a
a
1
D
a
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
Rajah 8 menunjukkan fenomena 11 Rajah 11 menunjukkan pinggir-pinggir yang
Diagram 8 shows the phenomenon of diperoleh apabila cahaya hijau digunakan dalam
A pantulan / reflection eksperimen dwicelah Young.
B pembiasan / refraction Diagram 11 shows the fringes obtained when green light is
C pembelauan / diffraction used in a Young’s double slit experiment.
D interferens / interference
Source 2
Sumber 2 7.0 cm
B
Rajah 9 / Diagram 9 C
1
Jigsaw blade G-clamp
UNIT
Bilah1.1
gergaji Apit G
Rajah (a) / Diagram 1.1 (a)
G-clamp Rajah 1.1 (b) / Diagram 1.1 (b)
Jigsaw blade
Beban 400 g
400 g load
Beban 400 g Sesaran(m)
400 g load Displacement(m)
Rajah 1.2 (a) / Diagram 1.2 (a) Rajah 1.2 (b) / Diagram 1.2 (b)
Rajah 1.2(a) menunjukkan sebilah gergaji yang serupa berayun secara mengufuk apabila satu beban 400 g
dipasang kepadanya. Rajah 1.2(b) menunjukkan graf sesaran-masa bagi ayunan bilah gergaji itu.
Diagram 1.2(a) shows an identical jigsaw blade oscillating horizontally when a 400 g load is fixed to it. Diagram 1.2(b) shows
the displacement-time graph for the oscillating jigsaw blade.
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sesaran? / What is meant by displacement?
Jarak pada arah tertentu. / Distance in a specified direction.
(b) Perhatikan Rajah 1.1 dan 1.2. / Observe Diagrams 1.1 and 1.2.
(i) Bandingkan jisim beban yang dipasang pada hujung bilah gergaji.
Compare the mass of the loads fixed to the end of jigsaw blades.
Jisim beban Rajah 1.1 < Jisim beban Rajah 1.2. / Mass of loads in Diagram 1.1 < Mass of loads in Diagram 1.2.
(ii) Bandingkan tempoh ayunan. / Compare the period of oscillations.
Tempoh ayunan Rajah 1.1 < Tempoh ayunan Rajah 1.2.
The period of oscillation in Diagram 1.1 < The period of oscillation in Diagram 1.2.
(iii) Bandingkan bilangan ayunan dalam 3 saat.
Compare the number of oscillations in 3 seconds.
Bilangan ayunan Rajah 1.1 > Bilangan ayunan Rajah 1.2.
When the mass of the load increases, the period of oscillation increases.
(v) Hubung kaitkan tempoh ayunan dengan bilangan ayunan dalam 3 saat.
Relate the period of oscillation to the number of oscillations in 3 seconds.
Tempoh ayunan berkurangan apabila bilangan ayunan meningkat.
(c) (i) Apakah yang berlaku kepada amplitud ayunan bilah gergaji setelah berayun untuk beberapa ketika?
What happens to the amplitude of the oscillation of the jigsaw blade after oscillating for some time?
Berkurang / Decreases
(ii) Beri satu sebab untuk jawapan di 1(c)(i).
Give one reason for the answer in 1(c)(i).
Tenaga hilang ke persekitaran akibat geseran udara.
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
(a) (i) Dengan merujuk kepada Rajah 2, namakan sinaran Q.
Based on Diagram 2, name the type of radiation Q.
Q ialah inframerah / Q is infrared
(ii) Namakan satu kegunaan sinaran Q.
Name one application of radiation Q.
Alat kawalan jauh.
Remote control.
(b) Bandingkan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro dengan panjang gelombang bagi sinar-X.
Compare the wavelength of microwave with that of X-ray.
Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro lebih panjang daripada panjang gelombang sinar-X.
membujur.
Atau / Or
Gelombang elektromagnet boleh merambat dalam vakum manakala gelombang bunyi tidak boleh.
Keelektrikan
2 Electricity
2.1 Menganalisis medan elektrik dan pengaliran cas / Anaysing electric fields and charge flow
• Menyatakan hubungan antara pengaliran cas dan arus elektrik.
State the relationship between electron flow and electric current.
• Mentakrifkan arus elektrik. / Define electric current.
• Menghuraikan medan elektrik. / Describe an electric field.
• Melakarkan garis medan elektrik untuk menunjukkan arah medan. / Sketch electric field lines showing the direction of the field.
• Menghuraikan kesan medan elektrik ke atas cas. / Describe the effect of an electric field on a charge.
• Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan cas elektrik dan arus. / Solve problems involving electric charge and current.
2
Analysing the relationship between electric current and potential difference
UNIT
• Mentakrifkan beza keupayaan. / Define potential difference.
• Merancang dan menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara arus dan beza keupayaan.
Plan and conduct an experiment to find the relationship between current and potential difference.
• Menghuraikan hubungan antara arus dan beza keupayaan.
Describe the relationship between current and potential difference.
• Menyatakan hukum Ohm. / State Ohm’s law.
• Mentakrifkan rintangan. / Define resistance.
• Menerangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rintangan. / Explain factors that affect resistance.
• Menyelesaikan masalah yang melibatkan beza keupayaan, arus dan rintangan.
Solve problems involving potential difference, current and resistance.
• Menghuraikan superkonduktor. / Describe superconductors.
2.3 Menganalisis litar bersiri dan litar selari / Analysing series and parallel circuits
• Mengenal pasti litar bersiri dan selari. / Identify series and parallel circuits.
• Membandingkan arus dan beza keupayaan antara litar bersiri dan litar selari.
Compare the current and potential difference between series circuits and parallel circuits.
• Menentukan rintangan berkesan bagi perintang yang disambung bersiri.
Determine the effective resistance of resistors connected in series.
• Menentukan rintangan berkesan bagi perintang yang disambung selari.
Determine the effective resistance of resistors connected in parallel.
• Menyelesaikan masalah yang melibatkan arus, beza keupayaan dan rintangan dalam litar bersiri,
litar selari dan gabungannya.
Solve problems involving current, potential difference and resistance in series circuits, parallel circuits and their combinations.
Cas elektrik, Q Hasil darab bilangan elektron dan cas bagi satu elektron
The product of the number of electrons and the charge of one electron
Q = ne
Electric charge, Q
Kadar cas yang mengalir
The rate of charge flow
Arus elektrik, I Q
Electric current, I Cas elektrik / Electric charge I=
Arus elektrik / Electric current = t
Masa / Time
2 Medan elektrik mempunyai kekuatan yang tinggi apabila garis daya elektrik disusun rapat
antara satu sama lain.
The electric field is the strongest when the electric lines of force are close together.
3 Garis-garis medan elektrik tidak akan bersilang dan bermula dengan cas positif dan berakhir
dengan cas negatif .
The electric field lines of force never cross over and they start on positive charges and end on negative
charges.
4 Garis-garis medan elektrik ialah kuantiti vektor kerana mempunyai magnitud daya dan
arah .
The electric field lines of force are vector quantities as they have both magnitude and direction .
5 Arah medan elektrik ditentukan berdasarkan arah daya pada cas positif yang
diletakkan dalam medan elektrik.
The direction of the electric field is determined by the direction of force on a positive charge,
placed in each electric field.
Cas Charge
Arus = Current = Time
Masa
Cas elektrik, Q / Electric charge, Q Arus elektrik, I / Electric current, I Medan elektrik
• Ditakrifkan sebagai sumber medan kadar Electric field
• Ditakrifkan sebagai
elektrik
• Ialah kawasan
Is defined as the source of electric field. pengaliran cas elektrik
di mana cas elektrik
• Unit SI bagi cas ialah coulomb, C Is defined as the rate of flow of mengalami daya
The SI unit of charge is coulomb, C electric charge elektrik.
• Formula / Formula: Is a region
• Formula / Formula: Q = It
Q = ne in which an electric
–1 charge experiences an
• Di mana n ialah bilangan elektron. • Unit SI bagi arus ialah ampere, A atau C s
electric force.
Where n is the number of electrons. ampere, A or C s–1
SI unit of current, is
Cas bagi satu elektron ialah • 1 A ialah arus tetap yang mengalir
1.6 × 10–19 C melalui wayar apabila cas bagi
The charge of an electron is 1 coulomb mengalir melalui
2
1.6 × 10–19 C
UNIT
wayar dalam 1 saat.
1 A is the fixed current that flows
through a wire when a charge of
Elektrik statik / Static electricity 1 coulomb flows through the
• Cas elektrik yang tidak bergerak. wire in 1 second.
Electric charges which do not move.
VLT / EHT
Voltan Lampau Tinggi, 5 000 V 5 000 V
Extra High Tension, 5 000 V
Bola pingpong yang bersalut dengan cat logam Apabila VLT dihidupkan, nyalaan api kelihatan
digunakan. Bekalan voltan lampau tinggi dihidupkan. mendatar dan terbahagi kepada dua bahagian yang
Bola pingpong disentuhkan kepada plat negatif dan bertentangan arah. Bahagian nyalaan ke arah plat
dilepaskan. Bola ping pong berayun antara dua plat. Ini negatif lebih besar. Ini adalah kerana haba daripada
kerana apabila bola bersentuhan pada plat negatif, ia nyalaan lilin mengionkan udara di sekelilingnya dan
menerima cas negatif. Plat yang bercas negatif menolak menghasilkan ion positif dan ion negatif. Ion positif
UNIT
bola itu. Bola juga ditarik oleh plat positif. Apabila bola yang lebih berat ditarik ke arah plat negatif dengan
menyentuh plat positif, cas akan dineutralkan dan perlahan. Ion negatif yang sangat ringan ditarik
menerima cas positif. Bola ditolak oleh plat yang bercas kepada plat bercas positif dengan cepat.
2
positif. When the EHT power supply is switched on, the flame is seen
A ping-pong ball is coated with a metallic paint. The high voltage to flatten and spreads out in two opposite directions. The
supply is switched on. The ping-pong ball is made to touch the spread of the flame towards the negative plate is bigger. This
negative plate and released. The ping-pong ball oscillates is because the heat of the flame will ionised the air molecules
between the two plates. This is so because when the ball touches in its surrounding and produces positive and negative ions.
the negative plate, it receives negative charges. The negatively- The positive ions which are heavier are pulled towards the
charged plate repels it. The ball is attracted by the positive plate. negative plate slowly. The much lighter negative ions are
When the ball touches the positive plate, its negative charges are pulled to the positively-charged plate faster.
neutrallised and immediately receives positive charges. The ball is
then repelled by the positively-charged plate .
Latihan / Exercise
1 Bateri sebuah kereta boleh membekalkan arus 2 Arus 2 A mengalir melalui perintang. Apakah
sebanyak 6 A dalam masa 3 jam. Berapakah bilangan elektron yang mengalir melalui perintang
KBAT
jumlah cas yang disimpan di dalam bateri? dalam masa 5 saat? (cas elektron = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
A car battery can supply a current of 6 A for 3 hours. What A current of 2 A flows through a resistor. What is the
is the amount of charge stored in the battery? number of electrons that have passed through the resistor
Penyelesaian / Solution in 5 seconds? (electron charge = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
Penyelesaian / Solution
Q = It = 6 A × (3 × 60 × 60 s)
= 64 800 C Q = It, Q = ne
It = ne
n= 2A×5s = 6.25 × 1019
1.6 × 10–19 C
\ Bilangan elektron / No. of electrons = 6.25 × 1019
3 Cas 600 C mengalir melalui konduktor logam bagi 4 Arus elektrik 3.2 mA mengalir melalui mentol untuk
setiap 5 minit. Berapakah arus elektik di dalam 4 minit. (cas elektron = 1.6 × 10–19 C) Tentukan,
konduktor? An electric current of 3.2 mA flows through a bulb for 4
A charge of 600 C flows through a metal conductor in every minutes. (electron charge, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) Determine,
5 minutes. Calculate the electric current in the conductor. (a) cas elektrik (b) bilangan elektron
Penyelesaian / Solution the electric charge the number of electrons
Penyelesaian / Solution
I= Q
t (a) Q = It = (3.2 × 10–3 A) × (4 × 60) s
= 600 C = 2 A = 0.768 C
(5 × 60) s (b) 1.6 × 10–19 C 1 elektron
\1C 1 elektron
1.6 × 10–19 C
\ 0.768 C 1 elektron
× 0.768 C
1.6 × 10–19 C
= 4.8 × 1018 elektron
2
Analysing the Relationship between Electric Current and Potential Difference
UNIT
Terminologi Penerangan Formula Bateri
Terminology Explanation Formula Battery
1 Apabila bateri disambungkan ke mentol dalam litar, ia menghasilkan medan elektrik di sepanjang wayar.
When a battery is connected to a bulb in a circuit, it creates an electric field along the wire.
2 Terminal positif P berada pada keupayaan elektrik yang tinggi dan terminal negatif Q berada pada
keupayaan elektrik yang rendah .
The positive terminal P is at a higher electric potential and the negative terminal Q is at a lower
electric potential.
3 Apabila suis dihidupkan, beza keupayaan antara dua terminal menyebabkan cas mengalir merentasi
mentol dan menyalakan mentol.
When the switch is on, the potential difference between the two terminals causes the charges to flow across the bulb in the
circuit and light up the bulb.
4 Kerja dilakukan apabila tenaga elektrik yang dibawa oleh cas ditukarkan kepada tenaga
haba dan tenaga cahaya selepas merentasi mentol.
Work is done when electrical energy carried by the charges is dissipated as heat and
light energy when crossing the bulb.
5 Konduktor yang berbeza mempunyai rintangan yang berbeza bagi arus mengalir.
Different conductors have different resistances for current to flow.
E
V = —————–——— = —–
Charge Q V
= R ; V = IR
I
• Unit SI untuk voltan ialah volt (V) . nisbah
• Rintangan bagi konduktor ditakrifkan sebagai
SI unit of voltage is volt (V) . beza keupayaan merentasi konduktor bagi arus yang
• 1 volt ialah beza keupayaan antara dua titik mengalir melaluinya.
jika 1 joule tenaga dilakukan untuk The resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential
menggerakkan 1 C cas antara dua titik. difference across the conductor to the current flowing through it.
1 volt is the potential difference between two points
• Unit bagi rintangan ialah volt per ampere (V A–1) atau ohm (Ω) .
if 1 J of energy is used to move The unit for resistance is volt per ampere (V A–1) or ohm (Ω) .
1 C of charge between the two points.
Dipengaruhi oleh / Affected by
Panjang / Length (ℓ) Luas keratan rentas Jenis logam / Type of metal
R α ℓ, pada suhu malar Cross-sectional area (A)
at constant temperature 1
Rα , pada suhu malar Superkonduktor / Superconductors
A
at constant temperature 1 Ialah bahan di mana rintangannya menjadi sifar
R/Ω apabila suhu menurun kepada satu nilai tertentu
R/Ω suhu peralihan genting, Tc .
yang dikenali
It is the material whose resistance becomes zero when its
temperature drops to a certain value called critical
ℓ / cm transition temperature, Tc .
0 1
/ m–2
0 A 2 Apabila suhu merkuri mencapai 4.2 K,
rintangan akan menurun menjadi sifar
Suhu / Temperature (T) When temperature of mercury reaches 4.2 K, its
1 Rintangan pada logam bertambah dengan suhu. resistance zero
suddenly drops to .
The resistance of a metal increases with temperature.
2 Rintangan bahan semikonduktor berkurang dengan suhu. Rintangan superkonduktor
The resistance of a semiconductor decreases with temperature. R Resistance of superconductor
0 T/K
0 T/K 0 T/K Tc
Latihan / Exercise
1 Arus elektrik diukur menggunakan ammeter dan ia mesti disambungkan secara bersiri
dengan komponen.
Electric current is measured by an ammeter and it must be connected in series with the component.
atau / or
2 Beza keupayaan diukur menggunakan voltmeter dan ia mesti disambungkan secara selari
dengan komponen.
Potential difference is measured by a voltmeter and it must be connected in parallel with the component.
atau / or
3 Arus 8.0 A yang mengalir melalui pemanas elektrik selama 50 minit menukar 5.76 × 106 J tenaga elektrik
kepada tenaga haba. Hitung
A current of 8.0 A flowing through an electric heater for 50 minutes converts 5.76 × 106 J of electrical energy into heat energy.
2
Calculate
(a) jumlah cas yang mengalir melalui pemanas. / the total charge circulated through the heater.
UNIT
(b) beza keupayaan yang merentasi pemanas. / the potential difference across the heater.
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Cas
/ Charge, Q = It (b) Beza keupayaan, V = E
Potential difference, Q
= 8.0 A × (50 × 60 s)
= 8.0 C s-1 × 3 000 s 5.76 × 106 J
=
= 24 000 C 24 000 C
= 240 V
4 Dalam suatu litar tertutup, 6 V bateri digunakan untuk menggerakkan 40 C cas elektrik melalui mentol.
Berapakah kerja yang dilakukan untuk menggerakkan cas melalui mentol?
In a closed circuit, a 6 V battery is used to drive 40 C of electric charge through a light bulb. How much work is done to drive
the charges through the bulb?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given V = 6 V, Q = 40 C
Kerja dilakukan / Work done, E = VQ
= 6 V × 40 C
J
=6 × 40 C
C
= 240 J
A Konduktor / Conductor, P
V
Bacaan pada ammeter ialah 5.0 A dan bacaan pada voltmeter ialah 12 V. Berapakah rintangan konduktor P?
The reading of the ammeter is 5.0 A and the reading of the voltmeter is 12 V. What is the resistance of conductor P?
Penyelesaian / Solution
V = IR
R = V = 12 V = 2.4 Ω
I 5.0 A
0 I 0 I
Mentol lampu suluh Termistor
Konduktor Torch light bulb Thermistor
2
bukan Ohm I I
Non-ohmic
conductors
V V
0 0
Eksperimen Untuk menentukan beza keupayaan dan rintangan bagi konduktor logam
Experiment To determine the potential difference and resistance of a metal conductor
Beza keupayaan yang merentasi konduktor Rintangan pada konduktor logam bergantung
logam bergantung kepada arus yang mengalir kepada panjang wayar.
Inferens melalui konduktor logam. The resistance of metal conductor depends on the length
Inference The potential difference across a metal conductor of the wire.
depends on the current flowing through the metal
conductor.
Beza keupayaan yang merentasi konduktor Rintangan pada konduktor logam meningkat
logam meningkat apabila arus yang mengalir apabila panjang dawai meningkat.
Hipotesis melalui konduktor logam meningkat. The resistance of metal conductor increases as the length
2
Hypothesis The potential difference across a metal conductor of wire increases.
UNIT
increases as the current flowing through the metal
conductor increases.
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara beza Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara rintangan dan
keupayaan, V, dan arus, I, dalam konduktor panjang konduktor logam.
Tujuan
logam. To investigate the relationship between the
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the resistance and the length of a metal conductor.
experiment
potential difference, V, and current, I, in a metal
conductor.
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Beza Manipulated variable: Length of the metal conductor
Pemboleh ubah keupayaan Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Rintangan
eksperimen
Responding variable: Potential difference Responding variable: Resistance
Variables in the
experiment Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu wayar Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu wayar,
Senarai radas Ammeter, voltmeter, reostat, wayar konduktor, Ammeter, voltmeter, wayar konduktor, wayar
dan bahan wayar penyambung, sel kering dan suis. penyambung, sel kering, pembaris dan suis.
List of apparatus Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, conductor wire, connecting Ammeter, voltmeter, conductor wire, connecting wires,
and materials wires, dry cell and switch. dry cell, metre rule and switch.
A A
Reostat Konduktor logam Wayar konduktor
Susunan radas Rheostat Metal conductor Conductor wire
Arrangment of the
apparatus
V V
gives a reading of 0.2 A. The reading of the 3 Bacaan voltmeter dan bacaan ammeter
3 Eksperimen diulangi dengan nilai arus yang The readings of the voltmeter, V, and
of current, I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A by The resistance is calculated using the formula,
adjusting the rheostat. V
R=
2
I
5 Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan
panjang wayar yang berbeza, ℓ = 20.0 cm,
40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm, 100.0 cm
dan 120.0 cm.
The experiment is repeated with different lengths of
the wire, ℓ = 20.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm
100.0 cm and 120.0 cm.
I/A 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 ℓ / cm 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
R/Ω
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Arus, Panjang,
0 Current, I / A 0 Length, ℓ / cm
2
arranged in series in one line . 2 Arus yang mengalir melalui ceramic tube. A sliding contact can be
UNIT
Arus, I setiap perintang adalah moved to any position along the coil.
2 mengalir This changes the length of the wire
melalui setiap perintang berkadar songsang
and as a result the resistance changes.
sama dengan rintangan perintang.
adalah .
The current passing through each
The current, I passing
resistor is inversely
through each resistor is the Meter keupayaan: / Potentiometer:
same proportional to the resistance Sebagai pembahagi voltan,
.
of the resistor. apabila panjang bertambah,
3 Beza keupayaan, V rintangan meningkat dan hasilnya
3 Beza keupayaan, V yang beza keupayaan meningkat.
yang merentasi perintang
merentasi setiap perintang adalah As a voltage divider, when the length
berkadar langsung dengan increases, the resistance increases and
sama dengan V .
rintangan perintang (R). T as the result the potential differences
Latihan / Exercise
P 8Ω Q P 4Ω 4Ω Q
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) RPQ = 20 Ω + 10 Ω + 5 Ω (c) 1 1 1 (d) 1 1 1 1
= + = + +
= 35 Ω RYQ 8Ω 8Ω RPQ 16 Ω 8Ω 8Ω
1 2 1
1+2+2
(b) 1 1 1 1 = =
= + + RYQ 8Ω 16 Ω
RPQ
UNIT
RPQ 8Ω 8Ω 8Ω
\ RYQ = 4 Ω
1
=
5
1 3 RPQ 16 Ω
=
2
=8Ω+4Ω
=8Ω+1Ω I = IXZ
= 12 Ω = 9 Ω = 0.5 A
V
\I= V \ IXZ = XZ Tetapi / But
RXZ RXZ
I2 = I3
20 V 4.5 V
= (Kerana R2 = R3 )
12 Ω =
9Ω
= 1.67 A \ 2 I2 = I
= 0.5 A
2 I2 = 0.5 A
I2 = 0.25 A
\ Bacaan ammeter
= 0.25 A
Ammeter reading
(c) VUZ = IUZ RUZ VUZ Dari bahagian litar yang merentasi XY,
\ IUZ = From the section of the circuit across XY,
1 1 1 RUZ
= + VXY
RXY 6Ω 2Ω 24 V I2 =
= 6Ω
1
=
4 12 Ω
RXY 6Ω 3.0 V
= 2.0 A =
6Ω
6Ω
\ RXY = Dari litar, / From the circuit,
4 = 0.5 A
\ RXY = 1.5 Ω VXY = IXY RXY
\ RUZ = RUX + RXY + RYZ = IUZ (1.5 Ω) \ Bacaan ammeter
= 0.5 A
(Kerana IXY = IUZ ) Ammeter reading
= 8 Ω + 1.5 Ω + 2.5 Ω
= 12 Ω = 2.0 A × 1.5 Ω
= 3.0 V
2
(a) (b)
24 V 6V
S
S
UNIT
12 Ω
8Ω 4Ω K L 9Ω
X Y
4Ω
Z M
V V
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) Pertama, kirakan nilai bagi I (b) Kira nilai bagi IKM terlebih dahulu.
Firstly, calculate value of I Calculate the value of IKM first.
VXZ = IXZ RXZ 1 = 1 + 1
\ 24 V = (IXZ ) × (12 Ω) RKL 12 Ω 4Ω
I XZ = 24 V 1 4
12 Ω =
RKL 12 Ω
= 2 A
Arus yang melalui setiap 12 Ω
\ RKL =
perintang adalah sama. 4
Oleh itu, beza keupayaan
bagi 8 Ω ialah = 3Ω
The current passing through each \ RKM = 3 Ω + 9 Ω
of the resistors is the same. So
the potential difference of the 8 Ω = 12 Ω
resistor is
VKM = IKM RKM \ VKL= IKL RKL
VXY = IXY RXY
= 2 A × 8 Ω VKM Tetapi / But
\ IKM = IKL = IKM
= 16 V RKM
= 0.5 A
= 6V
12 Ω \ VKL= 0.5 A × 3 Ω
= 0.5 A = 1.5 V
1
Suis
Switch
Mentol Suis
Mentol Bulb Switch
Bulb
Ammeter
2 Dry cell
2
A
Suis Mentol
Switch Bulb
Suis Mentol
Switch Bulb
Sel kering –
Dry cell V
+
Sel kering
Suis Dry cells
3
Switch
Voltmeter
Voltmeter A
Mentol Suis
Ammeter Bulb Switch
Mentol Ammeter
Bulb
Diod
Reostat Diode
Rheostat
Mentol Diod
–
Bulb Diode
Mentol
4 Bulb Sel kering
+
Dry cells
A
Sel kering Suis
Ammeter Dry cell
Ammeter
Switch
Suis
Switch
Sel kering –
Dry cell Suis / Switch
+
Suis geganti
relay switch
5 Suis
Switch
Suis / Switch
Bekalan kuasa a.u
Suis geganti
a.c. Supply
relay switch Penghawa dingin
Air conditioner Bekalan kuasa a.u. Penghawa dingin
a.c supply Air conditioner
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu litar elektrik 3 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan arus mengalir dalam
KBAT
yang disediakan oleh seorang pelajar. KBATdua perintang yang disambungkan secara bersiri.
The diagram below shows an electrical circuit set up by A1 dan A2 adalah bacaan pada ammeter. V1 dan V2
a student. adalah bacaan pada voltmeter.
6Ω
The diagram below shows a current flow in two resistors
U 2Ω X 6Ω Y connected in series. A1 and A2 are the readings on the
ammeters. V1 and V2 are the readings on the voltmeters.
6Ω
V1 V2
I 5Ω 10 Ω
A1 A2
12 V R1 R2
Apakah nilai arus, I, yang mengalir dalam litar? Apakah hubungan antara V1 dan V2?
What is the value of the current I flowing in the circuit? What is the relationship between V1 and V2?
Penyelesaian / Solution Penyelesaian
Solution
Untuk litar selari
2
I5 Ω = I10 Ω
For parallel circuit Arus mengalir melalui perintang
UNIT
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 5 Ω adalah sama seperti arus V1 = V2
mengalir melalui perintang 10 Ω R1 R2
RXY 6 Ω 6 Ω 6 Ω
Current flowing through 5 Ω resistor is V1 = V2
= 3 = 1 the same as the current flowing through 5 Ω 10 Ω
6Ω 2Ω
10 Ω resistor. V2 = 2V1
∴ RXY = 2 Ω
∴ RUY = 2 Ω + 2 Ω
=4Ω
4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu litar.
Hukum Ohm / Ohm's law, V = IR The diagram below shows a circuit.
I = V
RUY
I3
= 12 V A3
4Ω
I1
= 3 A A1
I2
2 Perintang R disambungkan secara selari ke A2
perintang lain yang mempunyai rintangan 4 Ω.
Jika rintangan berkesan yang dihasilkan ialah 2 Ω, Jika bacaan ammeter A1 dan A2 masing-masing
apakah rintangan bagi R? ialah 2 A dan 1 A, apakah bacaan ammeter A3?
A resistor R is connected in parallel to another resistor of If the readings of ammeters A1 and A2 are 2 A and 1 A
4 Ω. If the effective resistance produced is 2 Ω, what is the respectively, what is the reading of ammeter A3?
resistance of R? Penyelesaian
Penyelesaian Solution
Solution R
I3 = I1 + I2 Jumlah arus yang mengalir
=2A+1A bagi setiap cabang litar
X Y bagi litar selari adalah sama
=3A
4Ω dengan arus daripada bateri.
RXY = 2 Ω (diberi / given) The sum of the current flow in the
separate branches of a parallel
\ 1 = 1 + 1
circuit is equal to the current from
2Ω R 4Ω
the battery.
1 = 1 – 1
R 2Ω 4Ω
1 = 2 – 1 = 1
R 4Ω 4Ω
R = 4 Ω
5 Bateri menyalakan kesemua lima mentol seperti Mentol manakah jika dialihkan akan menyebabkan
yang ditunjukkan di dalam rajah litar. kesemua mentol lain terpadam?
A battery lights all five bulbs as shown in the circuit Which bulb, if removed, would cause all the other bulbs
diagram. to go out?
Penyelesaian
Solution
A
B
Mentol A. Apabila A dialihkan, litar menjadi tidak
C lengkap.
D Bulb A. When A is removed, the circuit is not complete.
Sel kering
Dry cell Arus mengalir
Tiada arus mengalir Current flowing
No current flow
V<E
• Dalam litar terbuka , tiada arus yang • Dalam litar tertutup , terdapat arus yang
mengalir. Beza keupayaan yang merentasi sel mengalir. Beza keupayaan yang melalui sel
ialah nilai daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e). lebih kecil
adalah daripada daya gerak elektrik
In the open circuit, there is no current
(d.g.e) sel.
flow. The potential difference, V, across the cell is equal
In a closed circuit, there is a current
to the electromotive force (e.m.f.).
• Bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.5 V. flows. The potential difference, V, across the cell is
The voltmeter reading is 1.5 V. smaller than the e.m.f. of the cell.
• Daya gerak elektrik adalah sama dengan
• Susutan dalam beza keupayaan merentasi
bacaan voltmeter yang disambungkan terus melalui
terminal sel dalam litar terbuka. sel ini disebabkan oleh rintangan dalam sel.
The e.m.f. is equal to the reading of the voltmeter drop
This in potential difference across the cell is
which is connected directly across the terminal of the cell in an
caused by the internal resistance of the cell.
open circuit.
1.5 V • Jika bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.2 V, beza keupayaan yang
• Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.) =
merentasi lampu ialah 1.2 V.
Electromotive force (e.m.f.) = 1.5 V If the voltmeter reading is 1.2 V, the potential difference across the
lamp = 1.2 V.
• V<E
Ia menyebabkan / It causes
Beza Beza
• "Kehilangan" tenaga haba dalam sel. keupayaan keupayaan
heat energy merentasi sel Beza merentasi
2
"Loss" of in the cell.
apabila tiada keupayaan rintangan
UNIT
• Beza keupayaan yang merentasi terminal adalah arus mengalir merentasi dalam
kurang daripada d.g.e. Potential = rintangan luar + Potential
Potential difference across the terminals of the cell to difference across Potential difference
cell when no difference across across internal
be less than the e.m.f. current flows external resistance resistance
E V Ir
E = V + Ir atau / or E = IR + Ir
I/A
0
Graf menunjukkan garis lurus . Garis lurus boleh dijelaskan oleh persamaan:
The graph shows a straight line . The straight line can be represented by the equation:
V = –r I + E
Jika garis lurus diekstrapolasikan sehingga ia menemui paksi tegak, V, nilai I = 0 dan V=E diperoleh. Ini
menunjukkan apabila tiada cas yang mengalir, beza keupayaan yang melalui sel ialah daya gerak elektrik .
If the straight line is extrapolated until it meets the vertical axis V, the values of I = 0 and V=E are obtained. This shows that
when no charges flow, the potential difference across the cell is the electromotive force (E) .
Apabila arus, I meningkat, pengurangan tenaga semakin bertambah dan menyebabkan beza
Tujuan Untuk menentukan daya gerak elektrik dan rintangan dalam sel.
Aim To determine the electromotive force and the internal resistance of a cell.
Pemboleh ubah Arus yang mengalir melalui sel, I / Current flowing through the cell, I
eksperimen
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Variables in the
experiment Beza keupayaan merentasi sel, V / Potential difference across the cell, V
UNIT
Senarai bahan
Sel kering, suis, voltmeter, ammeter, reostat dan wayar penyambung
dan radas
List of materials Dry cell, switch, voltmeter, ammeter, rheostat and connecting wires
and apparatus
2. Suis ditutup dan bacaan ammeter, I = 0.2 A dan voltmeter, V dicatatkan dengan
melaraskan reostat.
Prosedur The switch is closed and the reading of the ammeter, I = 0.2 A and voltmeter, V is recorded by
Procedure
adjusting the rheostat.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan nilai I yang berbeza iaitu I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A dengan
melaraskan reostat.
The experiment is repeated with different values of I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A, by adjusting the rheostat.
Menjadualkan Arus melalui sel / Current flowing through cell, I / A 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
data Beza keupayaan merentasi sel /
Tabulation of data Potential difference across cell, V / V
Apabila / When I = 0 A,
Pengiraan V = E (dalam unit Volt / in Volt)
Calculations
Kecerunan graf / Gradient of the graph = – r
\ r = – kecerunan graf (dalam Ω)
r = – gradient of the graph (in Ω)
Latihan / Exercise
2
R
UNIT
= 1.0 V = 0.2 A
A 5Ω
Apabila suis S dibuka, bacaan voltmeter ialah
E = V + Ir
1.5 V. Apabila suis S ditutup bacaan voltmeter dan
1.5 V = 1.0 V + (0.2 A) r
ammeter ialah 1.35 V dan 0.3 A masing-masing.
When the switch S is open, the reading of the voltmeter r = (1.5 – 1.0) V
is 1.5 V. When the switch S is closed the reading of the 0.2 A
voltmeter and ammeter are 1.35 V and 0.3 A respectively. = 2.5 Ω
Tentukan / Determine
3 Graf menunjukkan perubahan beza keupayaan
(a) daya gerak elektrik pada sel KBAT dengan arus bagi sebuah bateri.
the e.m.f. of the cell The graph shows the variation of potential difference with
(b) rintangan dalam sel current of the battery.
the internal resistance of the cell
V/ V
(c) rintangan R
the resistance R
Penyelesaian / Solution 3.0
(a) E = 1.5 V (c) V = IR
(b) E = V + Ir 1.35 V = (0.3 A)R 1.7
1.5 V = 1.35 V + (0.3 A)r
R = 1.35 V
(0.3 A) r = (1.5 – 1.35)V 0.3 A I/A
r = 0.15 V R = 4.5 Ω 0 0.74
0.3 A
= 0.5 Ω Berdasarkan graf, tentukan rintangan dalam pada
bateri.
2 Daya gerak elektrik, E, pada bateri ialah 1.5 V. From the graph, determine the internal resistance of the
KBATBateri ini disambungkan kepada perintang 5 Ω. battery.
Apabila litar ditutup, bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.0 V. Penyelesaian / Solution
The e.m.f., E of a battery is 1.5 V. This battery is connected Apabila nilai I = 0, didapati V = E.
to a 5 Ω resistor. When the circuit is closed, the reading When the value of I = 0, V = E is obtained.
of the voltmeter is 1.0 V.
Daripada graf, E = 3.0 V
V
From the graph, E = 3.0 V
E = 1.5 V Maka, rintangan dalam, r
Hence, the internal resistance, r = E – V
I
= (3.0 – 1.7) V
R=5Ω
0.74 A
= 1.76 Ω
E = V + Ir = IR + Ir
= (3 A)(3 Ω) + (3 A)r
2
E = 9 V + (3 A)r (ii)
Latihan / Exercise
1 Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan daya gerak elektrik, E dan rintangan dalaman, r, pada sel
KBATkering. / An experiment is carried out to determine the electromotive force, E, and the internal resistance, r, of a dry cell.
V/V
1.5
1.0
0.5
I/A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Tentukan / Determine
(a) Berdasarkan graf di atas, / Based on the graph above,
(i) apakah yang berlaku apabila I meningkat? / what happens when I increases?
(ii) tentukan nilai beza keupayaan, V, apabila arus, I = 0.0 A. Tunjukkan pada graf, bagaimana anda
menentukan nilai V. / determine the value of the potential difference, V, when the current, I = 0.0 A. Show on the
graph, how you determine V.
(iii) namakan kuantiti fizik yang ditunjukkan oleh (a)(ii). / name the physical quantity that is shown in (a)(ii).
(b) Diberi rintangan dalam, r, pada sel kering ialah r = –m, di mana m ialah kecerunan bagi graf. Kirakan nilai r.
The internal resistance, r, of the dry cell is given by r = –m, where m is the gradient of the graph. Calculate the value of r.
(c) (i) Daripada graf, nyatakan nilai V, apabila I = 0.80 A. Tunjukkan pada graf, bagaimana anda
menentukan nilai V.
From the graph, state the value of V, when I = 0.80 A. Show on the graph how you determine the value of V.
V
(ii) Rintangan R ditentukan oleh R = . Kira nilai R apabila I = 0.80 A.
I
V
The resistance R is given by R = . Calculate the value of R when I = 0.80 A.
I
(d) Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil semasa eksperimen ini dijalankan.
State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment.
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) (i) Apabila I meningkat, V berkurang. V/V
When I increases, V decreases.
1.5
1.0
0.5
I/A
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
UNIT
(ii) Berdasarkan ekstrapolasi pada graf, apabila I = 0.0 A, V = 1.5 V
Based on extrapolation of the graph, when I = 0.0 A, V = 1.5 V
(b) r = –m
= – 1.5 V – 1.0 V
(0 – 1.0) A
= 0.5 Ω
(c) (i) Daripada graf, apabila I = 0.8 A,V = 1.1 V / From the graph, when I = 0.8 A, V = 1.1 V
(ii) R = 1.1 V
0.8 A
= 1.38 Ω
atau / or
2 Rajah menunjukkan litar yang mengandungi satu perintang 20 Ω, dan dua perintang 10 Ω, sel kering dengan
KBATdaya gerak elektrik 1.5 V dan rintangan dalam 2 Ω.
The diagram shows a circuit containing a 20 Ω resistor, two 10 Ω resistors, a dry cell with electromotive force of 1.5 V and
internal resistance 2 Ω.
V
E = 1.5 V
R1 = 20 Ω
X Y
R2 = 10 Ω R3 = 10 Ω
= 0.125 A × 10 Ω
= 1.25 V
Jika rintangan dalam pada bateri ialah 0.1 Ω dan bacaan pada ammeter ialah 0.5 A, apakah nilai R?
If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.1 Ω and the reading of the ammeter is 0.5 A, what is the value of R?
Penyelesaian
Solution
Bateri berlabel 5 V bermaksud d.g.e bateri ialah 5 V. r = 0.1 Ω, I = 0.5 A
A 5 V battery means that the e.m.f. (E) of the battery is 5 V. r = 0.1 Ω , I = 0.5 A
2
Is the total energy supplied by the source such as dry cell or
Tenaga dipindahkan
UNIT
battery to all the electrical components connected in the circuit.
• Kuasa, P =
tenaga haba Masa diambil
2 Ia selalunya ditukarkan kepada ,
Energy transferred
tenaga cahaya tenaga kinetik Power, P = Time taken
, dan
tenaga bunyi. • Unit = Watt (W) / Unit = Watt (W)
Usually converted to heat energy , light energy , • 1 watt ialah kuasa dari alat elektrik yang boleh
kinetic energy and sound energy. menghasilkan jumlah tenaga sebanyak
3 Unit = Joule (J) / Unit = Joule (J) 1 J dalam 1 saat.
1 joule ialah tenaga elektrik dihasilkan antara dua 1 watt is the power of an electrical appliance which
titik dengan beza keupayaan 1 V, apabila arus can produce a total energy of 1 J in 1 second.
1 Jika kuasa output = kuasa input, kecekapan tenaga elektrik ialah 100 % tetapi kecekapan semua peralatan elektrik
adalah kurang daripada 100 %. Ini disebabkan oleh kuasa input yang hilang ditukar kepada tenaga haba.
If power output = power input, the efficiency of the electrical appliances is 100 % but the efficiency of all electrical appliances is less
than 100 %. This is caused by the loss of useful input power as heat.
2 Perkadaran kuasa / Power rating
(a) Perkadaran kuasa bagi peralatan elektrik dinyatakan sebagai kadar ia menggunakan tenaga elektrik. Sebagai
contoh, mesin basuh 200 W menggunakan tenaga elektrik 200 joule setiap saat.
The power rating of an appliance denotes the rate at which it consumes electrical energy. For example, a 200 W washing machine
uses 200 joules of electrical energy per second.
(b) Sebuah mentol yang dilabel '240 V, 60 W' bermaksud ia menghasilkan kuasa sebanyak 60 W apabila
disambungkan kepada bekalan voltan 240 V.
A bulb labelled '240 V, 60 W' means that it produces a power of 60 W when a voltage of 240 V is applied.
Switch off all unnecessary lights; use low-power lamps and install fluorescent lighting where it is suitable.
8 Menggunakan tenaga sepenuhnya untuk memanaskan oven dengan memasak beberapa jenis makanan dalam
2
Latihan / Exercise
3 Sebuah alat pemanas rendam menggunakan 4 Sebuah cerek elektrik dilabel 3 kW, 240 V.
bekalan kuasa 12 V. Arus yang mengalir melalui KBATAn electric kettle is labelled 3 kW, 240 V.
pemanas itu ialah 4 A. Berapakah kuasa pemanas (a) Berapakah arus yang mengalir melalui cerek
tersebut? itu?
An immersion heater uses a 12 V supply. The current What is the current that flows through the kettle?
flowing through the heater is 4 A. What is the power of (b) Tentukan rintangan pada unsur pemanas di
the heater? dalam cerek itu.
Penyelesaian Determine the resistance of the heating element in
Solution the kettle.
Penyelesaian
P = IV Solution
= 4 A × 12 V (a) P = IV
= 48 W 3 000 W = I(240 V)
I = 3 000 W
240 V
= 12.5 A
(b) P = IV = I(IR)
2
P = I2 R
3 000 W = (12.5 A)2 R
UNIT
R = 3 000 W2
156.25 A
= 19.2 Ω
Setiap rumah mempunyai meter elektrik yang dibekalkan oleh pihak berkuasa elektrik. Unit yang digunakan ialah
kilowatt-jam (kWj). 1 kilowatt-jam ialah tenaga yang dibekalkan selama 1 jam kepada peralatan yang mempunyai
kadar kuasa 1 kW.
Every house has an electrical meter supplied by the Electricity board. The units used are kilowatt-hours (kWh).
1 kilowatt-hour is the energy supplied for 1 hour to an appliance whose power rating is 1 kW.
1 Tentukan tenaga elektrik (dalam kWj) yang digunakan bagi peralatan elektrik yang berikut:
Determine the electrical energy (in kWh) used for the following electrical appliances:
(a) 2 biji mentol digunakan selama 5 jam dan setiapnya dilabelkan 60 W, 240 V.
2 bulbs are used in 5 hours and each is labelled 60 W, 240 V.
(b) Alat penghawa dingin yang berkuasa 2 kW digunakan selama 5 jam sehari selama sebulan, (iaitu 30
hari).
An air conditioner rating 2 kW is used for 5 hours per day for one month, (that is 30 days).
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) Kuasa / Power = 60 W = 0.06 kW
Tenaga elektrik yang digunakan untuk 2 biji mentol = 2 (0.06 kW × 5 j)
The electrical energy used for the 2 bulbs = 0.6 kWj atau / or 0.6 kWh
(b) Tenaga elektrik yang digunakan untuk penyaman udara = 2 kW × (5j × 30)
The electrical energy used for the air conditioner = 300 kWj atau / or 300 kWh
Tenaga digunakan seterika / Energy used by iron = 1 × 1.2 kW × (0.5 j × 20) = 12 kWj / kWh (unit / units)
Jumlah tenaga / Total energy = 300 unit / units
Kos 100 unit pertama / Cost of first 100 units = RM0.20 × 100 = RM20
2
Kos 200 unit yang seterusnya / Cost of next 200 units = RM0.24 × 200 = RM48
Jumlah kos menggunakan peralatan elektrik / Total cost of using the electrical appliances = RM68
POutput POutput
Kecekapan = × 100% Efficiency = × 100%
PInput PInput
1 Sebuah motor elektrik digunakan untuk mengangkat beban berjisim 2 kg sehingga ketinggian 3 m dalam
masa 2.5 s. Jika bekalan voltan yang dibekalkan ialah 12 V dan arus yang mengalir dalam motor itu ialah
5.0 A, kirakan:
An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height of 3 m in 2.5 s. If the supply voltage is 12 V and the flow of current
in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
(a) tenaga input motor / input energy to the motor
(b) tenaga output motor / output energy of the motor
KBAT (c) kecekapan motor / efficiency of the motor
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Einput = VIt 150 J
(c) \Pinput =
= 12 V × 5.0 A × 2.5 s 2.5 s
= 150 J = 60 W
(b) Eoutput = Tenaga keupayaan graviti 60 J
Potential gravitational energy Poutput =
2.5 s
= mgh
= 24 W
= 2 kg × 10 m s-2 × 3 m \Kecekapan motor / Efficiency of the motor
= 60 J
P
= output × 100%
Pinput
= 24 W × 100%
60 W
= 40%
Latihan / Exercise
1 Sebuah cerek elektrik digunakan untuk mendidihkan air. Cerek itu mempunyai kuasa 3 kW, dan diisi dengan
KBAT0.5 kg air paip bersuhu 20 °C. Ia mengambil masa satu minit setengah untuk mendidih.Berapakah kecekapan
cerek itu? [Muatan haba tentu air = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1]
An electric kettle is used to boil some water. The kettle has a power rating of 3 kW, and is filled with 0.5 kg of tap water at
20 ºC. It takes one and a half minutes to boil. How efficient is this kettle?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg –1 ºC –1]
Penyelesaian
Solution
P
Kuasainput / Powerinput = Pinput = 3 000 W Kecekapan cerek elektrik = output × 100%
The efficiency of the kettle Pinput
Eoutput = mcθ
= 1866.67 W × 100%
= 0.5 kg × 4 200 J kg-1ºC--1 × (100 – 20)ºC 3 000 W
= 168 000 J = 62.22%
\ Kuasaoutput / Poweroutput = Poutput
168 000 J
= = 1866.67 W
90 s
2
UNIT
2 Rajah menunjukkan motor elektrik yang digunakan untuk mengangkat beban.
KBATThe diagram shows an electric motor used to lift a load.
Motor elektrik / Electric motor
V 6V
Beban
Load A
3 Arus elektrik 3.0 A mengalir melalui pemanas 6 Sebuah motor elektrik 12 V digunakan untuk
elektrik apabila disambungkan pada bekalan kuasa KBAT mengangkat beban 60 N sehingga ketinggian
240 V. Berapa banyak tenaga haba yang 2 m dalam 4 saat. Andaikan kecekapan motor ialah
dibebaskan selepas 2 minit? 100%, berapakah purata arus dalam motor?
A current of 3.0 A flows through an electric heater when A 12 V electric motor is used to lift a load of 60 N through a
it is connected to a 240 V mains supply. How much heat height of 2 m in 4 seconds. Assuming the motor to be 100%
energy is released after 2 minutes? efficient, what is the average current in the motor?
Penyelesaian Penyelesaian / Solution
Solution Diberi / Given, F = mg = 60 N
Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan = Tenaga haba yang Jika tenaga elektrik digunakan = tenaga
dibebaskan keupayaan graviti yang diperoleh
Electrical energy supplied = Heat energy released Since electrical energy used = gravitational potential
E = VIt energy gained
= 240 V × 3.0 A × (2 × 60 s) VIt = m g h
Oleh itu, tenaga haba = 86 400 J
So, heat energy I = mgh
Vt
4 Sebuah cerek elektrik 240 V, 1 500 W disambungkan = 60 N×2m
ke bekalan kuasa. Kira arus untuk kegunaan biasa. 12 V × 4 s
UNIT
Penyelesaian
Solution
KBATsetiap unit, apakah kos penggunaan penyaman
udara berkuasa 800 W yang digunakan 8 jam
Dari formula, P = IV, kita dapat I = P sehari selama 30 hari?
V
From the formula, P = IV, we get I =
P If the electric energy consumption tariff is 22 cents per
V unit, what is the cost of using an 800 W air conditioner
Dalam kegunaan biasa, P = 1 500 W dan V = 240 V 8 hours a day for 30 days?
At normal usage, P = 1 500 W and V = 240 V Penyelesaian / Solution
I = 1 500 W [1 kWj = 1 kWh = 1 unit tenaga elektrik]
240 V Jumlah tenaga yang digunakan
Oleh itu, / So, I = 6.25 A = 0.8 kW × 8 j × 30 = 192 kWj
Oleh itu, kos elektrik yang digunakan
5 Litar menunjukkan perintang, R, disambungkan
kepada bateri. Apabila 8 coulomb cas mengalir = 192 unit × RM0.22 = RM42.24
unit
melalui perintang, tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan Total energy used = 0.8 kW × 8 j × 30 = 192 kWh
ialah 64 J. Hence, the cost of using electricity
The circuit shows a resistor, R, connected to a battery. When RM0.22
= 192 units × = RM42.24
8 C of charge passes through the resistor, the electrical unit
energy supplied is 64 J.
8 Lampu berpendarfluor berkuasa 40 W menukarkan
60% tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga cahaya. Berapa
R
banyakkah tenaga cahaya yang dihasilkan dalam
7 minit?
V A 40 W fluorescent lamp transfers 60% of the electrical
Hitung beza keupayaan yang melalui perintang R. energy to light energy. How much light energy does it
Calculate the potential difference across resistor R. release in 7 minutes?
Penyelesaian Penyelesaian / Solution
Solution 60% daripada tenaga elektrik = tenaga cahaya
60% of the electrical energy = light energy
Dari formula, / From the formula, E = QV
60 % × E = tenaga cahaya / light energy
V = E 60 × Pt = tenaga cahaya / light energy
Q 100
64 J
= 6 × 40 W × (7 × 60 s) = tenaga cahaya / light energy
8C 10
=8V Oleh itu, tenaga cahaya / Hence, light energy = 10 080 J
[Perhatian / Note : 1 V = 1 J ]
C
V
Rajah 3
Lilin Diagram 3
Candle Bacaan voltmeter ialah 8 V. Apakah nilai arus yang
VLT mengalir melalui perintang?
EHT The voltmeter reading is 8V. What is the value of the
2
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 current flowing through the resistor?
UNIT
Apakah cas-cas pada plat X dan plat Y ? A 2.0 A
What are the charges on plate X and plate Y? B 3.0 A
C 4.0 A
X Y D 5.0 A
A Positif / Positive Negatif / Negative
B Positif / Positive Positif / Positive
4 Rajah 4 menunjukkan satu litar lengkap. Bacaan
C Negatif / Negative Negatif / Negative ammeter adalah I dan bacaan voltmeter adalah V.
D Negatif / Negative Positif / Positive Diagram 4 shows a complete circuit. The reading of the
ammeter is I and the voltmeter is V.
V
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan suatu litar elektrik.
Diagram 2 shows an electrical circuit.
A
A
Dawai S
Wire Reostat
Rheostat Y X
5 Litar elektrik yang manakah semua mentol Kuasa yang dihasilkan oleh cerek ini ialah
menyala dengan kecerahan yang sama? The power produced by the kettle is
Which electric circuit has all bulbs lighted up with the A 1.5 W
same brightness? B 96.0 W
6V
A C 6V C 768.0 W
D 1 152.0 W
3V 3V 6V
3V 3V 3V
UNIT
2
0 I2 0 I2
6 Jadual 1 menunjukkan tarif penggunaan tenaga
elektrik. B P D P
Table 1 shows the electrical energy consumption tariff.
6V 6V
2
Apabila beza keupayaan yang dibekalkan ialah 6 V, kuasa yang dihasilkan ialah 12 W.
UNIT
When the voltage supplied is 6 V, the power produced is 12 W.
(b) Nyatakan jenis sambungan litar dalam Rajah 1(a) dan Rajah 1(b).
State the type of circuit in Diagram 1(a) and Diagram 1(b).
Rajah 1(a) / Diagram 1(a) : Bersiri / Series
Rajah 1(b) / Diagram 1(b) : Selari / Parallel
(c) Mentol-mentol dalam Rajah 1(b) lebih cerah daripada mentol dalam Rajah 1(a). Terangkan jawapan anda.
The bulbs in Diagram 1(b) are brighter than the bulbs in Diagram 1(a). Explain your answer.
Voltan untuk setiap mentol dalam Rajah 1(b) lebih daripada Rajah 1(a). Jumlah rintangan dalam Rajah 1(b)
kurang daripada Rajah 1(a). Arus mengalir dalam setiap mentol dalam Rajah 1(b) lebih daripada Rajah 1(a).
Voltage for each bulb in Diagram 1(b) is more than Diagram 1(a). The total resistance in Diagram 1(b) is less than
Diagram 1(a). Current flow in each bulb in Diagram 1(b) is more than that in Diagram 1(a).
(d) Rintangan setiap mentol dalam Rajah 1(a) dan Rajah 1(b) adalah 4 Ω. Tentukan arus yang mengalir
dalam setiap mentol.
The resistance of each bulb in Diagram 1(a) and Diagram 1(b) is 4 Ω. Determine the current flow in each bulb.
(i) Rajah 1(a) / Diagram 1(a)
R1 = 4 + 4 + 4
= 12 Ω
V 6.0
I = — = ——
R 12
= 0.5 A
—1 1 1 1 3
= — + — + — = —,
R 4 4 4 4
4
RT = — = 1.33 Ω
3
V 6.0
IT = — = ——– = 4.5 A
R T 1.33
4.5
Arus mengalir dalam setiap mentol / Current flow in each bulb = ——
3
= 1.5 A
(e) Seorang pelajar hendak mereka bentuk sebuah inkubator. Mentol digunakan untuk memanaskan
inkubator itu.
A student wants to design an incubator. Bulbs are used to heat up the incubator.
(i) Antara litar dalam Rajah 1(a) dan Rajah 1(b), litar yang manakah paling sesuai digunakan oleh
pelajar untuk memanaskan inkubator?
Between the circuit in Diagram 1(a) and in Diagram 1(b), which circuit is the most suitable to be used by the student
to heat up the incubator?
Rajah 1(b) / Diagram 1(b)
(ii) Berikan dua sebab bagi jawapan anda di 1(e)(i).
Give two reasons for your answer in 1(e)(i).
• Jika satu daripada mentol terbakar, mentol yang lain masih berfungsi.
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
(a) (i) Adakah peralatan elektrik dalam Rajah 2 disambungkan secara bersiri atau selari?
Are the electrical appliances in Diagram 2 connected in series or parallel?
Selari
Parallel
(ii) Jika amplifier gitar dimatikan suisnya, apakah yang akan terjadi kepada pengering rambut dan
pembuat kek?
If the guitar amplifier is switched off, what will happen to the hair dryer and the cake mixer?
Pengering rambut dan pembuat kek masih boleh berfungsi.
The hair dryer and the cake mixer can still function or work.
(iii) Terangkan jawapan anda di (a)(ii).
Explain your answer in (a)(ii).
Litar-litar yang lain tidak terputus. Arus masih mengalir melalui pengering rambut dan pembuat kek.
The other circuits are not broken. Current still flows through the hair dryer and cake mixer.
When a voltage of 240 V is applied across the guitar amplifier, it will produce a power of 1 000 W.
(ii) Hitung arus yang mengalir dalam amplifier gitar itu.
Calculate the current that flows in the guitar amplifier.
P = VI
1 000 W = (240 V)(I)
1 000 W
I = ——–—–
240 V
= 4.17 A
2
UNIT
(iii) Hitung rintangan bagi amplifier gitar itu.
Calculate the resistance of the guitar amplifier.
P = VI
V2
= —–
R
2
V
R = —–
P
(240 V)2
= ——–—–
1 000 W
= 57.6 Ω
Keelektromagnetan
3 Electromagnetism
3.2 Memahami daya terhadap konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet
Understanding the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
UNIT
• Menghuraikan kesan kepada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet.
Describe what happens to a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
3
• Melukiskan corak medan magnet gabungan berdasarkan konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet.
Draw the pattern of the combined magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
• Menghuraikan bagaimana konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet mengalami daya.
Describe how a current-carrying-conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force.
• Menerangkan faktor yang mempengaruhi magnitud daya yang terhasil dalam konduktor yang membawa arus dalam
medan magnet.
Explain the factors that affect the magnitude of the force produced in a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
• Menghuraikan bagaimana gegelung pembawa arus dalam medan magnet mengalami daya putaran.
Describe how a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning force.
• Menghuraikan prinsip kerja motor arus terus.
Describe how a direct current motor works.
• Menyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi laju putaran elektrik motor.
State factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor.
3
Solve problems involving transformers.
UNIT
3.5 Memahami penjanaan dan penghantaran elektrik
Understanding the generation and transmission of electricity
Arus / Current
Peraturan skru Maxwell
86
Plotting N
rendah Solenoid Arah arus + -
compass
Low voltage Direction of current
supply Garis medan Bekalan
Arus Arah arus
magnet voltan
Current Direction of current
Magnetic field rendah
S
lines Low-voltage Peraturan genggaman tangan kanan
supply The right-hand grip rule
Hukum genggaman tangan kanan
– untuk menentukan arah medan Arah medan magnet
Magnetic field direction
magnet yang dihasilkan oleh arus Hukum genggaman tangan
dalam wayar lurus kanan pada solenoid – untuk
Right-hand grip rule – to determine the Arah arus
menentukan kutub solenoid
direction of the magnetic field produced Direction
Right-hand grip rule for – solenoid
by a current in a straight wire of current
to determine the poles of a solenoid
Garis medan magnet
Direction of current (conventional) Ibu jari menunjukkan kutub utara
Jika wayar yang membawa arus digenggam oleh
The thumb points to N pole tangan kanan maka ibu jari menghala sepanjang
dawai menunjukkan arah arus dan jari yang lain
menunjuk ke arah medan magnet di sekeliling
dawai.
If a wire carrying a current is gripped with the right
Arah medan magnet Putaran jari mengikut arah arus hand, the thumb points along the wire in the direction of
Direction of magnetic field Fingers curl in the direction of the current the current and the other fingers point in the direction of
the magnetic field around the wire.
Solenoid
(a) Corak medan magnet digabungkan
yang dihasilkan oleh dengan teras besi
konduktor yang membawa lembut. Dipanggil:
arus bergantung kepada Combined with soft
bentuk konduktor. iron core. It is called:
The pattern of magnetic Arus mengalir keluar dari kertas Arus mengalir masuk ke dalam kertas
Elektromagnet Current flows out of the paper Current flows into the paper
field produced by a current-
carrying conductor depends
An Electromagnet
shape (a) Apabila dua wayar membawa arus yang sama dan dalam arah yang
on the of the
sama, kekuatan medan magnet paduan yang dihasilkan adalah
conductor used.
Suis ditutup dua kali ganda sama
(b) Garis medan magnet Bekalan Closed Teras besi dan corak yang dihasilkan adalah .
kuasa switch Iron core When two wires are carrying the same current and in the same direction, the
yang lebih padat a.t. Dawai
d.c. kuprum strength of the resultant magnetic field produced is doubled and the
antara satu power bertebat
supply Insulated pattern is the same .
copper
Sama lain menunjukkan
Pin lukisan wire
Kekuatan medan magnet bertambah dengan
medan magnet yang Drawing pin The strength of the magnetic field is increased by:
(i) menggunakan arus yang lebih besar dalam gegelung.
lebih kuat .
using a bigger current through the coil.
The magnetic field (a) Apabila arus mengalir melalui gegelung, teras
lines which are closer to menambahkan
87
elektromagnet (ii) bilangan lilitan gegelung
one another besi lembut menjadi . increasing
. represent a When a current flows through the coil, the soft iron the number of turns in the coil
stronger magnetic field .
core becomes an electromagnet .
(c) Garis medan magnet (b) Apabila arus dalam gegelung dihentikan, teras
di tengah adalah lebih
padat antara satu besi lembut hilang kemagnetannya . Arah medan magnet dan
sama lain disebabkan When the current in the coil is switched off, the soft kompas memplot
The direction of the magnetic
berhampiran iron core loses its magnetism . field and the plotting compass
(c) Kekuatan elektromagnet ini bergantung kepada:
dengan arus Aplikasi elektromagnet
The strength of the electromagnet depends on:
Applications of electromagnetism
di tengah magnitud arus yang mengalir
(i) Geganti elektromagnet
The magnetic field lines in • +
magnitude of current flow Electromagnetic relay
the middle are closer to one -
another because they are bilangan lilitan
(ii) • Loceng elektrik
nearer to the current
number of turns Electric Bell
in the middle .
jenis teras besi Cuping telinga telefon Arah jarum kompas memplot
(iii) •
menunjukkan arah medan
type of iron core Telephone ear-piece
magnet.
Pemutus litar The direction of the compass
(iv) bentuk teras besi •
needle indicates the direction of the
Circuit breaker magnetic field.
the shape of the iron core
UNIT 3
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Sesuai untuk menjadi magnet sementara Sesuai untuk menjadi magnet kekal
Suitable to be a temporary magnet (electromagnet) Suitable to be a permanent magnet
2 Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
ialah magnet sementara yang diperbuat daripada gegelung wayar yang mengelilingi
Elektromagnet teras besi lembut
An electromagnet
is a temporary magnet made by a coil of wire round a soft iron core
Faktor Penerangan
Factor Explanation
(a) Arus elektrik Apabila arus bertambah , kekuatan medan magnet bertambah .
Electric current When the current is increased , the strength of the magnetic field increases .
(b) Bilangan lilitan Apabila bilangan lilitan wayar bertambah , maka kekuatan medan magnet bertambah .
wayar When the number of turns of wire is increased , the strength of the magnetic field increases .
Number of turns of
wire
(c) Jenis teras Teras yang berbeza mempunyai kekuatan medan magnet yang berbeza .
Type of material of Teras besi lembut medan magnet yang paling kuat
mempunyai . Teras besi
core
lembut boleh menumpukan garisan medan magnet yang melaluinya.
Different materials of the core have different strengths of magnetic field. Soft iron core has the
strongest magnetic field . A soft iron core is able to concentrate magnetic field lines through it.
(d) Bentuk teras Teras besi berbentuk U mempunyai medan magnet yang lebih kuat
besi daripada teras besi yang lurus kerana teras besi berbentuk-U mempunyai dua
The shape of the kutub yang bertentangan bersebelahan antara satu sama lain dan hasilnya garis medan
iron core
magnet tertumpu dalam ruang di antara dua kutub.
A U-shaped iron core has a stronger magnetic field than the straight iron core because
U-shaped iron core has two opposite poles adjacent to each other and as a result the magnetic field lines are
concentrated in space between the poles.
3 UNIT
(b) Arus dalam gegelung tunggal Penyelesaian
Current in a single coil Solution
N S
Hipotesis bertambah apabila arus elektrik bertambah. apabila bilangan lilitan solenoid bertambah.
Hypothesis The strength of an electromagnet (indicated by the The strength of an electromagnet (indicated by the number
number of nails attached to the electromagnet) of the nails attached to the electromagnet) increases as
increases as the current increases. the number of turns of solenoid increases.
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kekuatan Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kekuatan
Aim To investigate the relationship between the strength of To investigate the relationship between the strength of an
an electromagnet and the current. electromagnet and the number of turns of solenoid.
3
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: arus Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: bilangan lilitan solenoid
Manipulated variable: Current Manipulated variable: The number of turns of solenoid
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: bilangan paku Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: bilangan paku
Pemboleh yang terlekat kepada elektromagnet yang terlekat kepada elektromagnet
ubah dalam Responding variable: The number of nails Responding variable: The number of nails
eksperimen
attached to the electromagnet attached to the electromagnet
Variables in
the experiment Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: bilangan lilitan Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: arus, jenis teras
solenoid, jenis teras Constant variable: current, type of core
Senarai Ammeter, wayar penyambung, reostat, kaki Ammeter, wayar penyambung, reostat, kaki retort,
bahan dan retort, suis, bekalan kuasa a.t., teras besi lembut, suis, bekalan kuasa a.t., teras besi lembut, solenoid,
radas solenoid, paku besi kecil dan bekas plastik. paku besi kecil dan bekas plastik.
List of Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, switch, Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, switch, d.c.
materials and d.c. supply, soft iron core, solenoid, small iron nails and supply, soft iron core, solenoid, small iron nails and plastic
apparatus plastic container. container.
Solenoid Solenoid
Solenoid Solenoid
Teras besi Teras besi
lembut lembut
Susunan Soft iron Soft iron
radas core core
Arrangement
of the
Paku besi Paku besi
apparatus kecil }H Bekas kecil }H Bekas
Small iron plastik Small iron plastik
nails Plastic nails Plastic
container container
3 Hujung bawah solenoid ditetapkan pada from the container full of small iron nails.
number of nails attached to the electromagnet, N The experiment is repeated with different
3
are counted and recorded. values of the number of turns of solenoid,
UNIT
5 Eksperimen diulang dengan nilai arus, yang M = 10, 15, 20, 25
Analisis data
Analysis of
the data
92
tertutup semula dan arus mengalir. Kitaran ini berulang, selagi suis ditekan.
lain menolak dan menutup spring sesentuh. Apabila suis dipadamkan, tiada
kemagnetan Electric bell
arus mengalir dan teras besi hilang nya. Armatur besi
When the switch is pressed, the current flows through the solenoid and the iron core is
lembut balik ke kedudukan asal dan litar berkuasa tinggi terbuka.
magnetised . The soft iron armature is attracted to the electromagnet.
Electromagnetic Relay
The hammer strikes the bell, thus the bell rings. The spring contact moves away from
An electromagnetic relay is a switching device used to control (switch on
the contact adjusting screw and breaks the circuit. The iron core loses its
or off) another circuit that has a large current (high-voltage or
electromagnetism . The spring contact touches the screw again, and this closes
dangerous supply). When the switch is on, the small current flows through the circuit and switches on the current. The cycle repeats rapidly as long as the switch is
the solenoid and the soft iron core is magnetised . The side, X, of the soft iron pressed.
armature is attracted to the electromagnet. This action makes the other end, Y,
of the soft iron armature push and closes the contact. When the switch is off, no current
flows and the iron core loses its magnetism . The soft iron armature returns to its
original position and the powerful circuit is open.
APLIKASI ELEKTROMAGNET
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETS
Cuping telinga telefon / Telephone ear-piece Pemutus litar / Circuit breaker
Pemutus litar bekerja sama seperti wayar fius yang akan
Apabila kita bercakap melalui mikrofon telefon, tenaga bunyi
Arus memutuskan bekalan kuasa apabila arus besar mengalir melalui
ditukarkan kepada arus berubah-ubah. berubah-ubah ini
mengalir masuk ke solenoid. Teras besi lembut dielektromagnetkan litar. Apabila arus terlalu tinggi, daya medan magnet menjadi cukup
kekuatan kuat untuk menarik armatur besi lembut dan melepaskan
dengan berubah-ubah. Diafragma besi ditarik oleh
sentuhan. Sesentuh terpisah dan arus berhenti mengalir. Spring P
elektromagnet dengan daya yang mempunyai kekuatan berubah- menjauhi sesentuh sedikit. Apabila butang reset ditekan, spring Q
ubah. Diafragma besi bergetar dengan frekuensi yang sama dengan getaran menolak armatur besi lembut balik ke tempat asal.
arus. Getaran diafragma menyebabkan satu siri mampatan dan Circuit breaker
renggangan molekul udara. A circuit breaker which does the same job as a fuse wire is designed to
Gelombang bunyi yang dihasilkan mempunyai frekuensi yang sama disconnect the power supply when there is too large current flowing through
dengan frekuensi bunyi yang asal. a circuit. When the current gets too high, the magnetic field force becomes
Telephone ear-piece strong enough to pull the soft iron armature and release the contacts.
sound energy The contacts are separated and the current stopped. The spring P keeps the contacts
When a person speaks through a telephone mouth piece, is changed
apart. When the reset button is pressed, spring Q pushes the soft iron armature back
to a varying electric current. When the varying electric current flows, the soft to its original position.
iron core is magnetised with varying strength .
93
The electromagnet pulls on the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates with the
same frequency as the varying current. The vibration of the diaphragm causes Sesentuh Armatur besi lembut
compressions rarefactions Contacts Soft iron armature
a series of and of the air molecules. The
sound waves are produced with the same frequency as the original Elektromagnet
S N Electromagnet
sound.
Wayar hidup
Live Wire
Solenoid Pangsi berspring, P
Solenoid Ke litar rumah Pivot with spring, P
To household
Magnet kekal circuit
Permanent magnet
UNIT 3
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua paku keluli yang digantung dengan dua benang elastik di dalam satu
gegelung.
The diagram below shows two steel nails suspended from two elastic strings inside a coil of wire.
Bateri
Benang elastik
Battery
Elastic string
C D Gegelung
Coil
Paku keluli Suis K
Steel nail Switch K
X Y
Apa yang akan berlaku kepada paku apabila suis K dihidupkan? Terangan jawapan anda.
What will happen to the nails when the switch K is turned on? Explain your answer.
Penyelesaian / Solution
Paku akan menolak antara satu sama lain
The nails will repel each other
Penerangan / Explanation
Kerana arus mengalir dalam arah yang sama; kutub X dan Y adalah sama dan menolak satu sama lain.
Kutub C dan D juga sama dan menolak satu sama lain.
Because of the same direction of current flow; the poles X and Y are the same and repel each other. The poles C and D are the
same and repel each other.
UNIT
2 Besi lembut berbentuk-U mempunyai dua gegelung wayar dililitkan di hujung lengan P dan R seperti dalam
rajah.
3
A U-shaped soft-iron core has two coils of wire wound on its ends P and R as shown in the diagram below.
P
Teras besi lembut
Soft iron core
Q
Penyelesaian / Solution
Jawapan C
Answer C
Penerangan / Explanation
Di hujung P dan R arus mengalir dalam arah lawan jam. Maka P dan R adalah kutub utara manakala di Q
arus mengalir mengikut arah jam. Maka Q adalah kutub selantan.
At the ends P and R the current flows in the anticlockwise direction. So P and R are the north poles whereas at the end Q the
current flows clockwise. So Q is the south pole.
[Perhatian: / Note: ]
3 Dalam rajah di bawah, apabila suis ditutup, kompas yang mana satukah menunjukkan pesongan yang betul?
(Abaikan medan magnet Bumi)
In the diagram below, when the switch is closed, which of the compasses shows the correct deflection?
(Ignore the Earth’s magnetic field)
B C
A X D Y Tiub kadbod
Cardboard tube
Switch
Penyelesaian / Solution Sel kering
Dry cell
Jawapan D
Answer D
Penerangan / Explanation
Penghujung X menjadi kutub utara. Y menjadi kutub selatan. Pesongan kompas adalah sama seperti arah
medan magnet.
The end, X, becomes the north pole. Y becomes the south pole. Deflection of the compass is the same as the direction of the
magnetic field.
3 UNIT
Memahami Daya pada Konduktor Pembawa Arus dalam Satu Medan Magnet
3.2 Understanding the Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Daya magnet Merupakan satu daya yang dikenakan ke atas konduktor yang membawa arus dalam
Magnetic force
medan magnet.
Is a force exerted on a conductor that carries a current in a magnetic field.
Medan lastik Medan magnet paduan yang dihasilkan oleh saling tindakan antara medan magnet yang
(Medan magnet paduan)
Catapult Field dihasilkan oleh arus dan medan magnet oleh magnet kekal.
(Resultant magnetic field)
Is the resultant magnetic field produced by interaction between the magnetic field produced by
Daya magnet
Nota/Note:
Magnetic force
Arah daya magnet boleh
Apabila berlaku saling tindakan When there is interaction ditentukan menggunakan
antara dua medan magnet between the two magnetic fields peraturan tangan kiri Fleming.
Direction of the magnetic force can
be determined by using Fleming’s
Medan magnet Medan magnet left-hand rule.
Menghasilkan
dihasilkan oleh konduktor Produced oleh magnet kekal Arah daya, F
yang membawa arus Magnetic field of the Direction of Force, F
Medan magnet paduan
Magnetic field produced permanent magnets
dipanggil medan lastik Arah medan
by current carrying conductor Resultant magnetic field is magnet, B
called catapult field Direction
S
of Magnetic
Daya yang Medan field, B
dihasilkan menolak magnet
wayar ke kanan disebabkan
Force produced pushes oleh N Arah arus, I
the wire to the right magnet Direction of
magnadur Current, I
S
Magnetic
Corak medan magnet: Medan F
field due to
Pattern of magnetic field: kuat magnadur
Strong magnets
(a) bulatan sepusat field N
concentric circles
Magnet magnadur (kutub selatan)
(b) garis medan Magnadur magnet (south pole)
magnet yang Corak medan magnet:
Besi Pattern of magnetic field:
UNIT
berdekatan bentuk
Wayar kuprum
Copper wire
dengan konduktor U Bekalan kuasa (a) medan magnet seragam di bahagian
F
rapat antara
Iron voltan rendah, arus tengah
3
yoke tinggi
satu sama lain B N Low-voltage high- Uniform magnetic field in the middle
magnetic field lines Kayu current power supply
nearer to the conductor penahan (b) medan magnet yang tidak seragam di tepi
Wooden
are closer to Magnet magnadur support Non-uniform magnetic field at the side
one another Magnadur magnet
Contoh / Example
1 Lukis corak medan lastik (medan magnet paduan) untuk setiap kes di bawah:
Draw a pattern of the catapult field (resultant magnetic field) for each case below:
(a) (b)
S N S N
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Arah daya lastik (b) Arah daya lastik
Direction of catapult force Direction of catapult force
Arah daya
Direction of force
3
UNIT
Magnitud daya pada konduktor membawa arus dalam medan magnet bergantung kepada
magnitud arus yang mengalir
Inferens
Inference The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field depends on the magnitude
of the current
Magnitud daya pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet bertambah
(ditentukan oleh jarak gerakan wayar kuprum pendek) apabila magnitud arus yang mengalir
bertambah (ditentukan oleh magnitud beza keupayaan, V)
Hipotesis
Hypothesis The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (indicated by the distance of
movement of short copper wire) increases as the magnitude of the current increases (indicated by magnitude
of potential difference, V)
Mengkaji hubungan antara magnitud daya pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan
Tujuan
magnet dengan magnitud arus yang mengalir
Aim of the
To investigate the relationship between the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
experiment
with the magnitude of the current
Magnet magnadur
Magnadur magnet
1. Voltan bekalan kuasa a.t. yang digunakan dicatatkan; V = 1.5 V. Bekalan kuasa a.t. dihidupkan.
The voltage of the d.c. power supply used is recorded; V = 1.5 V. The d.c. power supply is switched on.
Prosedur 2. Jarak gerakan wayar kuprum pendek di atas wayar kuprum tebal diukur dengan pembaris = L.
Procedure The distance of movement of short copper wire on the thick copper wire is measured by a ruler = L.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan bekalan beza keupayaan, V = 2.0 V, 2.5 V, 3.0 V dan 3.5 V.
The experiment is repeated with different voltages of d.c. power supply, V = 2.0 V, 2.5 V, 3.0 V and 3.5 V.
Penjadualan Beza keupayaan / Potential difference, V / V 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
data
Tabulation of the Jarak gerakan wayar /
data Distance of movement, L / cm
Jarak gerakan,
UNIT
Distance of movement,
L / cm
3
Analisis data
Analysis of the data
Beza keupayaan,
Potential difference,
0 V/V
Aplikasi daya saling tindakan pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam satu medan magnet kekal
Applications of a force on a current-carrying conductor in a permanent magnetic field
Jenis Motor arus terus Meter gegelung bergerak (ammeter atau voltmeter)
Type Direct current motor Moving-coil meters (ammeter or voltmeter)
Gegelung
Coil Penunjuk Skala
Pointer Scale
Magnet kekal
Permanent Magnet Spring pengawal
magnet kekal Control spring
Permanent
Arus
magnet
Rajah keluar
Current out
Diagram Berus karbon
Carbon brush Arus
Gegelung masuk
Komutator kuprum Silinder Current in
Commutator Copper coil besi Bearing
Bearing
Berus karbon lembut
Bateri Carbon brush Soft iron
Battery cylinder
Bentuk
medan
lastik
Pattern of
catapult field
(a) Saling tindakan antara medan magnet yang dihasilkan (a) Ia terdiri daripada gegelung kuprum
oleh arus dan medan magnet oleh magnet kekal segi empat tepat dengan banyak
lilitan, di dalam medan magnet bagi
menghasilkan medan magnet paduan (medan lastik) .
magnet kekal.
The interaction between the magnetic field of the current
and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet produces a It consists of a rectangular copper coil of
many turns pivoted in the magnetic field of
resultant magnetic field (catapult field) . a permanent magnet.
(b) Medan lastik ini menghasilkan daya gandingan
(dalam arah yang bertentangan) dan menghasilkan (b) Apabila arus, I, mengalir
kesan putaran . melalui gegelung , daya
These catapult fields produce a couple of forces (are in putaran akan bertindak ke atas
gegelung.
opposite direction) which produces a turning effect .
current, I, flows through the
3
(c) Gegelung berputar mengikut arah jam. When the
The coil rotates in a clockwise direction. force
UNIT
coil , a turning
(d) Apabila gegelung mencapai ke kedudukan menegak, will be acting on the coil.
sentuhan antara berus karbon dan komutator terputus,
oleh itu tiada daya putaran memutarkan gegelung itu (c) Gegelung berputar dan penunjuk
kerana tiada arus mengalir di dalamnya . terpesong ke kedudukan baru
When the coil gets to the upright position, the contact untuk menunjukkan magnitud arus, I,
Penerangan between the carbon brushes with the commutators is yang mengalir melalui gegelung itu.
Explanation broken. Therefore there is no turning force on it because The coil turns and the pointer is
no current flows deflected
in the coil. to a new position to
(e) Tetapi gegelung meneruskan putaran disebabkan indicate the magnitude of the current, I,
inersianya . flowing through the coil.
But, the coil continues to rotate because of its inertia .
Putaran boleh ditingkatkan dengan: (d) Apabila tiada arus mengalir ,
The turning effect can be increased by: spring pengawal menarik gegelung
meningkatkan magnitud ke kedudukan asal semula dan
(a) arus yang mengalir.
penunjuk terpesong semula ke sifar.
increasing the magnitude of the current.
When there is no current flow ,
(b) menambahkan bilangan lilitan gegelung. the control spring brings the coil back to its
increasing the number of turns of the coil. original position and the pointer goes back
to zero deflection.
(c) menambahkan kekuatan medan magnet
dengan memasukkan teras besi lembut.
increasing the strength of the magnetic field by inserting
the iron core.
(d) menambahkan diameter wayar.
increasing the diameter of the wire.
Contoh / Example
of a permanent magnet.
In which direction does the brass rod move when the switch
is closed?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Dengan menggunakan peraturan tangan kiri Rod tembaga Bar tembaga
Fleming: D Brass rod Brass bar
By using Fleming’s left-hand rule: D
N
S
Penyelesaian / Solution :
Anda boleh jawab soalan ini dengan melukis siri dua gambar rajah, seperti yang ditunjukkkan. Rajah (a)
menunjukkan superposisi dua medan magnet yang berlainan. Rajah (b) menunjukkan hasil saling tindakan
3
antara dua medan magnet ini.
UNIT
One of the ways to answer this question is two draw a series of two diagrams, as follows. Diagram (a) shows the superposition
of two different magnetic fields. Diagram (b) shows the result of the interaction between these two magnetic fields.
Daya lastik, F
Catapult force, F
N S
N S
Daya lastik, F
Catapult force, F
Rajah (a) Rajah (b)
Diagram (a) Diagram (b)
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan konduktor membawa arus di dalam medan magnet Penyelesaian / Solution
antara dua magnet kekal. Dalam arah manakah konduktor itu akan Jawapan D / Answer D
bergerak?
The diagram shows a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field between two Penerangan / Explanation
permanent magnets. In which direction will the conductor be moved?
Dengan menggunakan
B Peraturan tangan-kiri Fleming,
gerakan konduktor adalah ke
S A C N arah D.
By Fleming’s left-hand rule, motion is
towards D.
D
2 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan daya yang bertindak ke Penyelesaian / Solution
atas kedua-dua konduktor membawa arus? Jawapan D / Answer D
Which of the following diagrams shows the forces that act on the two parallel current-
carrying conductors correctly? Penerangan / Explanation
A V M C V M
Arus dalam kedua-dua wayar
I I I I adalah sama arah. Oleh itu,
terdapat daya tarikan. VW akan
F F FF FF menarik MN.
W N W N The currents in both wires are in the
UNIT
I I I I
F F
FF F
W N W N
3 Rajah menunjukkan litar elektrik yang terdiri daripada sesiri sel kering, Penyelesaian / Solution
reostat dan gegelung wayar. Jawapan A / Answer A
The diagram shows an electrical circuit consisting of a series of dry cells, a rheostat
and a coil of wire. Penerangan / Explanation
Sel kering Reostat
Dry cells Rheostat Kekuatan medan magnet
boleh ditingkatkan dengan
memasukkan teras besi ke
dalam gegelung. Teras besi
ini dimagnetkan apabila arus
mengalir dalam gegelung itu.
The strength of the magnetic field
Gegelung
Coil can be increased by inserting an iron
core into the coil. Iron core is being
Medan magnet didapati wujud di sekitar gegelung. Antara berikut, yang
magnetized when there is a current
manakah boleh meningkatkan kekuatan medan magnet?
flowing through the coil.
A magnetic field is found to exist in the vicinity of the coil. Which of the following can
increase the strength of the magnetic field?
A Memasukkan teras besi lembut ke dalam gegelung
Insert an iron core into the coil
B Meningkatkan rintangan pada perintang
Increase the resistance of the resistor
C Menyambungkan sel kering secara selari
Connect the dry cells in parallel
4 Arus di dalam gegelung motor arus terus perlu diterbalikkan setiap Penyelesaian / Solution
setengah putaran supaya Jawapan A / Answer A
The current in the coil of a direct current motor needs to be reversed every half
rotation so that Penerangan / Explanation
A mengekalkan putaran dalam satu arah
maintain the rotation in one direction Komutator dalam motor arus
B menjana arus ulang-alik terus menyongsangkan arah
generate an alternating current arus yang mengalir dalam
C mengekalkan kelajuan putaran gegelung dan mengekalkan
maintain a constant speed of rotation putaran dalam satu arah.
D mengekalkan kekutuban magnet The commutator in a d.c. motor
maintain the polarities of the magnets reverses the direction of current flow
in the coil to maintain the rotation in
one direction.
Cadangan: / Suggestion:
3
This will make things clearer for this
UNIT
question.
5 Gegelung wayar segi empat tepat diletakkan antara dua magnet kekal Penyelesaian / Solution
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Jawapan C / Answer C
A rectangular coil of wire is placed between two permanent magnets as shown in the
diagram below. Penerangan / Explanation
Dengan menggunakan
N S Peraturan tangan-kiri Fleming,
gegelung akan berputar dalam
P Q arah lawan jam.
By Fleming’s left-hand rule, the
coil will rotate in an anticlockwise
direction.
Apabila arus mantap, I mengalir melalui gegelung pada komutator P dan
Q, apakah kesan yang didapati pada gegelung itu?
When a steady current, I, flows through the coil by way of commutators P and Q, what
is the possible effect on the coil?
A Daya bermagnitud yang sama bertindak ke atas kedua-dua sisi
gegelung dan menjadikan gegelung berada dalam kedudukan
mendatar.
Forces of equal magnitude act on the two sides of the coil and keep the coil in the
horizontal position.
B Gegelung akan berputar mengikut arah jam.
The coil will rotate in a clockwise direction.
C Gegelung akan berputar mengikut arah lawan jam.
The coil will rotate in an anticlockwise direction.
D Gegelung akan berputar dan kemudian berhenti dalam kedudukan
menegak.
The coil will rotate and then stop in the vertical position.
Electromagnetic induction ubah. / Is the production of an induced electric current in a conductor which is in a changing magnetic field
.
Terhasil apabila terdapat gerakan relatif antara konduktor atau solenoid dengan medan magnet.
Arus aruhan
Induced current Is produced when there is a relative motion between conductor or solenoid and the magnetic field.
Menyatakan bahawa arus aruhan sentiasa mengalir pada arah yang menentang
perubahan fluks magnet yang menghasilkan arus aruhan ini.
Hukum Lenz
Lenz’s Law States that an induced current always flows in such a direction so as to oppose the change of magnetic
104
flux producing this induced current.
Arus aruhan, I
Induced current, I
105
Berdasarkan Hukum Faraday:
Based on Faraday’s Law:
Apabila magnet digerakkan mendekati solenoid, arus diaruhkan di dalam solenoid, maka hujung P mesti Arus aruhan atau d.g.e aruhan boleh
diaruhkan untuk menjadi kutub utara maka daya tolakan wujud antara solenoid dan magnet. ditingkatkan jika:
[Perhatian: Mengikut Hukum Lenz, P menjadi kutub utara untuk menentang gerakan magnet
masuk ke dalam The induced current or induced e.m.f can
solenoid]
menjauhi selatan be increased if:
Apabila magnet digerakkan solenoid, hujung P diaruhkan untuk menjadi kutub
, maka daya tarikan wujud antara solenoid dan magnet. (a) bilangan lilitan solenoid
Oleh itu, apabila magnet bergerak mendekati atau menjauhi solenoid, kerja dilakukan untuk mengatasai daya bertambah.
yang bertentangan. kerja yang dilakukan ditukarkan kepada tenaga elektrik yang menghasilkan arus aruhan . the number of turns of the solenoid
Tandakan dengan jelas (pada rajah diatas) arah arus aruhan increases.
When the magnet is moved towards the solenoid, current is induced in the solenoid, hence the end P must be induced to
become the north pole so that a force of repulsion exists between the solenoid and the magnet. (b) kekuatan magnet bertambah.
[Note: According to Lenz’ Law, P becomes the north pole so as to oppose the motion of the magnet from the strength of the magnet increases.
entering the solenoid]
(c) laju gerakan relatif antara
When the magnet is moved away from the solenoid, the end P is induced to become the south pole so
force of attraction magnet dan solenoid bertambah.
that a exists between the solenoid and the magnet.
the speed of relative motion between
Therefore when the magnet is move towards or away from a solenoid, work must be done to overcome the opposing force. the work
done is converted into electrical energy which creates the induced current . the magnet and solenoid increases.
Indicate clearly (in the diagram) the direction of induced current
UNIT 3
3 UNIT
Menyatakan bahawa arus aruhan terhasil sentiasa mengalir pada arah Menyatakan bahawa magnitud d.g.e teraruh berkadar langsung dengan
yang menentang perubahan fluks magnet yang menghasilkannya kadar perubahan fluks magnet atau kadar pemotongan fluks magnet
State that an induced current always flows in such a direction so as to oppose the States that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportianal to the rate of
change of magnetic flux producing this induced current change of magnetic flux or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux
(a) Arus teraruh menghasilkan fluks magnet yang menentang gerakan
magnet masuk ke dalam solenoid itu. Kutub selatan (S) dihasilkan
pada hujung solenoid menentang kutub selatan (S) magnet yang
bergerak masuk ke solenoid. Gerakan
Gerakanmagnet
magnet
Motion Gerakan
Gerakanmagnet
magnet
Induced current produces a magnetic flux that opposes the motion of the Motionofofa amagnet
magnet Motion
Motionofofa amagnet
magnet
106
magnet entering the solenoid. South pole (S) is produced at the end of the
solenoid against the south pole (S) of the magnet to move into solenoid.
Gerakan
Gerakanmagnet
magnet Gerakan
Motion Gerakanmagnet
magnet
Motionofofa amagnet
magnet Motion
Motionofofa amagnet
magnet
Magnet dimasukkan
Magnet is put in Arus aruhan atau d.g.e aruhan boleh ditingkatkan melalui:
the induced current or induced e.m.f can be increased by:
(b) Arus teraruh mengalir pada arah (seperti di bawah) supaya (a) meningkatkan kelajuan gerakan relatif antara magnet dan solenoid
menghasilkan kutub utara (U) untuk menarik magnet yang increasing the speed of relative motion between the magnet and solenoid
dikeluarkan. Magnet dimasukkan (b) meningkatkan kekuatan medan magnet
Magnet is put in increasing the strength of the magnet field
Induced current flows in the direction (as shown below) to produce north pole
(N) to attract the magnet from moving away from the solenoid. (c) menambahkan bilangan lilitan pada solenoid
Magnet dikeluarkan increasing the number of turns of solenoid
Magnet is taken out
Magnet dikeluarkan
Magnet is taken out
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
3
(b) Gerakan
melintasi magnet pegun.
UNIT
Moving the wire / solenoid over
a stationary magnet.
Galvanometer
berpusat sifar Wayar kuprum
(c) Gerakan magnet dan
Centre-zero Copper wire wayar / solenoid dalam
galvanometer
arah bertentangan .
Moving magnet and wire / solenoid in
Magnet
the opposite directions .
magnadur
Magnadur (d) Gerakan magnet dan wayar /
magnet
Dening solenoid dalam arah
besi
bentuk-U yang sama tetapi pada
Iron yoke
laju berbeza.
Moving the magnet and wire / solenoid
in the same direction but at
different speeds.
Wayar kuprum
Copper wire
Magnet bar
Bar magnet
Konduktor
Conductor
Magnitud arus teraruh bergantung kepada laju gerakan relatif antara magnet dan konduktor.
3
Inferens The magnitude of an induced current depends on the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and
Inference
magnet.
Laju gerakan relatif antara magnet dan konduktor bertambah (diukur melalui ketinggian
magnet di atas solenoid), maka magnitud arus teraruh bertambah.
Hipotesis
Hypothesis As the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and magnet increases (indicated by height of the
magnet above the solenoid), the magnitude of the induced current also increases.
Mengkaji hubungan antara laju gerakan relatif antara magnet dan konduktor dengan magnitud arus
Tujuan
teraruh.
Aim of the
To investigate the relationship between the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and magnet and the
experiment
magnitude of an induced current.
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Laju gerakan relatif antara konduktor dan magnet. Laju ini diwakili
oleh ketinggian magnet di atas solenoid, H, sebelum magnet dilepaskan.
Manipulated variable: The speed of the relative motion between the conductor and magnet. This speed is
Pemboleh ubah represented by the height, H, of the magnet above the solenoid, before it is released.
Variables in the
experiment Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Magnitud arus teraruh
Constant variable: Number of turns of solenoid and the strength of the magnet
Senarai radas
dan bahan Galvanometer berpusat sifar yang sensitif, solenoid, magnet bar dan pembaris.
List of apparatus Sensitive zero-centre galvanometer, solenoid, bar magnet and ruler.
and materials
Magnet bar
Bar magnet
Pembaris Solenoid
Susunan radas Ruler Solenoid
Arrangement of the
apparatus
3
Penjadualan
UNIT
data Ketinggian magnet / Height of magnet, H / cm 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Tabulation of the Arus teraruh / Induced current, I / μA
data
Arus teraruh
Induced current
I / μA
Analisis data
Analysis of the data
Ketinggian magnet
Height of magnet
0 H / cm
Penjana Arus Terus / D.C. Generator Penjana Arus Ulang-alik / A.C. Generator
Magnet kekal Putaran Putaran
Permanent magnet Magnet kekal
Rotation Rotation
Permanent magnet
C D C D
S S
N A N A
B B
Komutator Berus karbon Gegelung satah/angker
Gegelung satah/angker
Commutator Carbon brush Coil
Coil
Berus karbon
Carbon brush
Q P
Galvanometer
Arus
Current } Litar luar
External
circuit
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Gelang gelincir
Slip rings
} Litar luar
External
circuit
Galvanometer
A A B B A A A B A
A B A
Q A P A Q P A QQ B P AB Q P B QQ A P BA Q P
BA AB AB BA BA
A B A
B B A A
Q PQ QP PQ A QP A PQ QP PQ B QP B PQ P
B B A A A A B B
B B BB A A AA B B B B A A B B
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
d.g.e.
B = 0 B d.g.e. = d.g.e.
A = 0 A d.g.e. = d.g.e.
B =0 B B B d.g.e. = 0 d.g.e.
A = A d.g.e. = 0 d.g.e.
B = B d.g.e. = 0
e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0 e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0
e.m.f. = e.m.f. = e.m.f. = e.m.f. =
maximum maximum maximum maximum
Bilangan
putaran Bilangan
Number of putaran
0 rotations 0 Number of
rotations
(a) Apabila angker/gegelung satah dalam keadaan (a) Bermula dengan gegelung satah/angker dalam
menegak , sisi BC dan AD bergerak selari keadaan menegak , sisi BC dan AD bergerak
tiada dalam keadaan selari dengan garis medan magnet.
dengan garis medan magnet. Maka,
Maka, tiada pemotongan garis medan magnet. Maka,
pemotongan garis medan magnet .
tiada arus aruhan dihasilkan.
Maka, tiada arus aruhan dihasilkan. vertical
Starting with the plane of the coil in the
When the plane of the coil is in a vertical
position, the position , the sides BC and AD move parallel with
sides BC and AD move parallel with the magnetic field lines. the magnetic field lines. There is no cutting of magnetic lines of
There is no cutting of magnetic lines of force . induced current
force. Therefore, no is produced.
Therefore, no induced current is produced. (b) Dalam keadaan mendatar, BC bergerak ke atas dan
mendatar AD bergerak ke bawah. Sisi BC dan AD memotong
(b) Dalam keadaan , BC bergerak ke
garis medan magnet pada sudut tegak.
atas dan AD bergerak ke bawah. Sisi BC dan AD
Oleh itu, arus teraruh dan d.g.e. teraruh yang
memotong garis medan magnet pada sudut maksimum dihasilkan.
tepat. Oleh itu, arus teraruh yang maksimum In the horizontal position, BC moves upwards and AD moves
dihasilkan serta d.g.e. maksimum diaruhkan. downwards. The sides BC and AD cut the magnetic
In the horizontal
position, BC moves upwards and AD field lines at right angles. Hence, the induced
moves downwards. The sides BC and AD cut the magnetic current produced is maximum and the induced e.m.f. is
field lines at right angles. Hence, the induced
maximum.
current produced is maximum and the induced
e.m.f. is maximum.
(c) Selepas keadaan ini, arus teraruh (d.g.e. teraruh) (c) Selepas keadaan ini, arus teraruh (d.g.e.
berkurangan sehingga ke sifar apabila angker/ teraruh) berkurangan sehingga ke sifar, apabila
gegelung satah dalam keadaan menegak semula keadaan menegak
angker/gegelung satah dalam
kerana tiada pemotongan garis medan magnet. semula kerana tiada pemotongan garis medan magnet.
After this position, the current starts to decrease After this position, the current starts to
until it is zero when the plane of the coil is in a vertical position decrease until it is zero when the plane of the coil is
because the magnetic field lines are not cut . vertical position
in a because the magnetic field lines
(d) Arah arus di dalam litar luar tidak berubah. are not cut.
direction current (d) Proses ini diulang.
The of the in the external
The process is repeated.
circuit does not change.
(e) Proses ini diulang. (e) Arah arus di dalam litar luar
The process is repeated. berubah-ubah setiap kali gegelung/angker
(f) Arus dalam litar luar ialah arus terus melepasi keadaan menegak.
(iaitu, arus yang mengalir dalam satu arah). The direction of the current in the
The current in the external circuit is a direct current external circuit changes each time the coil passes the
(that is, the current flows in one direction). vertical position.
(f) Arus dalam litar luar ialah arus ulang-alik .
The current in the external circuit is an
alternating current .
3UNIT
Latihan / Exercise
Penerangan / Explanation
Magnet Solenoid
L
menegak
The coil is rotated so that the coil becomes vertical
3
3 Rajah menunjukkan rod kuprum yang disambungkan kepada galvanometer Penyelesaian / Solution
dan diletakkan antara dua medan magnet kekal. Jawapan A / Answer A
The diagram below shows a copper rod which is connected to a galvanometer and
placed between two permanent magnets. Penerangan / Explanation
Menggunakan petua tangan
kanan Fleming didapati bahawa
Q ibu jari menunjukkan ke arah A.
Using Fleming’s right-hand rule, it
A B is found that the thumb points to the
P
C direction of A.
D
Apakah arah gerakan rod untuk menghasilkan arus yang mengalir melalui
rod dari hujung P ke Q?
What is the direction of the movement of the rod to produce a current that flows
through the rod from its end P to Q?
4 Rajah menunjukkan galvanomter berpusat sifar yang sensitif disambungkan Penyelesaian / Solution
kepada solenoid. Jawapan D / Answer D
The diagram shows a sensitive zero-centre galvanometer connected to a solenoid.
Penerangan / Explanation
Apakah yang berlaku kepada penunjuk galvanometer apabila magnet Arus ulang-alik dihasilkan
digerakkan ke atas dan ke bawah di dalam solenoid itu? apabila magnet digerakkan ke
What happens to the pointer of the galvanometer when the magnet is moved up and dalam dan keluar dari solenoid.
down into the solenoid? An alternating current is produced
A Tidak dipengaruhi. / Unaffected. when the magnet is moved into and
B Terpesong ke kiri. / Deflects to the left. out of the solenoid.
C Terpesong ke kanan. / Deflects to the right.
D Terpesong ke kiri dan kemudian ke kanan.
Deflects to the left and then to the right.
5 Rajah menunjukkan magnet bar yang tergantung pada spring. Magnet Penyelesaian / Solution
KBATdisesarkan dan dibiar bergetar dalam solenoid pada arah ke atas dan ke Jawapan C / Answer C
bawah.
The diagram shows a bar magnet hung from a spring. The magnet is displaced and Penerangan / Explanation
then left to vibrate in and out of the solenoid.
3
Arus ulang-alik dihasilkan
UNIT
apabila magnet digerakkan ke
Spring / Spring
dalam dan keluar dari solenoid.
Getaran akan berhenti pada
akhirnya.
An alternating current is produced
when the magnet is moved into and
Solenoid out of the solenoid. The vibration will
eventually stop.
0 t t
0
B I D I
t t
0 0
6 Konduktor lurus yang panjang diletakkan antara dua magnet kekal seperti Penyelesaian / Solution
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Jawapan B / Answer B
A long straight conductor is placed in between two permanent magnets as shown in
the diagram below. Penerangan / Explanation
Konduktor lurus
Straight conductor Menggerakkan dengan pantas
Wayar penyambung
Connecting wire wayar lurus melintasi medan
magnet antara dua magnet rata,
arus teraruh dalam konduktor
Galvanometer berpusat sifar lurus yang menyebabkan
Zero-centre galvanometer
pesongan terbesar oleh
Antara berikut, yang manakah menghasilkan pesongan penunjuk yang galvanometer.
Moving a straight wire quickly
terbesar oleh galvanometer berpusat sifar?
across a magnetic field between two
Which of the following actions will produce the greatest deflection of the pointer in
flat magnets, the current is induced
the galvanometer?
in the straight conductor that
Arah gerakan konduktor Kelajuan gerakan konduktor causes the greatest deflection of the
Direction of movement of the conductor Speed of movement of the conductor
galvanometer.
A Ke atas / Upwards Perlahan / Slow
B Ke bawah / Downwards Pantas / Fast
C Ke bawah / Downwards Perlahan / Slow
D Ke tepi / Sideway Pantas / Fast
UNIT
3
Simbol
Symbol
Sumber a.u.
Sumber a.t.
a.c. source
d.c. source
Graf I/A
Graph
I/A
t/s IO
0
t/s
0
Ciri-ciri (a) Arus yang mengalir hanya dalam satu arah . (a) Arah arus disongsangkan pada
Characteristics A current that flows in only one direction . sela masa yang tetap. / A current that reverses
its direction at fixed time intervals.
(b) Arus terus boleh mengalir melalui
perintang tetapi tidak boleh mengalir (b) Arus ulang-alik boleh mengalir melalui
Latihan / Exercise
3
5.0
UNIT
0 t/s
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
–5.0
Menganalisis Transformer
3.4 Analysing Transformers
`` Terdiri daripada dua gegelung wayar yang dililitkan berasingan Nota / Note:
pada teras besi lembut berlapis. • Frekuensi beza keupayaan
Consists of two coils of wire wound round separately on a laminated sekunder, Vs, adalah sama
soft-iron core dengan frekuensi beza
. keupayaan primer, Vp.
`` Gegelung yang disambungkan kepada voltan input dinamakan The frequency of the secondary
Struktur
Structure gegelung primer . / The coil connected to the input voltage voltage, Vs is the same as that of
primary coil the primary voltage, Vp.
is called the .
`` Gegelung yang disambungkan kepada voltan output dinamakan • Magnitud beza keupayaan
sekunder, Vs bergantung
gegelung sekunder . kepada kadar bilangan
The coil connected to the output voltage is called the secondary coil . lilitan gegelung primer dan
sekunder.
The magnitude of the secondary
voltage, Vs depends on the ratio
of the number of turns of the
primary and secondary coils.
Simbol 240 V 24 V
Symbol
melalui gegelung.
When an a.c. voltage, Vp , is applied to the primary coil of the
transformer, an alternating current flows through the coil.
• Teras besi lembut dimagnetkan .
The soft-iron core is magnetised .
• Arus ulang-alik mempunyai arah dan magnitud
yang berubah. Oleh itu, terdapat perubahan arah dan magnitud
medan magnet .
An alternating current has varying directions and
Prinsip magnitudes .
kerja
So there is a change in the direction and magnitude of
Working
principle magnetic field .
• Teras besi lembut membekalkan medan magnet yang
berubah-ubah arah dan magnitud dalam gegelung sekunder .
Kuasa / Power Nota/Note:
Dalam transformer unggul, tiada tenaga yang hilang Mengapakah transformer
semasa proses pemindahan beza keupayaan. tidak boleh berfungsi dengan
In an ideal transformer, there is no energy loss during the process bekalan kuasa arus terus?
of transforming the voltage. Why the transformer does not work
with a d.c. power supply?
Oleh itu, kuasa output = kuasa input
• Jika beza keupayaan arus
Hence, output power = input power
terus digunakan pada
Is Vs = Ip Vp gegelung primer, beza
keupayan output pada
Di mana / where,
gegelung sekunder akan
Is = Arus sekunder / Secondary current menjadi sifar.
Ip = Arus primer / Primary current If d.c. voltage is applied to the
primary coil of the transformer,
Vs = Beza keupayaan sekunder / Secondary potential difference the output voltage at the
Ciri-ciri secondary coil will be zero.
Characteristics
Vp = Beza keupayaan primer / Primary potential difference
• Ini adalah kerana
Kecekapan / Efficiency bekalan kuasa arus terus
Dalam transformer sebenar, sebahagian tenaga akan hilang akibat membekalkan arus mantap
dari: dalam gegelung primer
In real transformers, some energy will be lost due to: di mana ia mempunyai
magnitud tetap dan arah
(a) kesan pemanasan dalam gegelung dawai
yang tetap.
heating effect in the coils
This is because a d.c. power
(b) kesan arus pusar yang teraruh dalam teras besi supply gives a constant current in
3
eddy currents which are induced in the iron core primary coil which has constant
magnitude and direction.
UNIT
(c) memagnetkan dan menyahmagnetkan teras besi • Oleh itu, medan magnet
magnetisation and demagnetisation of iron core yang dihasilkan di
(d) kebocoran garis medan magnet (fluks magnet) dalam teras besi lembut
leakage of magnetic field lines (magnetic flux leakage) mempunyai magnitud dan
arah yang tetap.
So the magnetic field produced
Kecekapan = Kuasa output
× 100% in the soft iron core has constant
Kuasa Input magnitude and direction.
• Teras besi lembut tidak
Output power membentuk garis medan
Efficiency = × 100%
Input power magnet berubah-ubah di
dalam gegelung sekunder.
Ns V The magnet does not create a
= s changing magnetic flux in the
Np Vp
secondary coil.
Di mana / where
Ns = Bilangan lilitan gegelung sekunder
= Number of turns in the secondary coil
Rumus Np = Bilangan lilitan gegelung primer
Formula = Number of turns in the primary coil
Vs = Beza keupayaan sekunder
= Secondary potential difference
Vp = Beza keupayaan primer
= Primary potential difference
Gegelung sekunder
Rajah / Diagram disambung kepada
voltan output Rajah / Diagram
Secondary coil is
connected to output
voltage
Formula:
NS VS
—– = —–
NP VP
VS > VP VS < VP
UNIT
Transformer
Transformer Injak Turun
Injak Naik Gegelung primer Step-down
3
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kecekapan transformer dan cara untuk meningkatkan kecekapannya
(mengurangkan tenaga yang hilang)
Factors that affect the efficiency of a transformer and ways to improve the efficiency (minimise energy losses of a transformer)
3
menyahmagnetkan teras dengan menggunakan arus ulang- dinyahmagnetkan dengan mudah.
UNIT
alik di dalam gegelung primer. Tenaga haba dibebaskan. Soft iron core can be magnetised and
The hysterisis loss demagnetised easily. So the core requires small amount
The loss of energy due to magnetising and demagnetising the core by the energy to be magnitised and demagnitised.
alternating current in the primary coil. This produces heat energy.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Bilangan lilitan dalam gegelung primer dan gegelung sekunder pada transfomer masing-masing ialah 50 dan
250. Apakah beza keupayaan output apabila transformer menggunakan bekalan kuasa 12 V?
The number of turns in the primary and secondary coil of a transformer are 50 and 250 respectively. What is the output voltage
when the transformer is using a voltage of 12 V?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given Ns= 250 lilitan / turns, Np= 50 lilitan / turns, Vp = 12 V
Ns = Vs
Np Vp
Vs = Ns Vp
Np
250 lilitan / turns × 12 V
= 50 lilitan / turns = 60 V
240 V 12 V, 36 W 240 V 12 V, 48 W
Ns = 200
Berapakah bilangan lilitan gegelung sekunder?
What is the number of turns of the secondary coil? Hitungkan / Calculate
Penyelesaian / Solution (a) bilangan lilitan gegelung primer.
Diberi / Given Vs= 12 V, Vp= 240 V, the number of turns of the primary coil.
Np = 500 lilitan / turns (b) arus dalam gegelung sekunder.
the current in the secondary coil.
Ns = Vs (c) kecekapan transformer.
Np Vp
Ns the efficiency of the transformer.
= 12 V Penyelesaian / Solution
500 lilitan / turns 240 V
12 V × 500 lilitan / turns
Ns =
UNIT
240 V
Diberi / Given Vp = 240 V, Ns = 200 lilitan / turns,
= 25 lilitan / turns
Vs = 12 V, Ip = 0.3 A
3
Pelbagai kaedah penghasilan tenaga elektrik dan kesan kepada persekitaran (kebaikan dan keburukan)
Various ways of generating electricity and their effects on the environment (advantages and disadvantages)
1 Stesen janakuasa terma / Thermal power stations (i) Boleh (i) Pencemaran udara :
Gas buangan panas
membangunkan Pembakaran bahan api
Hot waste gases Talian penghantaran sebuah menghasilkan asap, habuk dan asid
Transmission lines
Wap air panas Stim bertekanan bandar baru toksik di udara.
tinggi pada 800oC
Hot water vapour
High pressure (menggunakan Air pollution :
Relau steam at 800oC
Gegelung arang batu, Burning of fuels produces smoke, dust and
bagas
Furnace Turbin pemegun petroleum) toxic acid in the air.
Turbines Stator coils
Can develop a new
(ii) Hujan asid :
Rotor town (using coal,
Rotor
petroleum) Pembakaran bahan api juga
Air penyejuk Pendandang Transformer injak naik (ii) Bahan buangan menghasilkan gas berasid seperti
dibuang semula Boiler Pam
Pump
Step-up transformer
boleh dikitar sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen oksida.
ke sungai atau
laut Pam
Penjana
Generator semula Gas ini larut dalam air dalam
Stim tekanan
Cooling water Pump rendah dari Air penyejuk daripada sungai (biojisim) atmosfera untuk membentuk asid
discharged back
into river or sea
turbin
Low pressure
atau laut
Can recycle the yang menyebabkan hujan asid.
Cooling water from river or sea
steam from waste matter Acid rain :
turbines
(biomass) Burning of fuels also produce acidic gases
(a) Bahan api seperti arang batu, petroleum, gas asli (iii) Memerlukan such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
3
dan uranium digunakan dalam stesen bahan radioaktif oxides. These gases dissolve in water in
UNIT
janakuasa terma. yang kecil the atmosphere to form acids which results
Fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and Small amount in acid rain.
uranium of radioactive is Kesan rumah hijau
are used in the thermal power stations. (iii) :
required
Tenaga haba karbon dioksida berlebihan di
(b) dihasilkan oleh pembakaran atmosfera menyebabkan suhu yang
arang batu atau minyak dalam relau atau dari lebih tinggi terhasil di persekitaran.
pembelahan nukleus uranium dalam teras reaktor Greenhouse effect
nuklear. :
Heat energy The excessive carbon dioxide in the
is produced by burning coal or atmosphere raises the temperature in the
oil in a furnace or from the fission of uranium nuclei in the environment.
core of a nuclear reactor.
(iv) Tidak boleh diperbaharui :
(c) Air menyerap tenaga haba di dalam relau
atau penukar haba dan bertukar menjadi bekalan terhad dan boleh habis.
Non-renewable :
stim pada tekanan tinggi .
Their supply is limited and they will
Water absorbs the heat energy in a boiler or heat-
eventually run out.
exchanger and is changed into steam at a
(v) Mahal / Expensive .
high pressure .
(d) Stim bertekanan tinggi menukarkan tenaga haba (vi) Kesan sinaran radioaktif
tenaga mekanikal yang merbahaya kepada manusia
kepada apabila ia
dan persekitaran.
memutarkan turbin.
Harmful effects of radioactive
The high-pressure steam converts heat energy into
mechanical energy radiation on humans
as it turns the turbine.
(e) Generator menukarkan tenaga mekanikal kepada and environment.
tenaga elektrik (vii) Berbau busuk :
.
The generator converts the mechanical energy into Satu bau busuk dilepaskan daripada
electrical energy biomass.
.
Bad odour (smell) :
(f) Kecekapan: 30% – 35% tenaga yang disimpan di
dalam bahan api ditukarkan kepada tenaga elektrik. A bad odour is released from the biomass.
Efficiency: 30% – 35% of the energy stored in the fuel is
transformed into electrical energy.
2 Stesen kuasa hidroelektrik / Hydroelectric power station (i) Bersih dan tidak (i) Mengganggu
Talian penghantaran Air simpanan membebaskan keseimbangan
Empangan
Transmission lines
Dam Stored water bahan cemar ke ekosistem
persekitaran.
di persekitaran. Satu
Clean and does not
kawasan hutan yang
emit pollutants to
Penjana
Generator the environment.
besar perlu dimusnahkan
(ii) Boleh termasuk flora dan fauna.
diperbaharui. Disturbs the equilibrium of the
ecosystem
Renewable.
Turbin (iii) Boleh in the environment. A large
Air
Turbines
membangunkan area of forest land has to be
Water
kawasan destroyed, including flora and
(a) Stesen hidroelektrik tidak perlu memanaskan stim. rekreasi. fauna.
In hydroelectric stations, there is no need to heat steam at all. (ii) Mengancam /
Can develop a
(b) Air dikumpul dalam takungan (empangan) yang tinggi dan menyesarkan
recreation area.
mempunyai tenaga keupayaan graviti yang tinggi . (iv) Mengawal banjir. penduduk
Water is collected in a high reservoir and possesses Control flood. tempatan
high gravitational potential energy . Threatens / Displaces local
(c) Apabila air itu mengalir melalui paip, tenaga keupayaan population .
graviti ini bertukar kepada tenaga kinetik . (iii) Perbelanjaan tinggi
When the water flows through a pipe, its gravitational potential energy
High cost
is changed to kinetic energy .
UNIT
3 Tenaga solar boleh berubah kepada tenaga elektrik (i) Bersih dan tidak (i) Memerlukan ruang
melalui dua kaedah: membebaskan yang besar untuk
Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by two methods: bahan cemar ke mengumpulkan cahaya
(i) Relau suria/Solar furnace persekitaran. matahari.
Titik fokus
Focal point Clean and does not Requires a large area
emit pollutants to
to collect the Sun’s rays.
Cahaya matahari the environment.
Sunlight (ii) Kecekapan penukaran
(ii) Boleh
diperbaharui. adalah agak rendah
Renewable. (kira-kira 5%) dan harga
(iii) Percuma. untuk menghasilkan sel
Pemantul paraboloid cekung
Concave paraboloidal reflector Free. solar agak mahal .
(a) Pemantul paraboloid cekung digunakan untuk The efficiency of conversion
memfokus menumpukan
danPenutup transkparensi tenaga haba is quite low (about
Ke sistem pemanas air
dari
To domestic matahari.
hot water system Transparent cover
5%) and the solar cells are
A concave paraboloidal reflector
Sinarcan be used to
matahari expensive to produce.
Sunlight
focus and concentrate the radiant (iii) Keamatan
heat energy
Penebat
from the sun.
Panel penyerap
sinaran matahari yang
Insulation Absorbing panel
(b) masuk
Tenaga haba digunakan untuk menghasilkan
Air sejuk
Cold water in Pam
dikumpulkan tidak
stim yang mempunyai
Pump tenaga konsisten , dan ini
kinetik dan digunakan untuk memutarkan
Sinar matahari
bergantung kepada cuaca
Penutup kacabagi
turbin penjana elektrik.
Sunlight dan masa.
Glass cover
steam intensity of
The heat energy is used to produce . The The
Sesentuh
kinetic energy Sun’s rays collected is not
grid logam
high of this steam is used to drive
Output
Output consistent
the turbine of an electrical generator.
Metal grid as this
contact
depends on the weather
Sesentuh logam conditions and the time of day.
Metal contact
Silikon jenis-N Silikon jenis-P
N-type silicon P-type silicon
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 122
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Titik fokus
Jenis Focal point Kebaikan Keburukan
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Cahaya matahari
Sunlight
Ke sistem pemanas air Penutup transparensi
To domestic hot water system Transparent cover
Sinar matahari
Sunlight
3
Silikon jenis-N Silikon jenis-P
Insulation Absorbing panel
N-type silicon P-type silicon
UNIT
Air sejuk masuk
(a) Sel solar diperbuat daripada
Cold water in
Pump bahan semikonduktor yang
Pam
5 Tenaga ombak / Wave energy (i) Bersih dan tidak (i) Memerlukan kos tinggi
Permukaan ledakan membebaskan untuk membina dan
Keseimbangan apungan
Boom
Balancing float bahan cemar ke mengekalkan generator
Ombak persekitaran. gelombang.
Clean and does not
Waves
Needs high cost
emit pollutants to the to build and maintain the wave
Gerakan berombak environment. generators.
(ii) Boleh
Rocking motion
(ii) Sangat mudah rosak dan
diperbaharui.
susah dipertahan.
Renewable.
(iii) Percuma. Very vulnerable and
Free. difficult to protect
from damage.
forth as the waves strikes it. This rocking motion can be used to
drive a turbine and generates electricity . The whole wave
energy generator has a row of ducks lined up facing the on coming
3
waves.
(i) Tenaga elektrik dihantar pada beza keupayaan yang tinggi dan menggunakan arus ulang-alik.
Electrical energy is transmitted at a high voltage and uses an alternating current.
(ii) Transformer injak naik yang menaikkan beza keupayaan pada voltan lampau tinggi iaitu 110 000 V
atau 132 000 V. Beza keupayaan yang ditingkatkan akan menyebabkan penghantaran kuasa dengan
arus kecil .
A step-up transformer which increases the voltage to as high a voltage as 110 000 V or 132 000 V. The high voltage
will cause the power to be transmitted with a small current .
(iii) Transformer injak turun digunakan untuk menurunkan beza keupayaan sebelum dihantar kepada
pengguna.
Step-down transformers are used to lower the voltage before delivering to the consumers.
3
kabel tertutup menghubungkan semua stesen
mereka.
kuasa utama di negara ini dengan semua
UNIT
reducing the resistance of the To prevent sparkling,
pengguna utama seperti rumah, pejabat,
the effective way is to
cables bandar-bandar dan kilang-kilang.
insulate
The National Grid Network is a network system of
(b) mengurangkan arus
the
cables to keep huge air space
extra high voltage cable transmission lines
mengalir dalam kabel around them.
which connects all the major power stations in the
reducing the current in the cables (iii) Kabel perlu digantung
country with all the major users such as homes,
(iv) Oleh itu, untuk mengurangkan offices, cities and factories. pada tiang.
The cables have to be
rintangan kabel, wayar kabel • Tenaga elektrik dijanakan di suspended from pylons.
tebal digunakan, stesen kuasa di mana beza keupayaan • Kos kabel
ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan Cost of cables
contoh: wayar kuprum atau
transformer injak naik untuk
aluminium (i) Kabel kuprum
In order to reduce resistance of the mengurangkan arus yang mengalir melalui
thick cable mempunyai rintangan
cables, a is used e.g grid. Ini mengurangkan kehilangan kuasa
copper or aluminium. dalam kabel semasa penghantaran. rendah tetapi kos
(v) Kuasa yang dihantar melalui kabel Electrical energy yang tinggi.
is generated in
Copper
ialah P = IV . power stations where its voltage is increased by cables
The power transmitted by the cables is using a step-up transformer to reduce have low
P=IV . the power loss in the cables during
resistance but high
(vi) Maka, arus, I, yang mengalir transmission by lowering the current flowing cost.
melalui kabel: through the grid. aluminium
(ii) Kabel
So, the current, I, flows in the cables: • Di substesen, sebelum penghantaran
sering digunakan
P voltan kerana ia ringan,
I= kepada pelbagai pengguna,
V
(vii) Ini bermaksud, arus, I yang lampau tinggi dikurangkan rintangannya rendah
mengalir melalui kabel adalah transformer dan kosnya lebih rendah.
dengan menggunakan
berkadar songsang Aluminium
dengan injak turun . cables are usually used
beza keupayaan. At sub-stations, before reaching the various
This means that the current in the cables as they are light, have
consumers, the high voltage
is reduced by low resistance
is inversely proportional to the and
using step-down transformers low
voltage. . its cost is .
Latihan / Exercise
1 Stesen kuasa menjana 40 kW kuasa elektrik menggunakan rangkaian penghantaran tenaga berintangan
KBAT8 Ω. Berapakah kehilangan kuasa semasa penghantaran akibat rintangan kabel jika tenaga elektrik dihantar
pada
A power station generates 40 kW of electric power using a power transmission line with resistance of 8 Ω. What is the power
wasted due to the resistance of the transmission cables when the current is transmitted at
(a) 5 000 V (b) 20 kV
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Hitungkan nilai arus dalam kabel, I (b) P = I V
Calculate value of current in the cable, I 40 × 103 W = I × (20 × 103) V
Kuasa dihantar melalui kabel, P = IV 40 × 103 W
I = 20 × 103 V
The power transmitted by the cable, P = I V
40 × 103 W = I × 5 000 V =2A
40 × 103 W
I = Maka, kuasa yang hilang disebabkan rintangan,
5 000 V
So, the power loss due to the resistance,
= 8 A P = I 2R
Maka, kuasa yang hilang disebabkan rintangan, = (2 A)2 × 8 Ω
So, the power loss due to the resistance, = 32 W
P = I 2R
= (8 A)2 × 8 Ω
= 512 W
3UNIT
2 Stesen kuasa menjana 80 MW kuasa elektrik pada beza keupayaan 80 kV a.u. melalui rintangan kabel 5 Ω.
KBATA power station generates 80 MW of electric power at a voltage 80 kV through a cable of resistance 5 Ω. Determine:
(a) kuasa yang hilang semasa penghantaran tenaga melalui kabel.
the power loss in the transmission cable.
(b) peratus kuasa yang hilang. / the percentage of the power loss.
(c) kecekapan penghantaran kuasa. / the efficiency of the power transmission.
(d) pengurangan beza keupayaan di dalam kabel. / the voltage drop in the cable.
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Hitungkan nilai arus dalam kabel, I (c) Tenaga dihantar = Kuasa dibekal – Kuasa hilang
Calculate value of current in the cable, I Power transmitted = Power supply – Power loss
= 80 × 10 6 W – 5 × 10 6 W
Kuasa yang dihantar oleh kabel, P = IV
= 75 × 10 6 W
The power transmitted by the cable, P = IV
80 × 10 6 W = I × (80 × 103 V)
75 × 10 6 W
Kecekapan/So, efficiency = 80 × 10 6 W × 100%
80 × 10 6 W
I = 80 × 10 3 V
= 93.75%
= 1 000 A
(d) Pengurangan voltan/Voltage drop = IR
Oleh itu, kuasa hilang akibat rintangan, = 1 000 A × 5 Ω
So, the power loss due to the resistance = 5 000 V
P = I 2R
= (1 000 A)2 × 5 Ω
= 5 × 10 6 W
Kadbod
Cardboard
Rajah 3 / Diagram 3
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Tindakan yang manakah akan menambahkan
Corak medan magnet yang manakah terbentuk pesongan petunjuk galvanometer itu?
pada kadbod apabila kedua-dua suis dihidupkan? Which action will increase the deflection of the
Which magnetic fields pattern is formed on the cardboard galvanometer pointer?
when both switches are closed? A Kutub magnet itu disongsangkan
A The magnet pole is reversed
B Bilangan lilitan gegelung itu ditambah
The number of coil is increased
B C Gegelung dibuat daripada wayar yang
bertebat
UNIT
gegelung
The magnet is pushed slowly into the coil
D
Suis
Rajah 4 / Diagram 4
Switch Tindakan yang manakah tidak menambahkan
Merkuri / Mercury pesongan petunjuk galvanometer?
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 Which of these actions will not increase the deflection of
Arah pesongan itu tidak boleh ditentukan dengan the galvanometer pointer?
menggunakan A Menukarkan kekutuban magnet
The direction of the deflection cannot be determined by Reversing the polarity of the magnet
A petua Tangan Kanan Fleming B Menambah bilangan lilitan solenoid
Fleming’s right hand rule Increasing the number of coils in the solenoid
B petua Tangan Kiri Fleming C Mengurangkan diameter solenoid
Fleming’s left hand rule Decreasing the diameter of the solenoid
C petua skru gabus Maxwell D Menambahkan laju ayunan magnet
Maxwell’s corkscrew rule Increasing the oscillation speed of the magnet
5 Rajah 5 menunjukkan struktur binaan motor 7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan sebatang magnet yang
elektrik. dilepaskan dari satu ketinggian dan memasuki
Diagram 5 shows the structure of an electric motor. sebuah gegelung yang disambung ke sebuah
galvanometer.
Diagram 7 shows a magnet which is released from a height
N S and enters a coil which is connected to a galvanometer.
Magnet
Magnet
3
C C bilangan lilitan pada gegelung bertambah.
UNIT
the number of turns of the coil is increased.
Kadbod Kompas X
Cardboard Compass X
Kompas Y
Compass Y
Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1
(b) Namakan petua yang digunakan untuk menentukan arah medan magnet dalam Rajah 1.2.
Name the rule used to determine the direction of the magnetic field in Diagram 1.2.
Petua genggaman tangan kanan
(c) Jadual 1 menunjukkan tiga reka bentuk motor elektrik arus terus, P, Q dan R, yang digunakan untuk
membina sebuah kipas kecil.
Table 1 shows three direct current electric motor designs, P, Q and R, used to build a small fan.
S
P N Bateri
Battery
S
N
Q Bateri
Battery
3 UNIT
Bilah kipas Bilangan lilitan gegelung = 50 lilitan
Fan blade Number of turn of coil = 50 turns
S
N
R Bateri
Battery
Jadual 1 / Table 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, nyatakan ciri-ciri sesuai sebuah motor elektrik yang boleh memutarkan kipas pada
kelajuan yang tinggi. Berikan sebab untuk kesesuaian ciri-ciri itu. / Based on Table 1, state the suitable characteristics
of an electric motor to be used to turn the fan at a high speed. Give reasons for the suitability of the characteristics.
(i) Bilangan lilitan gegelung. / Number of turns of the coil.
Lebih banyak lilitan. Untuk meningkatkan daya putaran yang terhasil.
2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan sebuah transformer unggul yang disambung kepada motor elektrik 12 V, 40 W a.u.
Motor ini berfungsi secara normal.
Diagram 2.1 shows an ideal transformer which is connected to a 12 V, 40 W a.c. electric motor. This motor functions normally.
Gegelung Gegelung
240 V a.u. primer sekunder M
Motor elektrik
240 V a.c. Primary Secondary Electric motor
coil coil
(c) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan transformer yang sama disambungkan kepada sebuah komponen elektrik dalam
kotak Y untuk menyalakan sebuah mentol a.t.
Diagram 2.2 shows the same transformer being connected to an electrical component in box Y to light up a d.c. bulb.
Y
Gegelung Gegelung
240 a.u. primer sekunder M
Motor elektrik
240 a.c. Primary Secondary Electric motor
coil coil
Rajah 2.2 / Diagram 2.2
Namakan komponen elektrik dalam kotak Y. / Name the electrical component in box Y.
Diod. / Diode.
Elektronik
4 Electronics
4
Describe n-type and p-type semiconductors.
UNIT
• Menghuraikan diod semikonduktor.
Describe semiconductor diodes.
• Menghuraikan fungsi diod.
Describe the function of diodes.
• Menghuraikan kegunaan diod sebagai rektifier.
Describe the use of diodes as rectifiers.
• Menghuraikan kegunaan kapasitor sebagai perata arus output dan voltan output dalam litar rektifier.
Describe the use of capacitors to smooth out output current and output voltage in a rectifier circuit.
• Menyatakan get logik sebagai litar suis dalam komputer dan sistem elektronik yang lain.
State that logic gates are switching circuits in computers and other electronic systems.
• Menyenaraikan dan melukis simbol bagi setiap get logik. Menyatakan juga get-get logik ini dalam jadual kebenaran.
List and draw symbols for the following logic gates. Also state the action of these logic gates in a truth table.
i. DAN / AND
ii. ATAU / OR
iii. TAK / NOT
iv. TAK-DAN / NAND
v. TAK-ATAU / NOR
• Membina jadual kebenaran bagi get logik dalam gabungan maksimum 2 input.
Build truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs.
• Menghuraikan aplikasi sistem-sistem kawalan get logik.
Describe applications of logic gate control systems.
• Elektron tidak dapat melepasi permukaan logam • Elektron yang mendapat tenaga kinetik yang cukup tinggi
daya tarikan akan dapat melepasi permukaan filamen tungsten.
kerana ia ditarik dengan oleh Electrons that gain sufficiently high kinetic energy will be able to
nukleus atom. escape from the surface of the tungsten filament.
The electrons cannot escape from the surface because they
• Elektron dipancarkan dan dipecutkan kepada anod
are held back by the attractive force of the atomic
dengan beza keupayaan yang tinggi antara
nucleus.
suhu yang katod dan anod.
• Jika logam dipanaskan pada accelerated
The electrons emitted are towards the anode
tinggi , beberapa elektron bebas akan high potential difference
mendapat tenaga yang cukup, mampu untuk by the between the
melepasi permukaan logam. cathode and anode .
If the metal is heated at a high temperature , some
Dengan prinsip keabadian tenaga, bagi setiap elektron, / From the principle of conservation of energy, for each electron,
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik / Electrical potential energy = Tenaga kinetik / Kinetic energy
1
eV = mv2
2
4
UNIT
Faktor Kesan ke atas kadar pancaran termion
Factor Effect on the rate of thermionic emission
Jika luas permukaan bertambah , kadar pancaran termion juga akan meningkat .
Luas permukaan katod
Surface area of the cathode increases increases
The rate of thermionic emission as the surface area .
Jika beza keupayaan meningkat , kadar pancaran termion tidak berubah tetapi
Beza keupayaan antara
anod dan katod halaju elektron yang dipancarkan ke arah anod meningkat .
Potential difference between the increases unchanged
If the potential difference , the rate of thermionic emission is but the
anode and cathode
velocity of the emitted electrons towards the anode is higher .
Mempunyai
cas untuk satu Mempunyai jisim
elektron, elektron Bergerak lurus
Menghasilkan haba e = 1.6 × 10–19 C m = 9 × 10–31 kg dalam vakum
dan sinar-X dalam Has a charge of one Electron mass Travels in a straight
tiub sinar-X electron, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C m = 9 × 10–31 kg line in vacuum
Produces heat and
X-ray in an X-ray tube
Mempunyai
tenaga kinetik dan
momentum
Possesses kinetic
SINAR energy and
Memberi kesan KATOD
kepada plat fotograf momentum
CATHODE
Affect photographic
RAY
plates
Menghasilkan
kesan
Boleh menembusi berpendaflour
kepingan nipis Produces fluorescent
aluminium, kertas effect
nipis dan lapisan grafit
Menyebabkan Dipesongkan oleh
nipis / Can penetrate thin Bercas
pengionan medan elektrik dan
aluminum foil, thin paper negatif
molekul gas medan magnet
and thin graphite layer
Cause ionisation of Deflected by an electric Negatively
gas molecules field and magnetic field charged
UNIT
4
P Q
Kawasan / Region Jenis gerakan / Types of motion
PQ : Katod ke anod
R
Cathode to anode Pecutan seragam / Uniform acceleration
QR : Anod ke skrin
Anode to screen Halaju seragam / Uniform velocity
PQR : Katod ke Anod dan skrin Tenaga keupayaan elektrik Tenaga kinetik
Cathode to anode and screen Electric potential energy Kinetic energy
Ciri-ciri sinar katod dikaji dengan menggunakan tiub palang Maltese dan tiub pesongan.
The characteristics of cathode rays are investigated by using the Maltese cross tube and deflection tube.
Bayang
Shadow
Skrin berpendarfluor
3 kV Fluorescent screen
Sekarang bekalan Bayang Bayang palang dihasilkan Sinar katod bergerak dalam
kuasa 3 kV palang berwarna oleh sinar katod . garis lurus .
4
disambungkan hijau kelihatan . The shadow is formed by the Sinar katod menyebabkan kesan
antara katod dan
UNIT
Ia sama saiz dan sama cathode rays . berpendarfluor .
anod. kedudukan dengan
Now, a 3 kV power Sinar katod membawa tenaga
bayang yang dihasilkan
supply is connected kinetik yang ditukarkan
oleh cahaya tadi.
between the cathode
and anode. A green shadow of kepada tenaga cahaya apabila ia
the cross is seen. It is the menghentam skrin.
same size and at the same Cathode rays travel in a straight line .
position as the shadow
Cathode rays cause fluorescence .
formed by the light earlier.
Cathode rays carry kinetic energy which is
converted to light energy when they hit
the screen.
Kutub utara Bayang sinar katod Daya saling tindakan Sinar katod boleh dipesongkan oleh
magnet bar dibawa bergerak dan / Daya lastik medan magnet . Peraturan tangan
berdekatan dengan tersasar / terpesong dihasilkan kerana kiri Fleming digunakan untuk menentukan
sinar katod sinar katod membawa arah gerakan sinar.
The North pole of a ke bawah. deflected
cas negatif . Cathode rays can be by a
bar magnet is brought The cathode ray shadow
close to the cathode moved A catapult force is magnetic field . The Fleming’s left-hand rule
is and
rays. produced because the cathode is used to determine the direction of motion.
deflected downward.
rays carry a negative charge . [Perhatian / Note:
Arah sinar katod adalah bertentangan
N dengan arah arus. / The direction of the
S cathode rays is opposite to that of the electric
current.]
Tiub pesongan
Deflection tube
0 – 1 000 V
3 kV
Skrin berpendarfluor
Fluorescent screen
bekalan kuasa 3 kV +
di antara kedua-dua plat.
disambungkan dan Sinar katod bercas
Electric field
bekalan kuasa 1 000 V
4
Contoh / Example
1 Beza keupayaan antara anod dan katod dalam 2 Dalam tiub gambar set televisyen, beza
senapang elektron ialah 5 kV. Hitungkan tenaga keupayaan 20 kV merentasi anod dan katod
kinetik elektron. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C] memecutkan sinar elektron. Cas satu elektron
The potential difference between the anode and cathode ialah 1.6 × 10–19 C. Berapakah tenaga keupayaan
in an electron gun is 5 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of setiap elektron yang menghentam skrin?
the electrons. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C] In a picture tube of a television set, a potential difference
Penyelesaian / Solution of 20 kV is applied across the anode and the cathode
to accelerate the electron beam. The charge of each
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetik
electron is 1.6 × 10 –19 C. What is the kinetic energy of
Electrical potential energy = Kinetic energy
each electron striking on the screen?
eV = E
Penyelesaian / Solution
(1.6 × 10 –19C) × (5 × 10 3V) = E E = eV
E = 8.0 × 10 –16 J = (1.6 × 10 –19C) × (20 × 103V)
= 32 × 10 –16
= 3.2 × 10 –15 J
4
Struktur dan fungsi bahagian-bahagian yang penting dalam Osiloskop Sinaran Katod (O.S.K.)
UNIT
Structure and functions of the main parts of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( C.R.O.)
Filamen Katod
• membekalkan • memancarkan elektron Vakum
Dasar Vacuum
haba kepada katod apabila dipanaskan masa
Filament Cathode Terminal y-input Time
• supply heat to the • emit electrons when base
cathode Y-input terminal
heated Skrin berpendafluor
Plat-X • untuk menghasilkan
Anod memecut • untuk memesongkan sinar tompok yang cerah apabila
• memecutkan elektron katod secara mendatar dihentam oleh sinar katod
Accelerating anode X-plates Flourescent screen
• to accelerate electrons • to deflect cathode rays • to produce bright spot
horizontally when hit by cathode rays
1
Peak voltage, Vp = Y-gain × (height of the vertical line)
2
=4V
1 1
4
Vr.m.s. = × Vp Vp.m.k.d. = × Vp Vp 4V
2 2 Vr.m.s. = =
V r.m.s. = Vroot mean square 2 2
[ ]
Vp.m.k.d. = Vpunca min kuasa dua 2.83 V
=
1
Frekuensi / Frequency, f =
T
1
f = = 25 Hz
0.04 s
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang yang 2 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang dihasilkan
terhasil daripada bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alik KBATpada skrin O.S.K. di radar stesen lapangan terbang.
yang disambungkan kepada input-Y pada O.S.K. Titik X dan Y menunjukkan masa penghantaran
[Gandaan-Y disetkan = 20 V cm–1 dan kawalan isyarat ke kapal terbang dan masa penerimaan
dasar masa = 5 ms cm-1] pantulan isyarat melalui radar tersebut.
The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. [Kawalan dasar masa pada O.S.K. = 50 ms cm–1]
power supply connected to Y-input of a C.R.O. The diagram shows a waveform obtained on the screen of
[Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 and time-base control setting = a C.R.O. at an airport radar station. The points X and Y
5 ms cm–1] indicate the time of transmission to an aeroplane and the
time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station.
[Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1]
Y
X
Tentukan, / Determine, 8 cm
(a) tempoh isyarat yang ditunjukkan Hitung
the period of the signal Calculate
(b) frekuensi isyarat (a) masa isyarat radar dari X ke Y.
the frequency of the signal the time travels of the radar from X to Y.
(c) beza keupayaan puncak ke puncak (b) jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang.
the peak to peak voltage [Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1]
(d) beza keupayaan voltan puncak the distance between the radar station and the
the peak voltage aeroplane.
Penyelesaian / Solution [Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1]
Penyelesaian / Solution
4
UNIT
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar-masa O.S.K.
Time-base control setting of the C.R.O.
8 cm = 50 ms cm–1
d = 14 cm
Masa penghantaraan isyarat radar,
Time travels of the radar,
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar masa T = 50 ms cm–1 × 8 cm = 400 ms
Time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1 = 0.4 s
Tempoh / Period, T = 5 ms cm–1 × 14 cm
= 70 ms (b) Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1
= 7.0 × 10–2 s Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1
1 Menggunakan formula, 2D = vt
(b) Frekuensi / Frequency, f =
T Using formula, 2D = vt
1 Jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang
= Distance between the radar station and the
7.0 × 10–2 s
= 14.29 Hz aeroplane,
(c) Ketetapan gandaan-Y vt
D =
Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 2
Voltan puncak ke puncak (3 × 108 m s–1 ) × (0.4 s)
=
Peak to peak voltage, Vpp = 20 V cm–1 × 8 cm 2
= 160 V = 6.0 × 107 m
Vpp
(d) Vp =
2
160 V
= 2
= 80 V
• Pendopan ialah proses menambahkan bilangan bendasing yang tertentu ke dalam atom
semikonduktor tulen (semikonduktor intrinsik) untuk meningkatkan kekonduksian .
Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities into the pure semiconductor atoms
Proses conductivity
pendopan (intrinsic semiconductor) to increase its .
Doping process • Proses pendopan menghasilkan dua jenis semikonduktor.
Doping process produces two types of semiconductors.
• Dua jenis semikonduktor ini ialah semikonduktor jenis-n dan semikonduktor jenis-p .
These two types of semiconductors are the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor .
Semikonduktor jenis-n
n-type semiconductors
• Atom silikon (mempunyai empat elektron valens) didopkan dengan atom-atom pentavalen
(mempunyai lima elektron valens) seperti antimoni, fosforus atau arsenik untuk
meningkatkan bilangan elektron-elektron bebas.
Silicon atoms (with four valence electrons) doped with pentavalent atoms (which have five valence
electrons) such as antimony, phosphorus or arsenic to increases the number of free electrons.
• Atom pentavalen akan menggantikan beberapa atom silikon, kemudian tiap-tiap satu daripada atom
pentavalen akan mempunyai empat ikatan kovalen dan satu elektron bebas lebihan.
The pentavalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, then each of the pentavalent atoms will have
four covalent bonds and one extra free electron.
• Oleh kerana atom pentavalen menderma lebihan elektron, ia dinamakan atom penderma .
Since a pentavalent atom donates an extra electron, it is called donor atom.
• Dalam keadaan ini, terdapat lebih banyak elektron bebas berbanding lohong, oleh itu elektron
adalah pembawa cas majoriti dan lohong adalah pembawa cas minoriti ,
Semikonduktor semikonduktor jenis-n
maka ia dinamakan .
jenis-n
In this case, there are more free electrons than holes. Therefore, the electrons are the majority charge-
n-type
semiconductors carriers and the holes are the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as an n-type semiconductor .
4
• Elektron bebas yang berlebihan menjadi pembawa cas negatif dalam semikonduktor jenis-n.
UNIT
The excess free electrons become the negative charge-carriers in an n-type semiconductor.
Si As Si
Ikatan kovalen
Covalent bond
Si Si Si
Semikonduktor jenis-p
p-type semiconductors
• Silikon yang didopkan dengan atom trivalen (mempunyai tiga elektron valens) seperti
boron, indium atau galium akan meningkatkan bilangan lohong.
Silicon doped with trivalent atoms (which have three valence electrons) such as
boron, indium or gallium increase the number holes.
• Atom trivalen akan menggantikan beberapa atom silikon, menyebabkan silikon kehilangan satu
elektron daripada empat ikatan kovalen.
The trivalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, resulting in one electron missing from one of the four
covalent bonds.
• Atom trivalen akan menerima satu elektron, maka ia dinamakan atom penerima .
Since a trivalent atom accepts an electron, it is called the acceptor atom.
• Atom trivalen ini menghasilkansemikonduktor jenis-p dengan membentuk kekurangan
elektron valens yang dinamakan lohong .
These trivalent atoms produce p-type semiconductors by creating a shortage of valence electrons called
holes .
Semikonduktor • Dalam keadaan ini, terdapat lebih banyak lohong terhasil, oleh itu lohong adalah pembawa cas
jenis-p majoriti dan elektron adalah pembawa cas minoriti , semikonduktor ini
p-type semikonduktor jenis-p .
dinamakan
semiconductors
In this case there are more holes. Therefore, the holes are the majority charge-carriers and the electrons are
the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as p-type semiconductors .
• Lohong berlebihan ini menjadi pembawa cas positif dalam semikonduktor jenis-p.
The excess holes become the positive charge carriers in the p-type semiconductors.
Si In Si
4
Si Si Si
• Apabila bahan semikonduktor jenis-p bercantum dengan bahan semikonduktor jenis-n, ini akan
membentuk satu lapisan di tengah-tengahnya yang dinamakan lapisan susutan .
Pada lapisan ini, elektron dari bahan jenis-n hanyut merentasi simpang untuk mengisi
lohong dalam bahan jenis-p. Lohong dari bahan jenis-p menghanyut dalam
arah bertentangan ke bahan jenis-n. Hasilnya, lapisan susutan yang nipis terbentuk.
Ia adalah kawasan sempit yang kehilangan semua elektron bebas dan lohong dan bersifat seperti
silikon tulen yang mempunyai kerintangan tinggi . Pengaliran cas seterusnya yang
merentasi sempadan lapisan susutan akan ditolak oleh cas di dalam lapisan tersebut.
When a p-type semiconductor material is in contact with an n-type semiconductor material, a layer called
the depletion layer is formed in the middle. At this junction, electrons from n-type semiconductor drifts
across the junction to fill in the holes in the p-type semiconductor. The holes from the p-type
semiconductor drift in the opposite direction to the n-type semiconductor. As a result, a depletion layer is produced.
It is a very narrow region which has lost all its available free electrons and holes and thus behaves almost
like a pure silicon, with high resistivity . Any further movement of charges across the boundry in the
depletion layer will be repelled by the charges in the layer.
4
p-n junction dalam bahan jenis-n akan menghalang pembawa cas majoriti dari bahan jenis-p (lohong) daripada
UNIT
works merentasi sempadan dalam arah bertentangan. Ini menyebabkan suatu beza keupayaan
yang bertindak dari bahan jenis-n ke bahan jenis-p. Beza keupayaan merentasi simpang ini
dinamakan voltan simpang . Tiada arus mengalir melalui simpang p-n
semasa cas berada dalam keseimbangan .
The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the n-type
region (the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly, the positive charge layer in the n-type region
will prevent the majority charge carriers from the p-type region (the holes) from crossing the boundry in the opposite
direction. This will result in a potential difference acting from the n-type material to the p-type material
across the junction. This potential difference is known as the junction voltage . In its normal state, a p-n
junction delivers no current since the charges are in equilibrium .
• Kesan voltan simpang ialah untuk menghalang pembawa cas daripada menghanyut
merentasi simpang. Anggaran voltan simpang bagi germanium dan silikon ialah 0.1 V dan 0.6 V
masing-masing.
This junction voltage prevents charge carriers from drifting across the junction. The junction voltages for
germanium and silicon are approximately 0.1 V and 0.6 V respectively.
Simbol diod
semikonduktor p n Anod (+) Katod (–)
Symbol of a Struktur Anode (+) Cathode (–)
semiconductor Structure
diode Simbol
Symbol
Pincang ke depan
Forward-biased
• Untuk membenarkan arus elektrik mengalir melalui diod, beza keupayaan merentasi diod mesti
melebihi voltan simpang.
In order for an electric current to flow through the diode, the voltage applied across the diode must exceed
the junction voltage.
• Dalam susunan pincang ke depan, beza keupayaan sel lebih besar daripada voltan simpang.
Lapisan susutan menjadi nipis , rintangan diod berkurang . Oleh itu
arus yang besar mengalir melalui diod.
In a forward-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is greater than the junction voltage. The depletion layer
becomes narrow , the resistance of diode decreases . Hence a large current flows through
the diode.
Voltan simpang
Junction voltage
Rintangan rendah
Rintangan rendah / Low resistance
Low resistance
Semikonduktor jenis-p Semikonduktor jenis-n p n
p-type semiconductor n-type semiconductor
Arus mengalir
Current flow
Lapisan susutan nipis
+ –
Narrow depletion layer
Fungsi diod Pincang ke depan
UNIT
Function of Forward-biased
diodes Beza keupayaan sel
4
Cell voltage
• Diod mengalirkan arus kerana lohong dari semikonduktor jenis-p dan elektron
dari semikonduktor jenis-n berupaya merentasi simpang . Mentol akan menyala .
The diode conducts current because the holes from the p-type semiconductor and
electrons from the n-type semiconductor are able to cross over the junction . The bulb will
light up .
• Fungsi diod membenarkan arus mengalir dalam satu arah sahaja .
The function of a diode is to allow current to flow in one direction only .
Pincang songsang
Reverse-biased
• Dalam susunan pincang songsang, beza keupayaan sel lebih rendah daripada voltan
simpang. Lapisan susutan menjadi besar dan rintangan diod meningkat. Oleh itu, tiada
arus mengalir melalui diod.
In a reverse-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is lower than the junction voltage. The depletion layer
becomes wide and the resistance of diode increases. Hence, no current flows through the diode.
Voltan simpang
Junction voltage
Rintangan sangat tinggi
Rintangan tinggi / High resistance Very high resistance
p n
Bahan Bahan
jenis-p jenis-n Tiada arus
p-type n-type No current
material material
Lapisan susutan lebar
– +
Wide depletion layer
Pincang songsang
Reverse-biased
4 UNIT
• Elektron dan lohong ditarik menjauhi simpang. Mentol tidak menyala .
Both electrons and holes are pulled away from the junction. The bulb does not light up .
Graf arus lawan beza keupayaan bagi simpang p-n dalam diod silikon dan diod germanium
Graph of current against voltage for the p-n junction in a silicon and germanium diode
Diod
germanium
Germanium
diode Diod silikon
I / mA
Graf Silicon diode
Graph
V / Volt
0 0.1 0.6
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Rektifier Ialah peranti elektrik yang menukarkan arus ulang-alik kepada arus terus
Rectifier Is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
Rektifikasi Ialah proses untuk menukarkan arus ulang-alik kepada arus terus dengan menggunakan diod
Rectification Is the process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using diode
Diod ialah peranti yang membenarkan arus mengalir melalui satu arah sahaja. Ia juga dikenali sebagai
rektifier . Proses yang menukarkan a.u kepada a.t dikenali sebagai rektifikasi .
A diode is a device that allows current to flow through it in one direction only. It is also called a rectifier . The
process that changes a.c. into d.c. is called rectification .
Jenis
rektifikasi Rajah litar Lakaran graf Penerangan
Types of Diagram of the circuit Sketch of graph Explanation
rectification
Diod Vin = beza keupayaan input (a.u.) Proses di mana hanya separuh
Ke O.S.K.
Diode Vin = Input voltage (a.c. current)
To C.R.O. kitar pertama arus ulang-alik,
Vin
dibenarkan mengalir dalam
a.c R V
UNIT
satu arah .
t/s
0 A process where only half of every
4
VR
Dalam separuh kitar pertama,
Rektifikasi diod dipincang ke depan
separuh dan arus dapat mengalir .
gelombang t/s
Half-wave 0 In the first half cycle, the diode is
Rectification forward-biased and current
can flow .
VR = beza keupayaan output
melalui O.S.K.
Rectified voltage which shows
Arus dihalang mengalir
in the C.R.O. menerusi diod dalam separuh
kitar kedua apabila diod
dipincang songsang .
The current cannot flow through the
diode in the second half-cycle when the
diode is reverse-biased .
4
flows from B to D2 to R ,
UNIT
to D4 to A .
Rajah Penerangan
Diagram Explanation
(a) Transistor p-n-p • Transistor mempunyai tiga elektrod yang bersambung kepada pengeluar (E) ,
p-n-p transistor
tapak (B) dan pengumpul (C) .
C (Pengumpul / C (Pengumpul /
A transistor has three leads connected to the emitter (E) , base (B) and
Collector) Collector)
collector (C) .
p • Pengeluar memancarkan atau menghantar pembawa cas melalui lapisan tapak yang
nipis untuk dikumpulkan oleh pengumpul .
B (Tapak / B (Tapak / n
Base) Base) The emitter emits or sends charge carries through the thin base layer to be collected by the
p
collector .
• Arah pada pengeluar menunjukkan arah aliran arus .
E (Pengeluar / E (Pengeluar /
Emitter) Emitter) The arrow on the emitter shows the direction of the current flow .
• Dalam transistor p-n-p, pengeluar jenis-p menghantar lohong bercas positif kepada
151
Rumus pengumpul.
transistor
In p-n-p transistor, the p-type emitter sends positive holes to the collector.
Formula of
transistor • Transistor p-n-p terdiri daripada lapisan semikonduktor jenis-n yang dilapisi dengan dua lapisan
semikonduktor jenis-p.
IE = IB + IC A p-n-p transistor consists of a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched by two layers of p-type semiconductor.
(b) Transistor n-p-n • Dalam transistor n-p-n, pengeluar jenis-n menghantar elektron bercas negatif kepada
n-p-n transistor pengumpul.
C (Pengumpul / C (Pengumpul / In an n-p-n transistor, the n-type emitter sends negative electrons to the collector.
Collector) Collector)
• Arah pada pengeluar menunjukkan arah arus mengalir .
n The arrow on the emitter shows the direction of the current flow .
• Transistor n-p-n terdiri daripada lapisan semikonduktor jenis-p yang nipis dan dilapisi dengan dua
B (Tapak / B (Tapak / p lapisan semikonduktor jenis-n.
Base) Base) An n-p-n transistor consists of a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched by two layers of n-type semiconductor.
n
E (Pengeluar / E (Pengeluar /
Emitter) Emitter)
UNIT 4
4 UNIT
Litar transistor I (memerlukan dua sel 1 Nilai arus tapak sangat kecil (μA) berbanding nilai arus pengumpul (mA) . ( Ib <<< Ic )
kering) Ic
Transistor circuit I (two dry cells are needed) Pembesaran arus = —–
Ib
The base current is very small (in μA) compared to the collector current (in mA) . ( Ib <<< Ic )
I
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Current amplification = —c
R2 Ib
Ic 2 Kenaikan kecil dalam arus tapak akan menyebabkan kenaikan yang besar dalam arus
C
R1 E2 pengumpul. (∆Ib <<< ∆Ic )
B
152
circuits
Litar transistor II (memerlukan satu sel) Rx dan RY : Pembahagi voltan
Transistor circuit II (one cell is needed) RX and RY : Voltage divider
1 Apabila RY = 0, voltan tapak VR = 0. Arus tapak tidak mengalir menyebabkan arus pengumpul
Voltan Y
Ry
VB = × V IGain = Ic
Ib
Ry + Rx
153
transistor The transistor as an amplifier
Uses of a
transistor 1 Apabila seseorang bercakap melalui mikrofon, gelombang bunyi ditukarkan kepada
arus ulang-alik .
When a person speaks through a microphone, the sound waves are converted into an alternating current .
Pembesar 2 Perubahan yang kecil kepada arus tapak , menyebabkan perubahan yang besar kepada
suara
Loudspeaker arus pengumpul .
C small change base current big change collector current
A in , will cause a in the .
B
3 Alat pembesar suara menerima arus ulang-alik yang besar daripada litar pengumpul dan
E bunyi yang kuat
menukarkannya kepada gelombang .
Mikrofon large alternating current
Microphone The loudspeaker thus receives a from the collector circuit and converts it into a
loud sound .
4 Kapasitor menghalang arus mantap (arus terus) daripada mengalir ke dalam transistor dan
mikrofon .
The capacitor blocks a steady current (direct current) from flowing into the transistor and microphone .
UNIT 4
4 UNIT
154
Cahaya / Light Transistor sebagai suis kawalan cahaya
The transistor as a light controlled switch
Litar memadamkan mentol pada waktu malam dan menyala pada siang hari secara automatik.
R Circuit switches off the bulb at night and switches on the bulb at day time automatically.
C
1 Pada siang hari, perintang peka cahaya (PPC) mempunyai rintangan yang kecil. Oleh itu,
PPC / B
LDR beza keupayaan merentasi PPC rendah tetapi beza keupayaan merentasi
E rintangan R adalah tinggi . Arus tapak, IB mengalir menyebabkan arus pengumpul ,
R1
Ic yang besar mengalir. Mentol menyala .
In daylight, the light-dependent resistor (LDR) has a very low resistance. Therefore the potential difference across LDR is
low and hence the potential difference across resistor R is high . The base current, IB flows and cause a
large collector current , I flows. The bulb lights up .
c
2 Pada waktu malam, PPC mempunyai rintangan yang sangat tinggi . Oleh itu, beza keupayaan merentasi
PPC adalah tinggi tetapi beza keupayaan merentasi perintang R adalah rendah .
In darkness, the light-dependent resistor (LDR) has a very high resistance . Therefore, the potential diference across LDR
is high and hence the potential difference across resistor R is low .
3 Maka tiada arus tapak mengalir dan menyebabkan arus pengumpul tidak mengalir. Mentol
tidak menyala .
The base current does not flow and cause the collector current does not flow. The bulb does not light up .
Litar menyalakan mentol pada waktu malam dan dipadamkan pada siang hari secara automatik
Mentol
Circuit switches on the bulb at night and switches off the bulb at day time automatically
Bulb
R1
C 1 Di siang hari, PPC (R) mempunyai rintangan yang rendah seperti R1. Voltan tapak
A B 9V arus tapak tidak mengalir
adalah rendah menyebabkan dan arus pengumpul juga tidak mengalir,
Cahaya
Light E IB = 0, Ic = 0. Transistor terpadam . Mentol tidak menyala .
R low resistance base voltage low
In daylight, the LDR (R) has a very as compared to R1. The is too . The
PPC/LDR collector current also does not flow
base current does not flow and the ,
155
IB = 0, Ic = 0. The transisitor is switched off . The bulb is does not light up .
2 Dalam keadaan gelap, PPC mempunyai rintangan yang tinggi , beza keupayaan merentasi PPC
cukup tinggi untuk menghidupkan transistor tetapi beza keupayaan merentasi perintang R1
adalah rendah .
In darkness, the LDR has a very high resistance , the potential difference across the LDR is high
enough to switch the transistor on and hence the potential difference across resistor R is low .
1
3 Beza keupayaan tapak / Voltan tapak adalah tinggi , arus tapak , IB , mengalir dan
menyebabkan arus pengumpul, Ic , yang besar mengalir. Mentol menyala .
The base voltage is high , the base current , I , increases and flows and causes a large collector current,
B
UNIT 4
4 UNIT
Suis kawalan haba atau penggera suhu tinggi / Heat-controlled switch or high temperature alarm
1 Termistor ialah perintang yang mana rintangan berubah apabila suhu berubah.
Suis geganti
Termistor C Relay switch A thermistor is a resistor in which its resistance changes as the temperature changes.
1 kΩ B
Thermistor 6V
2 Rintangan termistor berkurangan sebaik sahaja suhu meningkat.
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
RB
E Penggera resistance
10 kΩ R The of the thermistor falls as the temperature rises.
Alarm
3 Termistor dan perintang R dalam rajah menghasilkan pembahagi keupayaan merentasi bekalan kuasa,
6 V.
4 Pada suhu bilik, termistor mempunyai rintangan yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan R.
At room temperature, the thermistor has a high resistance as compared to R.
5 Oleh itu, beza keupayaan merentasi tapak transistor adalah rendah dan tidak
mencukupi untuk menghidupkan suis transistor.
Therefore, the potential difference across the base of the transistor is too low and not enough to switch the transistor
on.
6 Apabila suhu meningkat, rintangan termistor berkurang Rintangan termistor menjadi sangat
kecil berbanding dengan rintangan R.
When the temperature rises, the resistance of the thermistor decreases
156
significantly. The resistance of
the thermistor is very small as compared to the resistance of R.
7 Maka, beza keupayaan merentasi R adalah tinggi . Beza keupayaan tapak adalah tinggi dan
arus tapak yang mengalir, IB, adalah cukup tinggi untuk menghasilkan arus pengumpul ,
Ic yang besar. Ic adalah cukup besar untuk menghidupkan transistor dan mengalir melalui gegelung geganti.
Suis geganti ditutup (suis geganti dihidupkan) dan menyebabkan penggera berbunyi .
Hence, the potential difference across R is high . The base voltage is high ; and the base current
IB, which flows is high enough to produce a large collector current Ic. Ic is large enough to switch the
transistor on and flows through the relay coil. The relay switch is closed (relay is switched on) and this causes the
alarm to be activated .
8 Diod dalam litar kawalan haba adalah untuk melindungi transistor dari rosak oleh
d.g.e teraruh yang besar dalam gegelung geganti apabila arus pengumpul Ic menurun ke
sifar .
Diode in the heat-controlled circuit is to protect the transistor from being damaged by the large induced e.m.f.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan litar transistor. Perintang P 2 Rajah menunujukkan simbol transistor n-p-n.
mempunyai rintangan 10 kΩ. Untuk menyalakan The diagram shows the symbol of an n-p-n transistor.
mentol, beza keupayaan merentasi perintang P
mestilah sekurang-kurangnya 2 V. 120 mA
The diagram shows a transistor circuit. Resistor P has C
a resistance of 10 kΩ. In order to light up the bulb, the 5 mA
potential difference across resistor P must be at least 2 V. B
E
X
Ie
S
Y
T Apakah nilai Ie?
12 V
What is the value of Ie?
P
Z Penyelesaian
Solution
Apakah nilai tertinggi perintang S apabila mentol IE = IB + Ic
menyala?
= 5 mA + 120 mA
What is the maximum value of resistor S when the bulb
lights up? = 125 mA
Penyelesaian
Solution
Vp = Rp
VXZ Rp + Rs
2V 10 k Ω
12 V = 10 k Ω + Rs
10 k Ω + Rs = 60 k Ω
Rs = 50 k Ω
4UNIT
3 M
KBAT
X
S
Q
R
6V Y
Suis
P
geganti
Vp Relay
switch 240 V a.u.
Z 240 V a.c.
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) (i) Perintang peka cahaya (PPC) / Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)
(ii) mengawal voltan tapak secara automatik / automatically controls the base voltage.
(b) Mengawal dan mengehadkan arus tapak supaya transistor tidak rosak.
Control and limit the base current so that the transistor is not damaged.
(c) (i) Beza keupayaan merentasi Vp meningkat
Potential difference across Vp increases.
(ii) Pada waktu malam PPC mempunyai rintangan yang sangat tinggi. Beza keupayaan merentasi LDR sangat
tinggi. Maka, voltan tapak adalah tinggi. Arus tapak mengalir dan ini menyebabkan arus pengumpul yang
tinggi mengalir. Transistor dihidupkan dan mentol menyala.
At night the LDR has a very high resistance. The potential difference across LDR is very high. Hence the base voltage
is high. The base current flows and produces a large collector current flow. The transistor is switched on and the bulb
lights up.
Vp Rp
(d) =
VXZ Rp + Rs
2.0 V 10 k Ω
... =
6.0 V 10 k Ω + Rs
... 10 k Ω + Rs = 30 k Ω
... R = 20 k Ω
s
Penyelesaian / Solution
R1 5 kΩ
B (a) (i) Termistor / Thermistor
R2 (ii)
A 10 V
UNIT
C
X
4
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Get logik Satu litar elektronik yang mempunyai satu input atau lebih dan satu output.
Logic gate An electronic circuit with one or more inputs and a single output.
Jadual kebenaran Jadual yang menyenaraikan semua kemungkinan input dan output get logik.
Truth table A table that summarises all the possible inputs and outputs of a logic gate.
Algebra Boolean Ungkapan Boolean ialah suatu bentuk ungkapan yang boleh meringkaskan operasi logik
Boolean algebra suatu get logik.
The Boolean algebra is one form of expression which can be used to summarise the logic operation of a
logic gate.
1 Get logik ialah litar yang mempunyai satu atau lebih isyarat input tetapi hanya satu isyarat output.
A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
2 Setiap input dan output boleh sama ada tinggi (logik 1) atau rendah (logik 0).
Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0)
3 Sistem binari "0" mewakili 0 V dan binari "1" mewakili voltan bukan sifar.
A binary "0" represents 0 V, and a binary "1" represents a non-zero voltage.
4 Jadual kebenaran menyenaraikan kemungkinan semua input dan output yang sepadan.
A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.
TAK / NOT
4
Input / Input Output / Output
UNIT
A X
X=A 1
A X
0
1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
UNIT
Latihan / Exercise
4
P
X
Q
Penyelesaian
Input Output
Solution
P Q X
0 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
X = 1111 101
2 Rajah menunjukkan dua isyarat yang menghubungkan input A dan B dalam suatu get OR.
The diagram shows two signals connected to the inputs A and B of an OR gate.
A
A
Input X
Input B
B
Penyelesaian
Solution
A
Input
Input
Output
Output
X
3 Rajah menunjukkan gabungan get logik dengan input A dan input B. Jika input A = 0011 dan input B = 0101,
KBATapakah output X?
The diagram shows the combination of logic gates with inputs A and B. If the input A = 0011 and the input B = 0101, what is
4
the output X?
UNIT
A
B
X
Penyelesaian
Solution
0011 0001
A 1110
B
0101 1110
X
0101
0011 1110
X = 1110
Aktif
0 1
Activated
UNIT
Aktif
1 0
Activated
4
Aktif
1 1
Activated
Pengesan
Input / Input Output / Output
asap Alat Pengesan Alat
Smoke detector pemadam api Pengesan Penggera
asap Pemadam api
Fire haba kebakaran
extinguisher Smoke Fire
Pengesan Heat detector Fire alarm
haba detector extinguisher
Heat detector Penggera 0
0 0 0
kebakaran
Fire alam 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
4
0 1 0
UNIT
1 0 1
1 1 1
Latihan / Exercise
A
L C
B
(b) Get logik L disambung dengan get logik M dan N seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah.
Logic gate L is connected to logic gates M and N as shown in the diagram below.
X
N Z
M
Y
Y Z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) (i) get ATAU / OR gate (ii) output C
(b) (i)
0011
X
0011 0111 Input Output
L X Y Z
0101 0110
N Z 0 0 0
0011
Y
M 0 1 1
1110
0101 0101 1 0 1
(ii) Z=X+Y 1 1 0
2 Rajah menunjukkan litar yang digunakan sebagai sistem keselamatan di dalam rumah.
KBATThe diagram shows a circuit being used as a safety system in a house.
L Pintu
R
Door
Suis utama
Main switch
A M Pintu pagar
S
B Gate
Suis tersembunyi
Hidden switch
4
State the Boolean algebra to relate L, A and B.
(iii) Apakah yang berlaku kepada pintu dan pintu pagar apabila suis utama ditutup?
UNIT
What happens to the door and the gate when the main switch is closed?
Penyelesaian
Solution
(b)
(c) (i) A B L M
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
(ii) A . (A + B)
(iii) Kedua-dua pintu dan pagar terbuka.
Both the door and the gate are open.
6 Rajah 6 menunjukkan proses pancaran termion. 8 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu kombinasi dua get
Diagram 6 shows the process of thermionic emission. logik.
Diagram 8 shows a combination of two logic gates.
Y Y Y Y
P
Logam M X
Metal M Q
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
X
Jadual kebenaran manakah yang betul?
Rajah 6 / Diagram 6 Which truth table is correct?
Antara berikut, yang manakah betul tentang X dan
Y? A P Q X
Which of the following is correct about X and Y? 0 0 0
X Y 0 1 1
1 0 1
Cahaya dikenakan Elektron 1 1 0
A
Light is applied Electron
Cahaya dikenakan Ion positif B P Q X
B
Light is applied Positive ion
0 0 1
Haba dikenakan Elektron
C 0 1 0
Heat is applied Electron
1 0 1
Haba dikenakan Ion positif 1 1 1
D
Heat is applied Positive ion
C P Q X
7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan litar menyalakan diod 0 0 1
pemancar cahaya (LED) pada waktu siang. 0 1 1
Diagram 7 shows the circuit light up the light-emitting 1 0 0
diode (LED) during daylight. 1 1 1
4
LED D P Q X
UNIT
X 0 0 1
Perintang R2 0 1 0
Bateri
Resistor R2 Battery 1 0 1
1 1 0
Transistor npn
Y npn transistor
Komponen X Komponen Y
Component X Component Y
Termistor Perintang
A
Thermistor Resistor
Perintang R Termistor A B C D Alur elektron
B
Resistor R Thermistor Electron beam
Perintang Peka Rajah 9 / Diagram 9
Perintang
C Cahaya / Light- Antara komponen A, B, C dan D, yang manakah
Resistor
Dependent Resistor menyebabkan pemesongan sinar katod secara
Perintang Peka menegak?
Perintang
D Cahaya / Light- Which component, A, B, C or D, causes the cathode rays
Resistor
Dependent Resistor to be deflected vertically?
10 Rajah 10 menunjukkan satu kombinasi bagi tiga Isyarat output manakah yang betul?
get logik. Isyarat X dan isyarat Y dibekalkan Which output signal is correct?
kepada input. A
Diagram 10 shows a combination of three logic gates.
Signal X and signal Y are supplied to the input.
B
X
X
Input
Input
C
Y Output
Output
Y D
Rajah 10 / Diagram 10
A P A P
4
B Q B Q
Suis Suis
Switch Switch
Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1 Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal negatif sel kering.
Diagram 1.1 – anode of the diode is connected to positive terminal of dry cell.
Diagram 1.2 – anode of diode is connected to the negative terminal of dry cell.
(ii) bandingkan nyalaan mentol-mentol itu.
compare the lighting of the bulbs.
Mentol dalam Rajah 1.1 menyala, mentol dalam Rajah 1.2 tidak menyala
Bulb in Diagram 1.1 lights up, bulb in Diagram 1.2 does not light up.
(iii) hubung kaitkan antara sambungan diod-diod kepada terminal sel kering dengan nyalaan mentol.
relate the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell with the lighting of the bulbs.
Mentol tidak menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri // pincang
songsang. Mentol menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal positif bateri //
pincang depan.
The bulb does not light up when the positive diode is connected to negative terminal of battery // reversed biased.
The bulb light up when the positive diode is connected to positive terminal of battery // forward biased.
(b) (i) Lukiskan susunan radas empat diod dan bekalan kuasa yang sesuai di dalam ruangan yang
disediakan dalam Rajah 1.3 untuk menghasilkan litar rektifikasi gelombang penuh.
Draw the arrangement of four diodes and suitable power supply in the space given in Diagram 1.3 that can be used
to produce full wave rectifier circuit.
D4 D1
Ke OSK
a.c. To CRO
D2
D3
R V8
4
UNIT
C
Rajah 1.3 / Diagram 1.3
(iii) Namakan satu komponen elektronik yang boleh digunakan untuk melicinkan arus elektrik yang
terhasil.
Name an electronic component that can be used to smoothen the current produced.
Kapasitor
Capacitor
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan litar yang mengandungi transistor-npn yang bertindak sebagai suis automatik.
Diagram 2 shows a circuit with a npn transistor which acts as an automatic switch.
R1 LED
R2
LDR
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
Transistor itu menyebabkan LED menyala apabila keadaan gelap. Pemilik rumah mahu sebuah penghawa
dingin berlabel 240 V, 1 000 W, dalam biliknya dihidupkan secara automatik apabila bilik itu panas. Lukis
litar yang diubah suai untuk menunjukkan bagaimana penghawa dingin boleh dihidupkan secara automatik
apabila bilik itu panas.
The transistor causes the LED to light up when it is dark. The house owner wants an air-conditioner labelled 240 V, 1000 W, in
a room to be automatically switched on when the room is hot. Draw a modified circuit to show how the air-conditioner can be
automatically switched on when the room is hot.
240 V
Bateri
UNIT
R2 Battery
4
Perintang, R1
Resistor, R1
Keradioaktifan
5 Radioactivity
5 UNIT
5.4 Memahami tenaga nuklear / Understanding nuclear energy
• Mendefinisikan unit jisim atom (u.j.a.). / Define atomic mass unit (a.m.u.).
• Menghuraikan pelakuran nuklear. / Describe nuclear fission.
• Memberikan contoh pelakuran nuklear. / Give examples of nuclear fission.
• Menghuraikan tindak balas berantai. / Describe chain reactions.
• Menghuraikan pelakuran nuklear. / Describe nuclear fusion.
• Memberikan contoh pelakuran nuklear. / Give examples of nuclear fusion.
• Menghubungkaitkan pelepasan tenaga tindak balas nuklear dengan perubahan jisim berdasarkan persamaan
• E = mc2. / Relate the release of energy in a nuclear reaction with change of mass according to the equation E = mc2.
• Menghuraikan penjanaan elektrik dari pelakuran nuklear. / Describe the generation of electricity from nuclear fission.
• Memberi alasan kuat untuk penggunaan pelakuran nuklear dalam penjanaan elektrik.
Justify the use of nuclear fission in the generation of electricity.
• Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan tenaga nuklear. / Solve problems involving nuclear energy.
• Menghuraikan kesan buruk bahan radioaktif. / Describe the negative effects of radioactive substances.
• Menghuraikan langkah-langkah keselamatan yang diperlukan dalam pengendalian bahan radioaktif.
Describe safety precautions needed in the handling of radioactive substances.
• Menghuraikan pengurusan buangan radioaktif. / Describe the management of radioactive waste.
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
5
Nuklid Nuklid ialah struktur atom tertentu yang mempunyai nombor nukleon dan nombor proton
Nuclide tersendiri.
A nuclide is an atom of a particular structure, having its own particular nucleon number and proton number.
A
Z X
Isotop ialah struktur atom yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi
Isotop
nombor nukleon yang berbeza.
Isotope
Isotopes are atoms which have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers.
10 X
(i) Nombor proton bagi X ialah 10 .
The proton number of X is 10 .
(ii) Nombor nukleon bagi X ialah 40 .
The nucleon number of X is 40 .
(iii) Bilangan neutron dalam nukleus X ialah 40 – 10 = 30 .
The number of neutrons in X nucleus is 40 – 10 = 30 .
(b)
12
6 C
(i) Nombor proton bagi atom C ialah 6 .
The proton number of C is 6 .
(ii) Nombor nukleon bagi atom C ialah 12 .
The nucleon number of C is 12 .
(iii) Bilangan neutron dalam atom C ialah 6 .
The number of neutrons in C nucleus is 6 .
(c)
84
36 Kr
(i) Berapakah bilangan neutron dalam nukleus atom kripton?
What is the number of neutrons in the nucleus of krypton?
84 – 36 = 48
(ii) Nukleus bagi kripton lain mempunyai dua neutron yang berlebihan. Tuliskan simbol dalam bentuk
A
Z X bagi atom kripton ini.
Another nuclide of krypton has two extra neutrons. Write the nuclide notation for this nuclide.
Bilangan neutron = 48 + 2 = 50
Nombor proton kekal sama dengan 36 memandangkan ianya elemen yang sama
Nombor nukleon = 36 + 50 = 86
86
Simbol bagi isotop kripton ini ialah 36 Kr
Number of neutrons = 48 + 2 = 50
5
The proton number remains at 36 since it is the same element
UNIT
Nucleon number = 36 + 50 = 86
86
Symbol for this isotope of krypton is 36 Kr
2 Isotop suatu unsur mempunyai bilangan proton dan bilangan elektron yang sama.
Isotopes of an element contain the same number of protons and the same number of electrons .
3 Kripton-84 dan Kripton-86 dikenali sebagai isotop bagi kripton. Jadi, isotop mempunyai ciri-ciri
kimia yang sama kerana tindak balas kimia melibatkan elektron dalam atom tersebut.
Krypton-84 and Krypton-86 are known as isotopes of krypton. So, isotopes have the same chemical properties because
chemical reactions involve the electrons in an atom.
4 Seterusnya, isotop mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang berbeza kerana jisimnya berbeza.
Therefore, isotopes have different physical properties because their mass is different.
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Keradioaktifan Keradioaktifan adalah penyusutan secara spontan nukleus yang tidak stabil
Radioactivity stabil zarah bertenaga
menjadi nukleus yang lebih dengan memancarkan
(sinaran radioaktif) atau foton.
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus into a
more stable nucleus accompanied by the emission of energetic particles (radioactive rays) or
photons.
Atau / Or
Adalah reputan secara spontan dan rawak satu nukleus yang tidak stabil kepada nukleus
yang stabil dengan memancarkan zarah alfa , beta atau sinar gama .
Is the spontaneous and random decay of an unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleus with emissions
Proses spontan Merujuk kepada proses yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar seperti suhu ,
Spontaneous process tekanan medan elektrik medan magnet
, dan .
Refers to a process that is not triggered by any external factors such as temperature ,
pressure , electric fields or magnetic fields .
Sinaran elektromagnet Ialah gelombang elektromagnet yang terdiri daripada kumpulan tenaga kecil yang dipanggil
Electromagnetic radiation foton .
Is electromagnetic waves that consist of small energy packets called photons .
Pancaran radioaktif Juga dikenali sebagai zarah yang bertenaga atau foton , seperti zarah alfa,
Radioactive emission
zarah beta dan sinar gama.
UNIT
Also known as energetic particles or photons , such as alpha particle, beta particle and
5
gamma ray.
Reputan radioaktif atau Proses di mana nukleus yang tidak stabil berubah kepada nukleus yang lebih stabil dengan
penyusutan radioaktif memancarkan sinar radioaktif.
Radioactive decay or Is the process in which an unstable nucleus changes into a more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.
radioactive disintegration
Sinaran
radioaktif Zarah alfa, α Zarah beta, β Sinar gama,
Radioactive Alpha particle, α Beta particle, β Gamma ray, γ
emissions
Elektron berhalaju tinggi
Nukleus helium / Helium nuclei Gelombang elektromagnet
Semula jadi Electrons with high velocity
4
Electromagnetic Wave
Nature
2 He 0
e
–1
Kuasa
Rendah / Low Sederhana Sangat tinggi / Very high
penembusan
Medium
Penetrating power
5 UNIT
Ciri-ciri Sinaran Radioaktif
Characteristics of Radioactive Emissions
Pengionan atom menghasilkan ion-ion (a) Sinar radioaktif yang mempunyai (a) Pesongan zarah beta lebih
positif negatif kuasa pengionan yang paling besar dari zarah alfa
dan ion-ion
tinggi akan mempunyai
The ionisation of an atom produces kerana jisim beta lebih kecil
kesan penembusan yang
positive ion and negative ions dari jisim alfa.
paling rendah .
Alfa / Alpha The deflection of beta particles is
Radiation which has the strongest
(a) Tumpat / Dense larger than alpha particles
ionising power will have the
(b) Runut yang lurus becuase beta particles have a
lowest penetration effect.
Straight tracks smaller mass than alpha
particles.
(c) Zarah alfa mempunyai jisim dan (b) Sinaran radioaktif akan (b) Sinaran gama tidak
momentum yang besar maka ia kehilangan sebahagian terpesong kerana ia
tidak mudah terpesong tenaganya setiap kali tidak membawa cas.
Alpha particle has a large pasangan ion dihasilkan. Gamma rays are not deflected
mass and momentum so it is The radioactive emission loses some of
because they do not carry any charge.
not easily deflected its energy each time an ion pair is
produced. Medan elektrik
(d) Zarah alfa menghasilkan banyak
Electric field
pasangan ion dalam medium. (c) Zarah alfa kehilangan tenaga
Alpha particles produce the most ion zarah-α
sangat cepat semasa bergerak α-particles
Sumber radioaktif
pairs in a medium. melalui medium. sinar-γ
γ-rays
Radioactive source
Alpha particles lose energy very zarah-β
quickly as they move through a medium. β-particles
(b) Zarah beta yang lebih perlahan pass through a magnetic field while gamma
zarah β
mempunyai runut yang β-particles rays are not deflected .
γ γ
pendek dan tebal
sinar γ
melengkung secara rawak. γ-rays α α
The slower beta particles have
short and thick tracks β
Sehelai Aluminium β
which curve in random directions. Plumbum
kertas (beberapa (beberapa
A sheet mm) cm)
of paper Aluminium Lead α, β, γ α, β, γ
(A few mm) (A few cm)
Petunjuk / Key:
Medan magnet ke
UNIT
dalam kertas
Magnetic field into
Zarah beta the paper
5
Beta particle
Gama / Gamma
Sinaran gama tidak menghasilkan
runut yang tebal, jelas dan
berterusan kerana
kuasa pengionan yang paling rendah.
The gamma rays do not produce thick, clear
and continuous tracks due to
their low ionising power.
Sinaran gama
Gamma ray
Reputan radioaktif:
Radioactive decay:
1 Apabila nukleus radioaktif mereput, nukleus akan pecah dan memancarkan zarah alfa atau
zarah beta dan tenaga . Ia menghasilkan atom baru bagi unsur yang berbeza.
When a radioactive nucleus decays, its nucleus break up and emits an alpha or beta particle and
energy . It forms a new atom of a different element.
2 Selepas reputan radioaktif, bilangan proton dan neutron dalam nukleus akan berubah.
After radioactive decay, the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei will change.
(a) Reputan alfa / Alpha decay
Persamaan bagi reputan alfa: / The general equation of alpha decay is:
X Y + He + Tenaga
A A–4 4 A A–4 4
Z Z–2 2 Z X Z–2Y + He + Energy
2
Nukleus Nukleus Zarah Parent Daughter Alpha
Induk anak alfa nuclide nuclide particle
• Dalam reputan alfa, nukleus yang tidak stabil memancarkan zarah alfa .
In alpha decay, the unstable parent nuclide emits an alpha particle.
• Nombor proton Z akan dikurangkan sebanyak 2 dan nombor neutron , A dikurangkan
sebanyak 4 pada nukleus anak.
The daughter nuclide, its proton Z reduced by 2 and the neutron nombor, A its reduced by 4.
Contoh / Example
Th + He Po Pb +
238 4 210 206
(a) 92 U 2
(b) 84 82
Penyelesaian / Solution
Th
234 4
(a) (b) He
5
90 2
UNIT
(b) Reputan Beta / Beta Decay
Persamaan bagi reputan beta: / The general equation of beta decay is:
X Y + e + Tenaga
A A A A
Y + e + Energy
0 0
Z Z+1 –1 Z X Z+1 –1
Nukleus Nukleus Zarah Parent Daughter Beta
induk anak beta nuclide nuclide particle
Apabila nukleus mereput dengan memancarkan zarah beta , maka nombor proton Z
ditambah sebanyak 1 tetapi nombor neutron , A, tidak berubah.
When a nuclide decays by emitting a beta particle, its proton number Z increases by 1 and its
neutron number, A does not change.
Contoh / Example
Y + e Ca +
90 0 40 40
(a) 38 Sr –1
(b) 19 K 20
Penyelesaian / Solution
90 0
(a) 39 Y (b) –1 e
X X+γ X+γ
A A A A
Z Z Z X Z
Tenaga Tenaga Higher Lower
tinggi rendah energy energy
(ii) Dalam reputan gama, nukleus dalam keadaan teruja (paras tenaga yang lebih tinggi) memancarkan
sinar γ untuk menukar kepada paras tenaga yang lebih rendah.
In gamma decay, a nucleus in an excited state (higher energy state) emits a γ-ray to change to a lower energy state.
(iii) Sinar gama dipancarkan sama ada bersama dengan zarah alfa atau beta dalam masa yang
sama.
Gamma rays are emitted at the same time together with either alpha or beta particles.
(iv) Tiada perubahan dalam nombor nukleon dan nombor proton .
There is no change in the nucleon number and proton number.
Contoh / Example
UNIT
Co + g
5
Co
60
(a) 27
Bi Po + e + g
214
(b)
0
83 84
(c)
Th Pb + He + e+g
232 208 4 0
90 82 2 –1
Th mereput menjadi Pb ?
232 208
Berapakah zarah alfa dan zarah beta yang dipancarkan apabila 90 82
232 208
How many alpha particles and beta particles are emitted when 90 Th decays into Pb ? 82
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) A = 60
Z = 27
Bi, e
214 0
(b) 83 –1
Th → Pb + 6 He + 4 e + g
232 208 4 0
(c) 90 82 2 –1
Siri Reputan
A decay series
Kadangkala nukleus anak (nukleus baru) bagi unsur radioaktif, masih lagi tidak stabil. Ianya akan mereput kepada
nukleus lain yang juga tidak stabil. Proses ini berterusan dan dikenali sebagai siri pereputan radioaktif
sehingga menghasilkan nukleus yang stabil .
Sometimes the daughter nuclide of a radioactive nucleus is still unstable. It will eventually decay into another nuclide which is also
unstable. This process continues and it is called a radioactive decay series until a stable nuclide is produced.
U Th Pa U Th Ra
238 α 234 β 234 β 234 α 230 α 226
92 90 91 92 90 88
Contoh / Example
U Th Pa U Ra
238 234 234 234 226
92 90 91 92 88
U Th + He
238 234 4
(i) 92 90 2
(ii) Semasa reputan alfa, nombor proton akan berkurang sebanyak 2 dan nombor neutron juga akan
berkurang sebanyak 2 atau nombor nukleon berkurang sebanyak 4.
During the alpha decay, the number of protons decreases by 2 and the number of neutrons also decreases by 2, that is,
the nucleon number decreases by 4.
(iii) 3 zarah alfa dan 2 zarah beta.
5
3 alpha particles and 2 beta particles.
UNIT
2 Rajah menunjukkan siri reputan radioaktif.
The diagram shows part of a radioactive decay series.
Nombor nukleon, A
Nucleon number (A)
238
I
III
234
II
230
226
Namakan zarah atau sinaran radioaktif yang dipancarkan dalam bahagian I, II dan III.
Name the particles or radiations emitted at parts I, II and III.
Penyelesaian / Solution
I : Zarah alfa / Alpha particle
II : Zarah beta / Beta particle
III : Zarah beta / Beta particle
Setengah hayat
Half-life
Setengah hayat bagi unsur radioaktif ialah masa yang diambil
untuk atom yang tidak stabil mereput menjadi
setengah daripada nilai asal atau setengah hayat ialah masa yang diambil untuk keaktifannya
berkurang menjadi setengah daripada nilai asalnya.
The half-life of a radioactive element is the time taken for the unstable atoms to decay to half of its original value or,
half-life is the time taken for its activity to fall to half of its original value.
Contoh / Example
1 Setengah hayat unsur radioaktif yang berjisim 40 g ialah 2 jam. Tentukan jisim unsur radioaktif yang sudah
mereput selepas 6 jam.
The half-life of a radioactive material of mass 40 g is 2 hours. Determine the mass of the radioactive material that has decayed
after 6 hours.
Penyelesaian
Solution
2 jam / hours 2 jam / hours 2 jam / hours
40 g 20 g 10 g 5g
Selepas 6 jam, 35 g sudah mereput
So after 6 hours, 35 g has decayed
UNIT
5
2 Setengah hayat untuk Natrium-24 ialah 16 jam. Berapakah masa yang diambil untuk Natrium-24 untuk
menyusut dari 0.64 g kepada 0.04 g?
The half-life of Sodium-24 is 16 hours. What is the time taken for Sodium-24 to shrink from 0.64 g to 0.04 g?
Penyelesaian
Solution
16 jam / hours 16 jam / hours 16 jam / hours 16 jam / hours
0.64 g 0.32 g 0.16 g 0.08 g 0.04 g
3 Setengah hayat untuk Ba-143 ialah 12 saat. Berapakah masa yang diambil untuk aktiviti Ba-143 berkurang
1
kepada daripada nilai asalnya? / The half-life of Ba-143 is 12 seconds. How long will it take for the activity of a Ba-
16 1
143 sample to be reduced to 16 of its original value?
[ Perhatian: "Unit" di sini mewakili unit aktiviti. / Note : "Unit" here is used to represent the unit of activity.]
Penyelesaian / Solution
12 s 1 12 s 1 12 s 1 12 s 1
1 unit unit unit unit unit
2 4 8 16
1
Masa untuk berkurang kepada unit = 12 s × 4 = 48 s
16
1
The time taken to be reduced to 16 unit = 12 s × 4 = 48 s
4 Rajah menunjukkan graf aktiviti lawan masa untuk suatu bahan radioaktif.
The diagram shows the graph of activity against time for a radioactive material.
Aktiviti / bilangan minit–1
Activity / counts minute–1
120
60
Masa / minit
0 20 70 Time / minutes
Berdasarkan graf di atas, tentukan setengah hayat bagi unsur radioaktif tersebut.
Based on the graph above, determine the half-life of the radioactive material.
Penyelesaian / Solution
Masa yang diambil oleh bahan radioaktif untuk menjadi setengah dari aktiviti 120 bilangan per minit kepada 60
bilangan per minit
= 70 minit – 20 minit = 50 minit
The time taken for the radioactive material to become half of its activity from 120 counts per minute to 60 counts per minute
= 70 minutes – 20 minutes = 50 minutes
Oleh itu, setengah hayat, T 1 = 50 minit
2
5
2
UNIT
5 Pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar reputan dan masa.
Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam graf aktiviti lawan masa di bawah.
KBAT
A student carries out an experiment to find out the relationship between decay rate and time. The result of the experiment is
shown in the graph of activity against time at the diagram below.
Aktiviti / bilangan per minit
Activity / counts per minute
500
400
300
200
100
Masa / jam
0 1 2 3 4 5 Time / hour
(a) Aktiviti No boleh didapatkan dari pintasan aktiviti. Tunjukkan pada graf, bagaimana untuk menentukan No
dan nyatakan nilai tersebut di dalam ruang di bawah.
Activity No can be obtained from activity intercept. Show on the graph how you would determine No and state the value
at the space given below.
No =
(b) Nyatakan hubungan antara aktiviti dan masa. / State the relationship between activity and time.
(c) Dari graf, / From the graph,
(i) tentukan setengah hayat, T 1 bagi unsur radioaktif. Tunjukkan di dalam graf bagaimana untuk
menentukan T 1 .
2
determine the half-life, T 1 , of the radioactive element. Show on the graph how you determine T 1 .
2 2
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Radioisotop adalah isotop yang tidak stabil yang mana nukleus yang tidak stabil
Radioisotop mereput dan memancarkan sinar radioaktif seperti a, b, g.
Radioisotope Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes with unstable nuclei which decay and emit radioactive emissions
like α, β, and γ.
Jenis
Bidang radioisotop Penggunaan radioisotop
Field Type of Uses of the radioisotope
radioisotope
5
The gamma rays emitted are studied using a gamma camera which produces a
UNIT
picture of patient’s lungs from the gamma radiation each one receives.
• Pesakit kemudiannya akan menghembus keluar semua xenon dan
hanya menerima sinaran dari dos yang kecil.
The patient soon breathes out all the xenon and receives only a tiny dose of
radiation.
5
Radiation treatment kill these pests and reduces the losses.
UNIT
• Sinar gama juga digunakan untuk mengawal serangga
perosak yang memusnahkan tanaman .
The gamma radiation is also used to control insect pests
• Satu unit jisim atom (u.j.a.) ialah jisim bagi satu per dua belas
Unit jisim atom (u.j.a.)
daripada jisim satu atom karbon-12, 6C.
12
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.)
atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) is 1 of the mass of the carbon-12 atom, 6C.
12
One
12
Tindak balas berantai • Tindak balas berantai ialah proses tindak balas pengekalan yang mana
Chain reactions hasil tindak balas ini boleh memulakan tindak balas seterusnya
Neutron yang serupa
Neutrons . (proses pembelahan nukleus yang berterusan)
A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction in which the
U-235
nukleus products of a reaction can initiate another similar reaction .
nucleus
U-235
• Dalam tindak balas berantai, pembelahan yang seterusnya bergantung
kepada penghasilan nukleus baru dan hentaman neutron .
In nuclear chain reactions, the succession depends on the production and
capture of neutrons .
• Satu neutron menghentam nukleus uranium maka 2 atau
Pembelahan
spontan 3 neutron dihasilkan.
Spontaneous neutron uranium nucleus
fission A bombards a then 2 or 3 neutrons
Lebih banyak
UNIT
are produced.
pembelahan terhasil
daripada hentaman • Neutron yang dihasilkan ini akan berlanggar dengan nukleus uranium
5
Pelakuran nukleus • Pelakuran nukleus adalah percantuman dua nukleus yang ringan
Nuclear fusion
menjadi nukleus yang lebih berat dengan membebaskan
Nukleus tenaga
Deuterium yang sangat besar.
Deuterium Nuclear fusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier
nucleus energy
nucleus with the release of large amount of .
Tenaga
+ Energy • Matahari mendapat tenaganya dari pelakuran nukleus hidrogen.
3 The Sun get its energy from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei.
H + 1H 2H + 0n + Tenaga
2 2 1
1
• Apabila dua isotop hidrogen-2 nukleus berlanggar dengan halaju
Deuterium
Energy Nukleus
Deuterium Helium yang tinggi , ia boleh bercantum dan menghasilkan nukleus yang
Helium
nucleus lebih berat. Tenaga yang besar dibebaskan.
When two hydrogen-2 nuclei moving at high speed collide , they combine
together to produce a heavier nucleus. A large amount of energy is released.
• Suhu gas mesti tinggi supaya nukleus-nukleus
yang ringan mempunyai tenaga kinetik purata yang tinggi.
Disebabkan keperluan suhu yang tinggi, pelakuran nukleus juga dikenali
sebagai tindak balas termonuklear .
The temperature of a gas must be high , giving a high
average kinetic energy . Due to the requirement of high temperature, nuclear
fusion is also known as a thermonuclear reaction .
5
Tenaga nuklear
UNIT
Nuclear Energy
1 Kedua-dua pembelahan nukleus dan pelakuran nukleus membebaskan tenaga yang sangat besar.
Both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release a large amount of energy .
2 Sumber tenaga ini adalah daripada jisim yang hilang dalam tindak balas nuklear.
The source of this energy is from the loss of mass in nuclear reactions.
3 Jumlah jisim zarah sebelum tindak balas adalah lebih daripada jumlah jisim zarah selepas
tindak balas.
Cacat jisim (jisim yang hilang) = jumlah jisim sebelum tindak balas – jumlah jisim selepas tindak balas
The sum of the masses of the particles before the reaction is more than the sum of the
masses of the particles after the reaction.
Mass defect = sum of the masses before the reaction – sum of the masses after the reaction
4 Jisim yang hilang (cacat jisim) dalam tindak balas nuklear bermaksud bahawa jisim tersebut telah berubah
menjadi tenaga .
A loss of mass (or mass defect) in a nuclear reaction means that the mass has been changed to energy .
5 Menurut Albert Einstein, hubungan antara jisim dan tenaga diberikan oleh persamaan:
According to Albert Einstein, the relationship between the mass and the energy is given by the equation:
E = mc2
i mana E = tenaga dibebaskan / Where E = energy released
D
m = jisim yang hilang atau cacat jisim / m = loss of mass or mass defect
c = halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1 / c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1
Latihan / Exercise
1 Polonium-210 mengalami reputan alfa untuk menjadi plumbum-206. Persamaan reputan ialah
Polonium-210 undergoes alpha decay to become plumbum-206. The equation for the decay is:
Po Pb + 2 He + Energy
210 206 4
82 84
Maklumat tambahan: / Additional information:
210 210
Jisim Po
82
/ Mass 82 Po = 209.982 a.m.u.
206 206
Jisim Pb
84
/ Mass 84 Pb = 205.969 a.m.u.
4 4
Jisim He
2 / Mass 2 He = 4.004 a.m.u.
1 a.m.u. = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Menggunakan persamaan dan maklumat di atas, kirakan
Using the equation and the information above, calculate
(a) cacat jisim / the mass defect
(b) tenaga dibebaskan / the energy released
Penyelesaian / Solution 210 206 4
= 1.345 × 10–12 J
2 Dalam ujian letupan nuklear, 0.5 g uranium telah ditukar kepada tenaga dalam masa 0.05 µs. Berapakah
kuasa dalam letupan nuklear?
[Halaju cahaya = 3.0 × 108 m s–1]
In a test of nuclear explosion, 0.5 g of uranium has been converted to energy in 0.05 µs. What is the power of the nuclear
explosion?
[Velocity of light = 3.0 × 108 m s–1]
Penyelesaian / Solution
E
Kuasa / Power, P =
t
mc2
=
t
(0.5 × 10–3) kg × (3.0 × 108 m s-1)2
=
(0.05 × 10–6) s
= 9 × 10 W
20
189
Berlaku kepada
Memerlukan Pembelahan nukleus Pelakuran mempunyai tenaga kinetik
hentaman oleh satu Nukleus Occurs to the Nukleus yang cukup besar untuk
neutron Nuclear nucleus Nuclear bercantum dan membentuk
Requires the satu nukleus yang lebih berat.
Fission Fusion
bombardment of a Two light nuclei have large enough
neutron kinetic energy to fuse and form a
heavier nucleus.
UNIT 5
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Kelebihan Kekurangan
Advantages Disadvantages
• Kos menggunakan kuasa nuklear sama seperti arang, • Kos permulaan untuk membentuk dan membina stesen
jadi ianya tidak mahal . kuasa nuklear adalah sangat tinggi .
Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it is The initial cost to design and build a nuclear power station is
not expensive . very high .
People who work in the nuclear power station and those living
• Menghasilkan radioisotop yang berguna yang exposed to excessive radiation
nearby may be
boleh digunakan dalam perindustrian, perubatan,
.
pertanian dan kajian.
Produces useful radioisotopes as by products that can be
used in industry, medicine, agriculture and research.
• Langkah-langkah keselamatan dalam pengurusan
reaktor nuklear adalah maju dan selamat.
Safety procedures in the administration of nuclear reactors are
very advanced and safe.
Cadangan Penerangan
Suggestions Explanation
• Gunakan forsep atau robot kawalan jauh. Jarak antara sumber dan
badan mestilah jauh.
Use forceps or remote control robot. Maintain a safe distance from the source.
• Pakai penutup muka untuk melindungi mata daripada terdedah
Peralatan yang digunakan dalam kepada pemancaran.
menguruskan sumber radioaktif. Wear a mask to protect the eyes from radiation exposure.
The equipment to be used in handling a
radioactive source. • Pakai kot yang kalis pemancaran supaya pemancaran tidak akan
menembusi badan.
Wear a radiation-proof coat so that the radiation cannot penetrate the body.
• Pakai lencana filem untuk mengesan kadar radiasi yang terdedah.
Wear a film badge to detect amount of radiation exposed.
Langkah berjaga-jaga yang diperlukan • Pastikan masa pendedahan adalah dalam jangka masa yang
apabila mengendalikan sumber radioaktif. singkat.
Other precautions that need to be taken when Keep exposure time as short as possible.
handling a radioactive source.
5 UNIT
L atihan Pengukuhan / Enrichment Exercise
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sinaran-sinaran radioaktif di 2 Satu tengkorak manusia yang dijumpai
dalam medan elektrik. menunjukkan keradioaktifan 30 bilangan per saat.
Diagram 1 shows radioactive rays in electric field. Tengkorak baru menunjukkan keradioaktifan 120
bilangan per saat. Jika separuh hayat karbon-14
adalah 5 600 tahun, berapa usia tengkorak itu?
Sumber R An old human skull that has been found, produces
radioaktif
S radioactive rays with radioactivity of 30 counts per
Radioactive
T
source second. A new skull produces radioactivity of 120 counts
per second. If the half life of Carbon-14 is 5 600 years,
how old is the skull?
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 A 11 200 tahun / years
Sinar yang manakah mewakili zarah alfa? B 22 400 tahun / years
Which of the radioactive ray is alpha particles? C 168 000 tahun / years
A R D 672 000 tahun / years
B S
C T
3 Seorang pelajar ingin mengkaji jenis sinar radioaktif Jadual 4 menunjukkan keputusan penyiasatan.
yang dipancarkan oleh sumber radioaktif. Rajah 3 Table 4 shows the results.
menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan.
Sinar latar belakang 25 bilangan per minit
A student wishes to study the type of radioactive radiation
Background count 25 counts per minute
emitted by a radioactive source. The arrangement of the
apparatus used is as shown in Diagram 3. Bilangan dengan sumber 630 bilangan per
Penyerap
sahaja minit
Absorber Meter kadar Count with source only 630 counts per minute
Rate meter
Bilangan dengan sumber
630 bilangan per
dan kertas penghadang
minit
Count with source and paper
630 counts per minute
absorber
Sumber radioaktif Tiub Geiger
Radioactive source Muller Bilangan dengan sumber
Geiger Muller dan penghadang 180 bilangan per
Tube aluminium ketebalan 3 mm minit
Rajah 3 / Diagram 3 Count with source and 180 counts per minute
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan kajian yang aluminium absorber 3 mm thick
dilakukan. Jadual 4 / Table 4
Table 3 shows the result of the study. Sumber itu memancarkan / The source emits
A zarah-zarah alfa dan beta.
Penyerap Bacaan meter kadar
Absorber Rate meter reading
alpha and beta particles.
B zarah beta dan sinar gama.
Udara / Air 120 beta particles and gamma rays.
Kertas / Paper 119 C zarah beta sahaja
Aluminium 3 mm beta particles only.
50 D sinar gama sahaja.
Aluminium 3 mm
gamma rays only.
Plumbum 10 cm
50
Lead 10 cm
5 Persamaan menunjukkan penyusutan jisim
Jadual 3 / Table 3 nukleus X.
Apakah jenis sinar yang dipancarkan oleh sumber The equation shows the decay of the nuclide X.
radioaktif itu? / What type of radiation is emitted by the
Y + He
226 P 4
radioactive source? 88 X Q 2
A Zarah alfa / Alpha particle
B Zarah beta / Beta particle Apakah nilai P dan Q ?
C Sinar gama / Gamma ray What are the values of P and Q?
UNIT
7 Persamaan berikut mewakili pelakuran nukleus. 9 Jadual 9 menunjukkan empat nuklid radioaktif.
The following equation represents a nuclear fusion. Table 9 shows the half-life of four radioactive nuclides.
He + n + Tenaga
Nuklid radioaktif Setengah hayat
H+ H
2 3 4 1
Radioactive nuclides Half-life
1 1 2 0
Energy Ga 4 063 s
Jika tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas Rn 50 s
tersebut itu ialah 5.64 x 10–12 J, hitung cacat jisim Bi 128 s
daripada tindak balas itu.
If the energy released in the above reaction is 5.64 × 10–12 J, Pb 1 600 s
calculate the mass defect from the reaction. Jadual 9 / Table 9
[1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg; c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1] Reputan radioaktif salah satu daripada nuklid
A 0.009432 u radioaktif tersebut ditunjukkan pada Rajah 9.
B 0.018863 u The radioactive decay for one of these radioactive nuclides
C 0.037751 u is shown in Diagram 9.
D 0.075452 u Kadar bilang / bilang sesaat
Count rate / counts per second
60
5
C Bi
UNIT
Jadual 8
D Pb
Table 8
Sampel manakah yang paling sesuai untuk
pemeriksaan ginjal? 10 Pernyataan yang manakah benar tentang
Which sample is most suitable to be used for examining the kegunaan bahan radioaktif?
kidney? Which statement is true about the use of radioactive
A Kobalt-60 substance?
Cobalt-60
A Mengenal pasti wang kertas palsu.
B Strontium-90
To identify counterfeit bank notes.
Strontium-90
B Menentukan kandungan bagasi penumpang
C Iodin-131
kapal terbang.
Iodine-131
To determine the contents in the baggage of airplane
D Polonium-210 passengers.
Polonium-210 C Menentukan jantina janin dalam rahim.
To determine the sex of a foetus.
D Sebagai kawalan perosak dalam pertanian.
As pest control in agriculture.
100
75
50
25
Masa/hari
0 Time/days
5 10 15 20
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
(a) Apakah maksud isotop?
What is meant by isotope?
Atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang berbeza.
Atoms of elements which have same proton number, but different nucleon number.
(ii) Lengkapkan lengkungan dalam Rajah 1.1 sehingga masa = 20 hari. Plot secara tepat hubungan nilai
peratus aktiviti dengan masa.
5
Complete the curve in Diagram 1.1 as far as time = 20 days. Plot the exact corresponding values of the percentage
activity and time.
(c) Radas ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.2 bagi eksperimen untuk mencari julat zarah α di dalam udara.
In an experiment to find the range of α-particles in air, the apparatus in Diagram 1.2 is set-up.
Sumber zarah a Pengesan
α-particle source Detector
Pembaris
Ruler
Rajah 1.2
Diagram 1.2
Jadual 1
Table 1
(i) Namakan satu pengesan yang sesuai untuk mengesan zarah α dalam udara.
Name one suitable detector to detect α-particles in air.
Tiub Geiger Muller
Background reading.
(iii) Anggarkan kadar bilangan yang hanya dipengaruhi oleh sumber pada jarak 2 cm.
Estimate the count rate that is only due to the source at a distance of 2 cm.
562 – 20//19//21 = 542// 543// 541 bilangan / minit.
5
In large scale/ number, shows the existing of α-particles.
UNIT
2 Polonium-210 adalah satu radioisotop bagi polonium. Suatu sampel radioisotop yang mengandungi 400 g
Polonium-210 mengalami proses reputan. Setengah-hayat Polonium-210 adalah 140 hari.
Polonium-210 is a radioisotope of polonium. A radioisotope sample that contains 400 g of Polonium-210 undergoes a decay
process. The half-life of Polonium-210 is 140 days.
(a) Apakah maksud setengah-hayat?
What is the meaning of half-life?
Setengah hayat ialah masa yang diambil untuk jisim/aktiviti radioisotop menjadi separuh daripada nilai
jisim/aktiviti asalnya.
Half-life is the time taken for the mass/activity of radioisotope to become half of its mass/activity.
(b) Beri satu sebab mengapa Polonium-210 mengalami proses reputan.
State one reason why Polonium-210 undergoes a decay process.
Untuk menjadi lebih stabil.
(ii) Pada Rajah 2, lakar graf untuk menunjukkan proses reputan Polonium-210.
On Diagram 2, sketch a graph to show the decay process of Polonium-210.
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
400
300
200
100
50
Masa/hari
0 Time/days
100 200 300 400
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
UNIT
5