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Final Report Highway Engineering
Final Report Highway Engineering
Final Report Highway Engineering
PROJECT TITLE:
– PROPOSED A NEW ROAD AT FELDA PALONG ENAM-
MARKS
I
DECLARATION
“We acknowledge that this project is written out on our effort except for excerpts in
which we have stated source”
i. Signature:
Name:
Date:
ii. Signature:
Name:
Date:
iii. Signature:
Name:
Date:
II
iv. Signature:
Name:
Date:
v. Signature:
Name:
Date:
vi. Signature:
Name:
Date:
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Highway Engineering
lecturer, En Khairul Nizam Bin Yunus for the continuous support to completing this
project, for his motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped
us a lot in all the time of doing the project and writing this report. Without him, we
would not end our semester successfully.
We also wanted to thank to all my fellow groupmates for the stimulating
discussion, for the sleepless night us working together before deadlines, and for all the
fun we have had in this semester. Also we want to thank to our family for giving us
moral support, money, guidance and we are very grateful for having a family
groupmates and lecturer that are very supportive and helpful. Thank you so much.
IV
ABSTRACT
This paper is an innovative of using mass haul diagram for development of new road
to connect the road with FELDA at Palong Enam. Mass haul diagram (MHD) are used
to compare the economics of the various methods of earthwork distribution on road.
One important aspect of roadway design is determining the amount of earthwork
necessary on a project. Earthwork includes the excavation of existing earth material
and any placement of fill material required for constructing the embankment. The
manual method for determining earth excavation and embankment amounts involves
four steps: determining the ground level, proposed a formation level on new road, the
areas in cut and the areas in fill are calculated, and the volumes between the sections
are computed. Cut and fill are the terms that are usually used for the areas of the
section; the terms excavation and embankment generally refer to volumes. Mass
diagrams (or mass-haul diagrams) are plots of the cumulative volumes of cut and fill
along an alignment. Typically, the mass diagram is plotted below a profile of the route,
with the ordinate at any station representing the sum of the volumes of cut and fill up
to that station. With consideration for shrinkage factor, stations mass ordinates were
computed and its diagram generated easily and successfully. An example of a mass
diagram is shown below, with its associated profile. Steps used to create a mass
diagram are presented in the Excel demonstration included with this page. The most
economical way to handle the distribution of earthwork volumes can be determined
from the diagram.
CONTENTS
DECLARATION I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III
CONTENT IV
LIST OF TABLES VI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.5 Summary 6
3.1 Introduction 7
VI
4.1 Introduction 14
4.2 Conclusion 14
4.3 Recommendations 15
REFERRENCES 16
VII
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Road is the main construction that almost occupies half of the construction project in
the world. Every road in the world have its own characteristics, size, shape and also
the material for each of the roads type. Road consist of several types which is street,
main road, highway road, countryside road. These types of road usually easily found
at any places in the world. Before constructing and create new road at some places,
some research works need to do first such as identify the type of soil, the contour of
the place, determine the shape of the earth at the places, and the amount of the soil at
the places. For doing the research, Mass Haul Diagram is one of the research work for
construct and build the new road.
2
Mass diagrams determine the average haul, free haul, and overhaul on a given segment
of roadway. Mass diagrams tell the contractors and inspectors the quantity of material
moved and how far it can be economically moved. Mass Diagrams are used to calculate
the average or free haul between two given balance points and also the average or free
haul for the entire project area. The Mass Haul Diagram also tell the contractor which
way the dirt is to be moved and the quantity of dirt to be moved
For the project given, a road must be construct and build using the topographic map
that is taken from the Geomatic lab in FKAAS. Using the topographic map given, the
road must be construct by the contour on the map. Based on the topographic map that
has been chosen which in Palong Enam , in between Negeri Sembilan and Johor, the
places is chosen with the contour in it and the area of the soil and place is calculate
by using the Mass Haul Diagram method.
3
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.0 Introduction
In this chapter, we will explain on how the calculation and the method to form a mass
haul diagram from the determining of ground level, proposed the formation level for
new road, identify the chainage and plotting the cumulative volume by using excel.
However, the manual method for determining earth excavation and embankment
amounts involves three steps: cross sections of the proposed highway are placed on
the original ground cross sections, the areas in cut and the areas in fill are calculated,
and the volumes between the sections are computed. Cut and fill are the terms that are
usually used for the areas of the section; the terms excavation and embankment
generally refer to volumes. The methods used to manually calculate cut and fill areas
are presented in most surveying textbooks.
Formation level is the level at which excavation ceases and construction commences.
It is the lowest point of the path structure. It is the prepared ground on which the sub
base layer is laid. When planning the design and construction of the road, the given
site is not level and must be modified before any construction can begin. So, the
formation level must be done to get the accurate level to construct a new road in Felda
Palong Enam. The topography map describes the existing slopes of land and we
assume 48m to get the formation level on the topography. Each line on the topography
may represents a change in elevation of 20 feet.
The table below shows ground level and formation levels for a proposed road
construction. Embankments are to be built with side slopes of 1: 0.5 and cuttings with
slopes of 1:0.5. The embankment crest width and cutting base width is 10m. It may be
assumed that the ground is horizontal across the section.
From the data given on table 2, the calculation is made to produce cumulative volume
as shown in table 3.2 and to draw a mass haul diagram, the scale that we are using is
x axis: 2cm = 500m and y axis: 2 cm = 20000m. The mass haul diagram is plotted by
chainage against cumulative volume where the interval every chainage is 250m. The
maximum chainage and highest value of cumulative volume on the graph is 3500m
and -40730.5𝑚3 .
Then, the road profile in Felda Palong Enam and mass haul diagram is plotted.
On the road profile, the maximum point on the curve will represents the end of a cut
and vice versa meanwhile, a rising curve on mass haul diagram indicate an increasing
volume (cut) and a falling curve represents a decreasing volume(fill). Lastly, a table
of waste and borrow is constructed in table 3.3 to determine the volume of waste or
borrow material on site.
2.5 Summary
Mass diagrams (or mass-haul diagrams) are plots of the cumulative volumes of cut and
fill along an alignment. Typically, the mass diagram is plotted below a profile of the
route, with the ordinate at any station representing the sum of the volumes of cut and
fill up to that station. A result of a mass diagram is shown on the next chapter with its
associated profile. Steps used to create a mass diagram are presented in the Excel
demonstration included with this page.
The most economical way to handle the distribution of earthwork volumes can
be determined from the diagram. It is also extremely used in determining the most
economical distribution of material. When reading a mass haul diagram, if the data
line rises that indicates a net excavations (cut) area. A dropping data line indicates an
area of net embankment (fill).
7
CHAPTER 3
DATA ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we would like to explain and discuss about the method we use
to solve the problems. Based on problems statement that stated in the project
instruction, we decided to use Mass Haul Diagram method which this method
are use to determine the cut and fill level for the formation level and determine
the suitable amount borrow or haul of the subgrade compaction to avoid the
waste of soil happen. The data information is assume based on the foundation
books as a reference to solve the problems.
8
Figure 3.1: Proposed formation level and existing ground level for the construction of a road
Figure 3.0 shows the proposed formation level and existing ground level for the construction of a road. For ground level, the data obtained
from contour in the topography map. Based on the ground level data obtained, the formation level used is 48m with one same value. This is
to construct a straight and new path without hilly, also, to provide a comfortable and facilitate to the residents while using the road. Other
than that, it is to facilitate the construction work since the purposed road is straight and upright.
9
Table 3.1 shows information data of the existing road with the ground level,
formation level, and the chainage. Total chainage of the construction road is
3500m (3.5km). The maximum ground level is 55m, meanwhile, the lowest
ground level is 37. Between 55 and 37, 48 are the most suitable value of
formation level to construct a straight road without a hill.
10
Table 3.2 shows the calculation of cumulative volume. Slope stakes define the limits of grading work. When used in reading work, they can be
used as guides in determining the width of clearing necessary. In this construction, 0.5 of slope used, and the value is constant for every chainage.
For the base, the value used is 10m, this is because, the road is constructed with two-lane which one traveling in one direction and the other one
traveling in the opposite direction, therefore, 10m are the most suitable value for the base to construct in this type of road.
* Please refer appendix for the example of calculation for chainage at 250m.
-40000
-60000
-80000
-100000
-120000
1125 2175
-20000
Cumulative Volume (m3)
-40000
-60000
-80000
-100000
-120000
Figure 3.4 shows the mass haul diagram drawn based on cumulative volume and
chainage. Based on the graph, the falling curve represents a decreasing volume
which is filling process happen. Meanwhile, the rising curve indicates an
increasing volume where the process of cutting off the existing road happen.
The minimum point is at 1125m of chainage with 81,250m3 of the cumulative
volume whereas the maximum point is at 2175m of chainage with 40,000m3 of
the cumulative volume. The minimum point represents the end of fill which also
a start of a cut, meanwhile, the maximum on the curve represent the end of the
cut as the start of the fill.
Table 3.5 Indicates the volume of waste and borrow material. The total volume
of cut is 41,250 m3 (81,250m3 – 40,000m3), while the total volume of fill is
143,737.50 m3. Since there is no river along the construction road, therefore the
process of haul can happen and there is no soil are wasted. But, the construction
work needs to borrow soil from other places that have the same characteristics
as the site soil. The total soil that needs to borrow is 102,487.5 m3.
14
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses about the discussion and recommendation based on the project
given on proposed a new road at Felda Palong Enam. We have been chosen the best
elevation and method for the area in a given topography.
4.2 Conclusion
Based on the result data of waste and borrow materials, we can conclude that the mass
diagram assumes that all material excavated in the cut sections is acceptable for use in
the embankment sections. This is not necessarily true. However, all unacceptable
quantities can be eliminated from the earthwork table. The mass diagram is applicable
to projects needing balanced earthwork.
Balancing eliminates the double handling of quantities. If there is a short
distance between an acceptable borrow pit and an embankment section, it may be more
economical to use the borrow pit instead of a long balancing operation. This can be
determined by a work or economy study.
In the nutshell, the excavated in-situ material used in embankments or fills may
swell or shrink. It is important to determine the properties of a material in order to
evaluate how these properties will affect the earth volume.
15
4.3 Recommendation
The recommendation that can be done based on this project are the selection of the
optimum horizontal and vertical alignment for a road should result in the volume of
material excavated being equal to the amount of fill required in embankment, so that
there is no need to waste good excavation soil or to borrow expensive material from
elsewhere. However, in the engineering practice, ideal does not always happen, and
good excavation material may have to be wasted because it is uneconomical to do
otherwise, whilst material that is unsuitable for use in embankments may have to be
discarded
Last but not least, an equipment used on a cut or fill section may destroy or
remove many of the grade (centreline, shoulder, or slope) stakes. To prevent loss of
man-hours and repetition of survey work, caution construction crews to protect grade
stakes whenever possible. Place offset stakes beyond construction limits to avoid
resurveying portions of the road to relocate these stakes.
16
REFERENCES
Ismail, H. (2014, Febuary 6). Excavation, Earthwork and Filling Method Statement.
Retrieved from Planning Engineer: https://planningengineer.net/excavation-
earthwork-and-filling-method-statement-2/
Kmasz, K. (2011, May 22). Tutorial MHD. Retrieved from Slide Share Web Site:
https://www.slideshare.net/kmasz/tutorial-mhd
Shah, R. K., & Nashwan, D. (2011). An Innovative approach for generation of time
location plan in Road Construction Project. Journal of Construction
Management and Economics, 29. Retrieved from Research Gate Web Site.
Son, J., Mattila, K. G., & Myers, D. S. (2005). Determination of haul Distance and
Direction in Mass Excavattion. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management.
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