Abstract ICEBAST - Sinta Wulandari and Rina Rosalina

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The 3rd International Conference on Economics, Business and Accounting Studies

ICEBAST 2017 – Faculty of Economics and Business – Universitas Jember

Nonperforming loan and macroeconomic performances in ASEAN 3:


Case study of consumer loans of commercial banks
Sinta Wulandari dan Rina Rosalina

Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Jember


Kalimantan Street No. 37, Post Code (68121), Jember, East Java, Indonesia.
1
Email: shinta.wd611@gmail.com, rina.rosalina163@gmail.com

Abstract

Bank’s loan quality is one of the major causes of financial fragility. This study is motivated by
the hypothesis that macroeconomic has an effect on loan quality that attracted interest over the
last two decades. We investigate the link between nonperforming loan (NPL) and
macroeconomic performance of commercial banks in ASEAN 3 over the period 2005q1–
2016q4 in a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model. NPL is modeled at the
macroeconomic level of each banking sector in ASEAN 3 countries. According to our
estimated model, changes in macroeconomic conditions generally affect loan quality. There is
evidence in our findings that performance and inefficiency measures may serve as leading
indicators for future problem loans.

JEL Classifications: C23, F4

Keywords: Loan quality; nonperforming loan; macroeconomic; commercial banks; PVAR

I. INTRODUCTION
Sektor perbankan memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan ekonomi suatu negara.
Kegiatan utama perbankan dalam perekonomian adalah menyalurkan dana dari pihak yang
surplus kepada pihak yang defisit. Perbankan berperan dalam memanfaatkan dana deposito
dengan cara yang efisien, pembagian risiko serta berperan signifikan tehadap pertumbuhan
ekonomi. Selain itu, sistem perbankan juga memiliki peran penting bagi keseluruhan sistem
keuangan (Badar, at. al., 2013). Lembaga keuangan khususnya perbankan berfungsi dalam
mengoperasikan seluruh kegiatan perekonomian karena lembaga keuangan memiliki peran
penting untuk mentransformasikan deposito kepada investasi yang produktif.
Kinerja kredit perbankan memiliki hubungan erat terhadap siklus perekonomian (Beck, et.
al., 2013). Krisis global pada tahun 2007-2008 berkontribusi terhadap tingkat non-performing
loan (NPL) perbankan. Rasio NPL merupakan salah satu indikator yang paling relevan dalam
kesehatan sistem perbankan. Tingginya tingkat non-performing loan (NPL) pada sistem
perbankan atau kecenderungan peningkatan pada non-performing loan (NPL) dapat
menyebabkan penurunan profitabilitas dan capital adequacy ratio bank (İslamoğlu, 2015).
Peningkatan non-performing loan memiliki pengaruh secara negatif terhadap pertumbuhan
ekonomi melalui penurunan dana pinjaman (İslamoğlu, 2015). Non-performing loan merupakan
indikator utama yang menyebabkan kegagalan sirkulasi dana dalam sistem keuangan. Buruknya
kualitas kredit perbankan merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya kerapuhan sistem keuangan.
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Rata-rata GDP ASEAN 3 Indonesia Malaysia Thailand
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Gambar 1.1 Tingkat Non-performing Loan (NPL) dan rata-rata GDP di ASEAN 3 Tahun
2003-2015

Non-performing loans telah menjadi isu pada sektor perbankan yang banyak dibahas dalam
beberapa periode terakhir. Tingkat non-performing loan pada sektor perbankan diasumsikan
sebagai indikator yang penting bagi stabilitas keuangan karena menggambarkan kualitas aset,
risiko kredit dan efisiensi dalam pengalokasian sumber daya ke sektor produktif (Anjom &
Karim, 2015). Gambar 1.1 menunjukkan fluktuasi nonperforming loan di negara ASEAN 3 yaitu
Indonesia, Malaysia dan Thailand terhadap pergerakan rata-rata GDP ketiga negara tersebut.
Fluktuasi NPL dari tahun ke tahun di ketiga negara ASEAN tersebut cenderung menunjukkan
tren yang semakin menurun. Tren tersebut diikuti dengan pergerakan GDP yang semakin stabil
dan cenderung meningkat. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa semakin baik kualitas kredit
perbankan yang ditandai dengan menurunnya tingkat NPL dapat memiliki kontribusi positif
terhadap kinerja perekonomian. Demikian sebaliknya, kinerja perekonomian yang ditandai
dengan semakin meningkatnya GDP di ASEAN 3 cenderung diikuti oleh tren positif pada
kualitas kredit perbankan. Hal tersebut dapat mengindikasikan bahwa GDP memiliki hubungan
yang erat dengan siklus kredit pada sistem keuangan. Kondisi perekonomian dengan kinerja
yang semakin membaik dapat mendorong lembaga keuangan untuk meningkatkan penyaluran
kredit kepada masayarakat dan begitu pula sebaliknya jika perekonomia sedang terpuruk, maka
lembaga keuangan cenderung memperketat pemberian kredit kepada masyarakat untuk
meminimalisir risiko kredit.
Kinerja sektor perbankan dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Variabel
makroekonomi merupakan faktor eksternal yang menentukan kualitas pinjaman dan kebijakan
perbankan (Mondal, 2016). Kinerja makroekonomi memiliki dampak yang berbeda terhadap
kualitas pinjaman tergantung pada tipe peminjam (Bofondi & Ropele, 2011). Kemerosotan
kondisi makroekonomi berhubungan dengan masalah layanan kredit yang diimplikasikan dengan
peningkatan NPL (Nkusu, 2011). Periode pertumbuhan ekonomi biasanya ditandai dengan
pertumbuhan kredit yang cukup kuat dan hal tersebut dapat mendorong kecenderungan
peningkatan dalam pengambilan risiko. Prosiklikalitas kinerja sektor perbankan dan tingginya
aktivitas ekonomi merupakan tanda bagi perekonomian yang berfluktuasi terlalu tajam dan oleh
karena itu, perlambatan dalam aktivitas ekonomi dapat mengakselerasi pertumbuhan rasio NPL
(Clichici, 2013).
Pengujian terhadap determinan makroekonomi terhada kualitas pinjaman bank di negara
Itali pada 20 tahun terakhir dilakukan oleh Bofondi & Ropele (2011). Penelitian tersebut
menganalisis kualitas pinjaman rumah tangga dan perusahaan secara terpisah dengan alasan
bahwa variabel-variabel makroekonomi dapat memengaruhi kedua indikator pinjaman tersebut
secara berbeda. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bofondi & Ropele
(2011) tersebut yaitu kualitas pinjaman rumah tangga dan perusahaan dapat dipengaruhi oleh
variabel-variabel makroekonomi dengan nilai yang relatif kecil dimana sebagian besar
tergantung pada karakteristik umum perekonomian suatu negara, biaya pinjaman dan beban
hutang. Perubahan dalam kondisi makroekonomi secara umum memengaruhi kualitas pinjaman
dengan lag. Model estimasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian tersebut menyediakan hasil yang
kuat untuk menggambarkan krisis keuangan.
Hubungan antara non-performing loan dan kinerja perekonomian menggunakan regresi
data panel dilakukan oleh Nkusu (2011) pada 26 negara maju. Hasil penelitian tersebut
menunjukkan bahwa kerugian dalam pembangunan ekonomi didorong oleh peningkatan non-
performing loan (NPL). Estimasi hubungan timbal balik antara NPL dan determinan
makroekonomi menggunakan model Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) menunjukkan hasil
bahwa NPL merupakan indikator utama dalam hubungan antara pembatasan pasar kredit dan
kerapuhan makrofinansial.
Dinamika jangka pendek yang diestimasi dengan vector error correction model (VECM)
pada penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Badar, et. al., 2013 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan
jangka pendek yang lemah antara non-performing loan dengan inflasi dan nilai tukar. Indikator
makroekonomi yang cukup besar dalam memengaruhi tingkat non-performing loan menjadi
kontribusi dari hasil penelitian tersebut bagi pembuat kebijakan untuk mengontrol dampak
kondisi perekonomian terhadap non-performing loan.
Mondal (2016) menganalisis mengenai dampak potensial variabel makroekonomi terhadap
jatuhnya pinjaman pada 22 bank komersial di Bangladesh pada tahun 2005-2014. Kegagalan
kredit diukur dengan tingkat NPL yang mengindikasikan kerapuhan sistem kredit perbankan dan
industri keuangan. Sementara variabel makroekonomi yang digunakan meliputi pertumbuhan
GDP, inflasi tingkat suku bunga perbankan dan tingkat pengangguran. Hasil analisis
ekonometrika menunjukkan bahwa NPL memiliki tingkat sensitivitas negatif terhadap inflasi dan
tingkat suku bunga serta sensitif secara positif terhadap GDP dan tingkat pengangguran.
Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Laila & Hyderabad, 2017) menemukan bahwa indikator
makroekonomi yang berupa pendapatan per kapita dan inflasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap
NPL pada bank sektor publik. Pada kasus bank swasta, pendapatan per kapita memiliki pengaruh
yang signifikan terhadap NPL sedangkan variabel spesifik bank yaitu ukuran bank dan total
pinjaman pada sektor perbankan signifikan pada level 10%.

The banking sector has an important role in the economic development of a country. The
main activity of banks in the economy is to channel funds from the surplus to the deficit party.
Banking plays a role in utilizing deposit funds in an efficient way, risk sharing and play a
significant role in economic growth. In addition, the banking system also plays an important role
for financial system as a whole (Badar, al., 2013). Financial institutions, especially banks,
operate all economic activities because financial institutions have an important role to transform
deposit funds to productive investments.
Credit performance of bank has a close relationship to the economic cycle (Beck, et al.,
2013). The global crisis in 2007-2008 contributed to the banking non-performing loans (NPLs).
NPLs ratio is one of the most relevant indicators in the health of the banking system. High levels
of non-performing loans (NPLs) in the banking system or an upward trend in non-performing
loans (NPLs) can lead to a decrease in bank profitability and capital adequacy ratio (İslamoğlu,
2015). The increase of non-performing loans has a negative effect on economic growth through
declining loan funds (İslamoğlu, 2015). Non-performing loans is the main indicator that causes
failure of fund circulation in financial system. Bad quality of banking credit is a major cause of
the fragility of the financial system.

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GDP ASEAN 3 Indonesia Malaysia Thailand

Figure 1.1 Non-performing loan (NPL) rates and average GDP in ASEAN 3

Non-performing loans have been an issue in the banking sector that has been discussed in
recent periods. The level of non-performing loans in the banking sector is assumed to be an
important indicator of financial stability as it reflects asset quality, credit risk and efficiency in
allocating resources to productive sectors (Anjom & Karim, 2015). Figure 1.1 shows the
fluctuation of non-performing loans in ASEAN 3 countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia and
Thailand against the average movement of GDP of the three countries. NPL fluctuations from
year to year in the three ASEAN countries tend to show a declining trend. The trend is followed
by the movement of GDP which is increasingly stable and tends to increase. This indicates that
the better the quality of bank credit is marked by the decline in the NPL level can have a positive
contribution to economic performance. In contrast, economic performance marked by increasing
GDP in ASEAN 3 tends to be followed by a positive trend in the quality of bank credit. It may
indicate that GDP has a close relationship with the credit cycle of the financial system. Economic
conditions with improved performance can encourage financial institutions to increase credit
distribution to the community and vice versa if the economy is down, the financial institutions
tend to tighten lending to the public to minimize credit risk.
Banking sector performance is influenced by internal and external factors. Macroeconomic
variables are external factors that determine the quality of loans and banking policies (Mondal,
2016). Macroeconomic performance has a different impact on the quality of loans depending on
the type of borrower (Bofondi & Ropele, 2011). The deterioration of macroeconomic conditions
is related to credit service issues implied by the increase in NPLs (Nkusu, 2011). The period of
economic growth is usually characterized by a strong credit growth and it can encourage an
increasing trend in risk taking. The proliferation of banking sector performance and high
economic activity is a sign for a fluctuating fluctuating economy and hence, a slowdown in
economic activity may accelerate the growth in the NPLs ratio (Clichici, 2013).
Testing of macroeconomic determinants of the quality credit of bank in the Italian state in
the last 20 years conducted by Bofondi & Ropele (2011). The study analyzed the quality of
household and enterprise loans separately on the grounds that macroeconomic variables could
influence both indicators differently. Results that obtained in research conducted by Bofondi &
Ropele (2011) are the quality of household loans and companies can be influenced by
macroeconomic variables with a relatively small value which largely depends on the general
characteristics of a country's economy, borrowing costs and burden of debt. Changes in
macroeconomic conditions generally affect the quality of loans with lag. The estimation model
used in the study provides strong results to illustrate the financial crisis.
The relationship between non-performing loans (NPLs) and macroeconomic performance
using panel data regression was done by Nkusu (2011) in 26 developed countries. The results
show that the losses in economic development are driven by an increase in non-performing loans
(NPLs). Estimation of the relationship between NPLs and macroeconomic determinants using
the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) model shows the result that NPLs are the main
indicators in the relationship between credit market restrictions and macrofinancial vulnerability.
Short-term dynamics estimated with the vector error correction model (VECM) in a study
conducted by Badar, et. al., (2013) indicates that there is a weak short-term relationship between
non-performing loans (NPLs), inflation and exchange rates. The substantial macroeconomic
indicators in influencing non-performing loan rates are contributing to the results of these studies
for policy makers to control the impact of the economy on non-performing loans.
Mondal (2016) analyzed the potential impact of macroeconomic variables on the fall of
credit to 22 commercial banks in Bangladesh in 2005-2014. Credit failure is measured by the
level of NPLs indicating the fragility of the banking credit system and the financial industry.
While the macroeconomic variables used include GDP growth, inflation, bank interest rates and
unemployment rates. Results of econometric analysis indicate that NPLs have a negative
sensitivity to inflation and interest rates and are positively sensitive to GDP and the level of
unemployment.
Research conducted by Laila & Hyderabad (2017) found that macroeconomic indicators of
per capita incomes and inflation significantly affected NPLs in public sector banks. In the case of
private banks, per capita income has a significant influence on NPLs while the specific variables
of banks are bank size and total credit in the banking sector is significant at 10% level.

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