Lab 1: Understanding Planes and Axes of Movement, Human Muscle

Name: MUHAMMAD FIDA`UDDIN BIN ABDUL HALIM

Matric Number: D20181084456

1. List down the anatomical position

I. Anterior
II. Posterior
III. Lateral
IV. Medial
V. Proximal
VI. Distal

2. The anatomical position is further standardized by dividing the body into three
anatomical planes. Explain what is a plane and the what is the three
anatomical planes.
A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.

a) Sagittal plane- In which forward and backward movement occurs

b) Frontal plane- In which lateral movement occurs
c) Transverse plane – In which rotational movement occur

3. Explain what is axis and the three axes of rotation

An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint
take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of rotation.

a) Sagital axis - passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is

formed by the intersection of the sagital and transverse planes.
b) Frontal axis - passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by
the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes.
c) Vertical axis - passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed
by the intersection of the sagital and frontal planes

4. Fill in the blank box

Plane Motion Axis Example

Sagittal Extension Sagittal axis Running
Flexion Vertical axis Biking

Frontal Abduction & adduction Frontal axis Side lunge

Lateral flexion Vertical axis Side bend

Transverse Left right rotation Sagittal axis Oblique crunches

Medial & lateral rotation Frontal axis
 5. Define agonist, antagonist, stabilizers and synergist muscles.

i. Agonist- The agonist in a movement is the muscles that provides the major force to
complete the movement.
ii. Antagonist- The antagonist in a movement refers to the muscles that oppose the
agonist.
iii. Stabilizer- The stabilizers in a movement is the muscles that stabilises the origin of
the agonist and the joint that the origin spans (moves over) in order to help the
agonist function most effectively.
iv. Synergist- The synergist in a movement is the muscles that stabilises a joint around
which movement is occurring, which in turn helps the agonist function effectively. 
Synergist muscles also help to create the movement

6. List down the muscles for each of the following exercises.

Exercises Agonist Antagonists

Bench press Triceps Biceps
Chin up Biceps Triceps
Squat Quadriceps Hamstring
Calf raise Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior
Push up Pectoralis major Rhomboid
Bent over row Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major
Lunges Quadriceps Hamstring
Shoulder press Deltoid Latissimus dorsi
Deadlift Hamstring Quadriceps
Good morning Hamstring Quadriceps