ENBM001: Biomedical Engineering Daniel Verdi Do Amarante

Horsensor: Quantitative Analysis of Movements Using Different
Types of Riding Equipment in Hippotherapy ENBM001

Biomedical Engineering
Daniel Verdi do Amarante
Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Catarinense - Campus Rio do Sul, Rio do Sul, Santa
Catarina, Brazil
Hippotherapy uses the movements of horses to treat people with disabilities. Each hippotherapy
patient has different needs, highlighting the importance of researching to understand every aspect
of the therapy. Particularly, the study of riding equipment is relevant because they transmit the
movements from the horse to the rider. The goal of this project was to compare the acceleration
produced when using different types of hippotherapy riding equipment. Experiments were
performed on a 20-meter sand track with 12 healthy individuals riding a mare. Australian and
classic saddles (with stirrups) and a hippotherapy saddle blanket (with and without stirrups) were
evaluated, while other factors were standardized. This is the third year of a continuation project and
the device developed in the first year was used to obtain data through two accelerometers attached
to the volunteers and one to the riding equipment. With the data gathered, RMS value and
Lyapunov exponent were calculated using GNU Octave. The results found allowed various
comparisons of the stimuli transmitted by each equipment. Among those results, accelerometers in
the riding equipment and in the volunteers’ pelvis had higher RMS mean values using the
Australian saddle, while the accelerometer on the volunteers’ chest had a higher mean using the
saddle blanket. Additionally, the saddle blanket transmitted movements to the rider more similar to
those obtained on the riding equipment. The results can assist health professionals in formulating
individualized programs with appropriate equipment for each case in hippotherapy, improving the
treatment and opening the way for further studies.
1. In this research project, the student directly handled, manipulated, or interacted with (check ALL that apply):
✘ human participants potentially hazardous biological agents
✘ vertebrate animals microorganisms rDNA tissue
2. I/we worked or used equipment in a regulated research institution or industrial setting (Form 1C): YES ✘ NO
3. This project is a continuation of previous research (Form 7): ✘ YES NO
4. My display board includes non-published photographs/visual depictions of humans
(other than myself): ✘ YES NO
5. This abstract describes only procedures performed by me/us, reflects my/our own independent
research, and represents one year’s work only: ✘ YES NO
6. I/we hereby certify that the abstract and responses to the above statements are correct and
properly reflect my/our own work. ✘ YES NO
The stamp or embossed seal attests that this project is in compliance with all federal and state laws and regulations and that all
appropriate reviews and approvals have been obtained including the final clearance by the Scientific Review Committee.
Official Intel ISEF 2020 Abstract and Certification 5/16/2020 5:44:00 PM

Muscle Activity and Energetic Adaptation to Step Frequency
ENBM002
Wendy Nevarez-Sanchez
South Atlanta High School, Atlanta, GA
Exoskeletons are wearable devices that assist the user with a task. Optimal control for
exoskeletons is unknown. Human-in-the-Loop Optimization (HiLO), an automated process that
uses biological signals to tune controllers. The most used biological signal used for HiLO is steady-
state metabolic cost, the average value when variation is minimal. Steady-state metabolic cost can
be estimated in 2 minutes. It is believed that muscular activation could reduce this time. Muscle
activity is said to reach steady-state instantaneously. To quantify steady-state muscle activity value
and timing, I used Electromyography (EMG) electrodes. I hypothesized that steady-state EMG will
occur earlier than metabolic cost and is minimized at the same step frequency. If walking speed
remains constant, a person’s preferred step frequency minimizes metabolic cost. By varying step
frequency, I could compare when metabolic cost and EMG reach steady-state and if EMG is
minimized at the preferred step frequency. The subject walked on a treadmill at a set speed of 1.3
m/s, while metabolic cost and EMG was recorded. The preferred step frequency of the participant
was tested along with 0, +/- 10, +/- 20, +/- 30% from their preferred. I found that EMG and
metabolic cost reach minimal steady-state at relatively the same step frequency. EMG reached
steady-state in 30-50 seconds. This is faster than metabolic cost, according to current literature.
Both hypotheses were supported. It is concluded that EMG could be a suitable replacement for
metabolic cost for HiLO and more importantly, assist with future optimization of parameters for
controls of exoskeletons.
vertebrate animals microorganisms rDNA tissue
2. I/we worked or used equipment in a regulated research institution or industrial setting (Form 1C): ✘ YES NO
3. This project is a continuation of previous research (Form 7): YES ✘ NO

Phototherapy: A Life Saving Technique for the Treatment of
Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn -- Development of a System to ENBM003
Provide Treatment in Remote Regions of the World
Haylee Adelaide Darling
Forest High School , Ocala, FL
Physiologic jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) affects millions of newborn babies worldwide. In

developing countries, or areas without reliable electric power, life-saving phototherapy isn’t always
available. Excessive build-up of bilirubin in brain and nervous system tissue can occur, resulting in
permanent brain damage or death (Kernicterus). Expeditious use of phototherapy can prevent
kernicterus, thereby avoiding its devastating sequelae. This project involved the design and
fabrication of the Baby Cure Phototherapy System. This system consists of two individual light
boxes capable of providing phototherapy to the top and bottom of a single baby (tandem) or to the
top of two separate babies. It uses 52 feet of high intensity blue LED lights (936 LED lights)
capable of producing (per LED light box) 57 microwatts/square centimeter/nm or 20,200 Lux of
blue light energy (spectral irradiance), over only a 5 nanometer wavelength range, at full output.
This system was tested with the neoBLUE Radiometer (a gold standard) and results show this
system can provide even “intense” (30 to 60 microwatts/square centimeter/nm) phototherapy
treatments. The Baby Cure Phototherapy System was designed as a low cost, portable system
capable of providing effective, reliable and safe phototherapy treatment to infants utilizing both On-
Grid and Off-Grid power sources such as: Rechargeable 12 Volt DC batteries connected in series,
portable electric generators, or 12 Volt automotive batteries connected to renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, or water power. It has an operational lifespan of 5.7 years (50,000
hours) and is easily transported. The Baby Cure Phototherapy System will save babies lives!
human participants potentially hazardous biological agents

Developing a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Cortisol Detection, Year
Two ENBM004
Sarah Elizabeth Burkey
Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology, Conyers, GA
In recent years, societal focus has shifted towards maintaining a balanced stress level. Stress is an
issue that all people will face in their lifetime, however, few know the severity that results in chronic stress.
Cortisol is the steroid hormone that is known as the “biochemical marker of stress.” Numerous health
problems occur as a result of increased cortisol and may cause a large range of side effects. Although
interest in this field is always growing, tests available for measuring cortisol are limited. However, all
previously existing tests are very time consuming and often very expensive.
This project focuses on the development of a urinalysis immunoassay for cortisol detection. Similar to a
pregnancy test, the results of this test show a number of lines depending on a person’s stress level. First,
to create the test, a variety of glass fibers were tested for their absorbance ability. Next, a conjugate pad
was created by mixing a solution of a purified cortisol antibody and gold nanoparticles. Then, the
remainder of the cortisol antibody was mixed with fluorescent dyes and added to the test strip. After, the
components of the test strip were all put together to create a finalized test. A plastic cassette was
designed using TinkerCAD and a 3D printer. Finally, after all of the pieces of the test were created,
numerous trials of the test were checked for accuracy using synthetic urine with altered amounts of
cortisol. The results of the test found it to be 96% accurate, completing the original engineering goal.
Because an excess of stress is common, the method created in this procedure will assist millions
worldwide in the ability to check their cortisol level rapidly and inexpensively.
(other than myself): YES ✘ NO

Au and Ag Nanoparticles from Invasive/Ornamental Plant Extract for
Cancer Diagnosis ENBM005T
Jaley Faith Adkins, Madison Chase Slone
Belfry High School, Belfry, KY
(1) Background: Seeing that Pueraria montana is an invasive species in the Southeastern United
States, there has been interest in repurposing the species. Noting that many plants have medicinal
uses, we explored the potential of Pueraria montana as a non-toxic alternative as a gold and silver
nanoparticle (used in cancer diagnosis) capping agent to create a pill to replace the gadolinium
contrast agent currently used before patients undergo MRIs; (2) Objectives: The current method of
nanoparticle production involves the use of harmful chemicals such as trisodium citrate. We are
working to replace the chemicals in an environmentally-friendly and effective way so that
medication taken prior to diagnosis can be non-toxic and side effects can be minimalized; (3)
Methods: The sugars in Pueraria montana act as a capping agent for nanoparticles. For this to
happen, extract is created at a 5g:500mL ratio. Then it is added to a boiling solution of either water
and silver nitrate or water and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III), depending on the type of
nanoparticle being synthesized. Following the capping of the nanoparticles by the extract, the
solution is then placed in a cuvette and placed in a spectrophotometer which identifies the
nanoparticles created; (4) Results and Conclusions: Both gold and silver nanoparticles were
characterized using a Transmission electron microscope and a Scanning electron microscope,
revealing that Pueraria montana is an effective capping and stabilizing agent.

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects on the Hyperthermia with
Magneto-Caloric Effect ENBM006T
Ioana Ecaterina Vancea, Ioana Alexia Seteanu
International Computer High School of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Purpose: Cancer has been a huge problem throughout the decades, as it is very difficult to fight and
permanently get rid of, so we have decided to develop an effective way of ridding bodies of this disease.
Procedure: The purpose of our experiments was to test and analyse the spread of heat according to
different factors. We connected a coil, once with no shunt, and once with a shunt, to an autotransformer
that transfers electrical energy from a source. Then we replaced the shunt with 16.65 g of nanoparticles
with a thickness of 0.30-0.40 mm and 8.32 g of nanoparticles with a thickness of 0.15-0.20 mm and
repeated the experiment.
Results: Without the shunt, the coil reached the necrosis temperature after 6 minutes, while with the
shunt, after 11 minutes. Interestingly enough, after replacing the shunt with the 16.65 g of nanoparticles,
the necrosis temperature was reached after only 6 minutes by the nanoparticles. For the 8.32 g of
nanoparticles, the necrosis temperature was reached after 16 minutes by the nanoparticles.
Conclusions: The results of these experiments helped us create a mathematical equation of the
phenomenon of loss of heat through tissues and keep track of the energy we put through the body in order
to prevent possible damage or not reaching the temperature needed.

Efficacy of a Porcine Epiglottis versus a 3D Printed Epiglottis in
Mimicking the Natural Closure Process during Swallowing Preventing ENBM007
Aspiration of Liquid Utilizing Different Closure Processes
Hannah Grace Kennedy
The Villages Charter High School, The Villages, FL
The purpose of this experiment was to find out whether a functional model can be made of an
epiglottis utilizing a 3D printed and porcine version, and which of the two would work more
efficiently in preventing liquid from passing through. After it was found that there was no significant
difference, the researcher created a new model with sensors to function independently when water
and food is present.
In order to test this, the researcher first ordered all the materials required, then performed a
dissection to retrieve the porcine epiglottis. The researcher then 3D printed an epiglottis at The
Villages Charter High School. After this, the researcher sutured the epiglotti to the latex tubing
attached to the circular board in order to make the model. To test the models, the researcher took
ten milliliters from a syringe, pulled the model shut, then poured it into the mouthpiece. After the
water drained to the collection basins, the researcher collected and measured the water in milliliters
to put into data format. The researcher then recollected the materials, this time using sensors,
created an independently functioning model, then used the same procedures to test.
After analyzing the data, there was no significant difference between the porcine and 3D pintrinted
manual models. The independently functioning sensor model worked the most efficiently, blocking
98.9857% of water flowing into the throat and trachea. This information can be used to create an
epiglottis with sensors to implant into patients, significantly increasing their quality of life.
human participants potentially ✘ hazardous biological agents
✘
vertebrate animals microorganisms rDNA ✘ tissue

The iSpy Platform: A Multi-Faceted Suite of Affordable Smartphone
Imaging and Sensor-Based Utilities for the Non-Invasive Detection of ENBM009
Parkinsonian Tremor and Skin Cancer via Machine Learning
Kabir Jolly
College Park High School, The Woodlands, TX
Skin cancer and Parkinson’s Disease are among the most serious noncommunicable diseases
(NCDs) in the world. Early detection and treatment allow Parkinson’s patients to mitigate
complications and drastically improve their quality of life and enables skin cancer patients to reduce
the risk of death by 96%. Due to the necessity of expensive equipment and trained professionals,
the screening process is inaccessible to millions of people. The goal of this project was to develop
an end-to-end platform for detecting a multitude of diseases using deep learning models housed on
a smartphone, starting with skin lesions and Parkinsonian tremor. For skin cancer, classification
was performed using image preprocessing, feature extraction, and transfer learning on the
Inception-V3 neural network. The model was trained with 25,000 training images from an
annotated dataset to ensure its validity over a wide range of conditions. Additionally, a lens
attachment was 3D printed to integrate with the smartphone environment, enabling users to
capture and analyze pictures from their mobile devices. For Parkinson’s, pictures of Archimedes
spiral drawings were taken and a random forest classifier was used to detect signs of tremor. Both
processes obtained promising results, comparable to those of doctors in a clinical setting, but in a
far more affordable and accessible manner. The applications of the iSpy Platform are twofold: first,
it presents a novel solution for the early detection of skin cancer and tremor, and second, the
project approach can easily scale to detect other NCDs that currently account for over 70% of
deaths worldwide.

The Intelligent Medical Stapler: Ending the Emergency Room Crisis
ENBM010
Arnav Jain
Gwinnett School of Mathematics, Science, and Technology, Lawrenceville, GA
Emergency rooms are overcrowded with patients who need treatment for lacerations, the most
common injury after a broken bone. Such injuries require a simple treatment, sutures or staples;
yet, a doctor must complete the procedure. As a result, doctors waste their valuable education on
simple stitching for sometimes half their day. The goal of this project is to design a prototype robot
which can perform medical staple autonomously, taking the burden of treating lacerations off of
doctors’ shoulders. Overtime, the design of a delta robot with six axes of rotation and camera
tracking were selected to complete the task. The base is a rotary delta system. This robot uses
three motor powered arms, with three joints per arm, which connect to a parallel end effector. This
end effector is host to a rotational plate; this component allows the robot to follow curved
lacerations. A tilting platform is offset from the rotational plate to perform staples along the side of a
patient. A majority of the components are 3D printed parts, with some metal and wooden supports.
The tilting plate is the final end effector and can move along six different axes. A USB camera and
a medical stapler are attached to the final end effector. During testing, the robot held up to
significant stress testing, and the motors were able to achieve a twenty percent margin over the
desired range of motion. The computer vision software identified a majority of skin and lacerations
effectively, and the kinematics of the delta robot translated effectively into Cartesian motion. In the
future, through further development to increase precision, the Intelligent Medical Stapler can
transform overcrowded, overworked Emergency Rooms into hubs of medical innovation.

The Synthesis of the Silver Nano in the Medicinal Plant Baikal
Skullcap and Their Antioxidant Activity ENBM011T
Maryam Etibar Hajiyeva, Nigar Isa Alshanova
Lyceum Named after Academician Zarifa Aliyeva, Baku, Azerbaijan; School 175, Baku, Yasamal,
Azerbaijan
The actuality of the research:Very different plants and the extracts taken from their roots are used
in the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles (AgNP). The Baikal-skullcip (Scutellaria baicalensis
Georgi) used as the medicinal plant have a great importance among these plants. There are the
flavonoids-antioxidants in a great number used as a medicine since the ancient times in the content
of the plant Baikal-skullcup. These antioxidants may participate both as a reductant and stabilizator
in the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles. So, the Baikal-skullcip places an important role in the
synthesis of the organic forms of Ag nanoparticles. From other side, they have begun to use the
nanoparticles as medicine carriers in the practice. The measure of these nanomedicines is at least
5-10 mm and the very clean, non-toxis nanoparticles are used in order to increase the
effectiveness of the medicines combined them. As the silver nanoparticles meet this demand often,
so their research is begun to be researched widely. Whilst Ag nanoparticles are synthesized in the
content of the extract of the medicines, there is great probability of joining of the antioxidant in the
content of the extract on their surface. The joining of the specific antioxidants over the surface of
Ag nanoparticles create an opportunity to use this Ag nanoparticles as nanomedicine in the future.
The reactor and plant used in researches: Silver salt, AgNO3, Baikal-skullcup –
Scutellariabaicalensis.

De Nevo HIV-1 PPT Primer Repressor: Possibility for Molecular
Immunity ENBM012
Chase Artemio Tarrillo
Viera High School, Viera, FL
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a strain of retrovirus that, if left untreated in a human host,
leads to the Auto-immune disease AIDS. HIV affects many components of the cellular immune
system in order to create a dysfunctional immune system inside the host - rendering even mild
infections dangerous to human life. Because of the nature of the prognosis, treating HIV has only
lead to a chronic condition for the patient, dependent on daily medications (a situation that is not
ideal).
With the rise of accessible computing power and protein structure principles, protein design and
structure prediction software is now available. Because of the availability to protein design
software, and the relative ease to synthesize recombinant proteins on a fit for mass-consumption
scale, protein design is now a new avenue for drug development; HIV is particularly vulnerable to
this method due to the specific protein structure-PPT primer coupling during the critical step of
Reverse Transcription.
Using secondary structure first design, this project aims to develop a PPT primer repressor for HIV-
1. The project further aims to analyze the potential effectiveness of the pseudo-competitive inhibitor
in both affinity and in efficacy of folding into the correct conformation to initiate docking through an
examination of the energy landscape using simulations, and docking server orientations.

Privacy-Preserving Ubiquitous Activity Recognition with Wearable
Sensors ENBM013
Anindita Rajamani
Highland Park Senior High School, Saint Paul, MN
This project develops a wearable wireless sensor system and artificial-intelligence-based

algorithms to automatically recognize specific daily activities performed by a human subject. The
specific activities that are recognized and monitored include eating, sleeping, climbing, falling (fall
detection) and the occurrence of hand tremors. The developed system can be helpful in
monitoring the health and well-being of an elderly person in his/her home. The wearable sensor
system avoids the use of cameras and fully preserves the privacy of the elderly person. The
sensor system consists of a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis gyroscope integrated with a
wireless transceiver, an amplifier, and a battery on a sensor board. The wearable device obtains
continuous inertial motion measurements using the on-board sensors and wirelessly transmits the
data to a laptop in the home. Training an artificial intelligence or deep learning algorithm to
recognize specific activities among hundreds of different types of actions performed in daily life by
a person is a difficult challenge. It requires tremendous quantities of real-life data with which the
learning algorithms can be trained. This project addresses the challenge by utilizing physical
intuition on expected relations between particular accelerometer and gyroscope signals for the
specific activities under consideration. The number of real-time signals needed for activity
recognition and the amount of data needed for training are thereby highly reduced. Experimental
results show that the developed system works well and can accurately recognize activities in new
untrained data.

Community-Wide Rapid Detection of Pathogenic Microbes Using
Low-Cost Digital in-line Holographic Microscopy in Microbial Fuel ENBM014
Cells
Pranathi Pilla
Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science, Denton, TX
When diagnosing the presence of pathogenic microbes, direct imaging of live microbes in situ even in a drop of
liquid is very challenging as they move and spread out in the entire volume. Digital in-line Holographic Microscopy
(DIHM) is employed to directly image and reconstruct moving particles in a sample. Although this method
eliminates the need for toxic stains and fluorescent labeling needed in standard microbial imaging, the
reconstruction requires substantial computational resources making it prohibitive for routine use.
The key idea of this project is to realize a cost-effective and easy to use method for imaging live microbes in situ
with substantially reduced computational resources. This is accomplished first by coaxing most bacteria in the
sample to one surface and then performing DIHM in a small volume close to this surface. The first step of coaxing
the microbes to a surface is achieved by designing, constructing and demonstrating low-cost microbial fuel cells
(MFC) capable of detecting bacterial load in <1 mL water sample under a minute. This MFC features (i) flexible
low-cost foam construction material (ii) novel carbon anode for bacterial attachment as well as providing food
(Potassium Acetate) and thermal (Magnesium Sulfate) gradients for faster colonization by anaerobic bacteria (iii)
low-cost PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) based Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM).
Next DIHM was demonstrated on a glass slide mimicking an MFC. HoloPy, a free Python-based tool is employed
to reconstruct images from holograms obtained using a smartphone camera. The technique can be further
improved and deployed community-wide to collect and recognize harmful microbes. Such low-cost solution will be
extremely helpful during floods or other calamities.

A Device to Digitally Enhance and Assist Perception
ENBM015T
Gryphon Rhys Patlin, Zakery Nathaniel Snider
The Classical Academy, Colorado Springs, CO
The blind need a better way to get interpretable sensory data because current competing products
and methods are too expensive or ineffective at compensating for the lack of sight.
The essential design criteria included the following: (1) Main sensor detects objects within 2.5
meters of the user, (2) Main sensor identifies the shape of detected objects, (3) Peripheral sensors locate
objects in a hemisphere in front of the user with a two meter radius centered on main sensor, (4) Outputs
convey consistent, interpretable, non-visual data, (5) Battery life lasts 6 hours of use before recharge, (6)
Device is comfortable for extended use, (7) Prototype is easily portable, (8) Prototype uses less than 8
gigabytes in storage, (9) Prototype uses less than 2 gigabytes of RAM, (10) Costs less than $1000, (11)
Available in 2 months.
The prototype did not meet the essential needs aspect of the design criteria. The prototype met all
of the other design criteria, with 100% accuracy. The main sensor detected any object within 2.5 meters
30% of the time, while it detected the shape of the object 25% of the time. The device did not detect any
peripheral objects, while it did output consistent, interpretable, non-visual data 34% of the time. The battery life
lasts 1 hour.
Based on the analysis, the next prototype will include other forms of input, such as multiple
cameras in combination with ultrasonic sensors, and will include a more sophisticated output that takes
advantage of output speed and direction.

Detecting Impaired and Intact Cerebral Autoregulation to Monitor
Intracranial Pressure for Noninvasive Sensing ENBM016
Neeti Rangaswamy Prasad
Dayton Regional STEM School, Kettering, OH
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of death (~160 / day) and disability in the US.
Autoregulation (AR) maintains the cerebral blood flow (CBF) despite changes in cerebral perfusion
pressure. Impaired AR and abnormal intracranial pressure (ICP) can be fatal or lead to
hospitalization. A child in a car crash, who suffered from subdural hemorrhage, died because it
was detected only after five hours. Currently, impaired AR is detected by measuring abnormal ICP
using invasive methods that have proven to be unsafe for patients. Noninvasive methods, however,
are inaccurate. I researched a method to noninvasively monitor CBF and provide an alert for
impaired AR. I conducted experiments to simulate cerebral blood flow rate (~650-700 ml/min) by
modeling the brain using a balloon, blood vessels using silicone and polyvinylchloride plastic tubing
(to match skin thermal conductivity and thickness/radius) and blood using a 10% glycerol solution
(to match blood viscosity). The flow rate was transduced to surface temperature change that was
measured using both a thermocouple and a thermistor. The blood flow rate was linearly correlated
to temperature change and resistance change measured by the thermocouple (voltage: ~0.3mv)
and the thermistor (transduced voltage: ~15mv) respectively. I designed a breadboard prototype
using a thermistor to power a vibration motor to alert patients for unsafe ICP. This system costs
only ~$100. In the future, I propose to build a neck brace for continuous noninvasive monitoring
with a vibration alert to track CBF and ICP, allowing effective treatment and timely avoidance of
secondary problems.

An Exploration into the Effects of Incorporating Biomimicry into
Position Specific Helmet Technology and the Potential to Reduce, or ENBM017
Possibly Eliminate, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
Rachel Michelle Pizzolato
John Curtis Christian School, River Ridge, LA

The purpose of this research was to determine the possibility of reducing g-Force and acceleration of frontal impacts in a football player’s position-specific helmet
design in an attempt to reduce the occurrence of concussions and long-term brain damage - Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Biomimicry, in the form of an
Experimental Facemask + Linear Dampers, was utilized to mimic the action of a woodpecker's beak to, potentially, dissipate the energy of impact before being
transferred to the head.
Hypothesis:
By incorporating biomimicry, in the form of linear dampers, into position-specific football helmet designs, acceleration of human brains, during impacts, can be
significantly reduced.
Independent Variables:
•Original Facemask (Control)

•Exp. Facemask + 5lb. Linear dampers
•Exp. Facemask + 15lb. Linear dampers
Dependent Variables:
•g-Force-----------N/kg
•Acceleration---m/sec
Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Both experimental designs resulted in significant (p <.01) reductions in g-Force and acceleration
compared to the Control. Also, 15 lb. dampers significantly (p <.01) outperformed 5 lb. dampers.
Further testing will be performed using dampers larger than 15 lbs. Also, multidirectional dampers will be used to allow the face mask to articulate while preventing it
from being used as a lever. Thus, reducing axial rotation when the facemask is impacted from the side.
Since results showed significant (p <.01) reductions in g-Force and acceleration for each experimental design, this suggests that the experimental designs have the
potential to reduce the incidence of concussions and the cumulative effect of repetitive impacts - A leading cause of CTE.

Thrombus-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted
Fibrynolisis ENBM018
Tejal Pendekanti
Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH
The blockage of blood vessels by clots is the primary cause of vascular diseases, like myocardial
infarction and ischemic stroke. Current treatment of this involves intravascular administration of fibrinolytic
agents, like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), to rapidly remove the clot and restore blood flow.
However, such systemic administration results in rapid drug clearance and also poses risks of side-effects
like hemorrhage due to off-target drug action. Such effects can be avoided by utilizing drug delivery
systems (DDS) that can anchor specifically to the clot site and release the encapsulated drug via clot site-
specific triggers for localized action. To this end, a liposome-templated DDS was developed that can
specifically bind to clots via ligand-mediated anchorage to activated platelets and fibrin, the two major
components of blood clot. The DDS design was further refined to enable destabilization of the liposomes
via the action of thrombin, an enzyme upregulated at the clot site, to release the payload. For this, a
thrombin-cleavable lipopeptide, Stearyl-TCP, was incorporated within the liposomal membrane, and a
model fluorescent payload carboxyfluorescein (CF) was encapsulated in the liposome core. Thrombin-
responsive CF release from these engineered DDS was monitored by UV-Vis spectrometry and the
amount of Stearyl-TCP content in the membrane was optimized to maximize thrombin-triggered CF-
release. Subsequently the optimized clot-targeted thrombin-triggerable liposomal DDS was loaded with
Streptokinase (SK) as a model fibrinolytic agent, and its clot-responsive targeted fibrinolytic action was
studied using microfluidic set-up. Future studies will be directed at evaluating this DDS in appropriate in
vivo models of thrombosis.

Variance in Segmentation of Lung Tumors: Creating Robust
Radiomics Models in Lung Cancer ENBM019
Jessica Chang
Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH
Radiomics is a method for mining quantitative features from medical images. These texture features can
be used to identify disease characteristics with better accuracy and efficiency than traditional screening
methods. However, recent evidence suggests these features vary across different manual contouring
methods, resulting in unreliable models. This experiment studied the impact of variability in manual
contouring of lung nodules of CT scans on texture analysis. We compared three delineations across three
datasets for a series of classification problems: (1) diagnosis of adenocarcinoma (n=51); (2) prediction of
response to pemetrexed chemotherapy (n=95); (3) prognosis for patients undergoing tri-modality therapy
(n=31). A series of experiments were performed measuring the stability of three different contours. Dice
and Jaccard similarity indices returned mean values of 0.799 and 0.707, indicating high levels of similarity.
Intratumoral and peritumoral texture features were extracted from each delineation, resulting in a
concordance correlation coefficient of 0.754. The top four features were selected using the mRMR
algorithm. Across all datasets and segmentations, the top feature belonged to the Laws level or the Laws
edge family. Using the top selected features, simple LDA and QDA models were constructed for each
segmentation, resulting in a standard deviation of 0.0423 for AUC and 0.0242 for ACC across different
delineations. All models outperformed traditional screening methods. These results indicate that while
variability in manual contouring leads to a certain amount of general feature variability during extraction,
specific features are unaffected and can be used to create robust radiomics models with low variability
and high accuracy.

Development of a Machine Learning Algorithm to Predict the Path of
Joints for Gait Rehabilitation ENBM020
Sejal Gupta
Hicksville Senior High School, Hicksville, NY
Globally, clinicians, like physical therapists and physiatrists, aid individuals with gait issues in their journey towards
recovery. However, they do not have a valid prediction as to what the individual’s desired gait should be and an
accurate treatment plan cannot be devised. My approach was to develop a machine learning algorithm to trace the
trajectory of desired joints based on an individual’s age, mass, leg length and gait speed, which were determined
to be the most influential in gait variation.
Using a public gait data set from 42 individuals, I trained a supervised learning algorithm to trace the paths of
the joints. The goal was to obtain a prediction model that could attain the desired trajectories for a person's gait
cycle based on their demographics. With a neural network, a relationship between the human physiology data and
the trajectories was sought and found. The reconstruction loss was the quantitative analysis to gear the algorithm
towards optimization with the Adaptive Moment Estimation Optimizer.
With several configurations of the data, the desired paths were retrieved after 1.2 million iterations; there was a
training loss of 9.2 and testing loss of 8.9. The algorithm was validated using a random participant from the public
dataset, an individual with Parkinson’s disease and the first author’s data. A mechanism was developed to
demonstrate the practicality of the algorithm and the projections it had predicted for the student researcher.
This work is the foundation for future gait rehabilitation research, especially in terms of cost and effectiveness.

Multi-functional Pneumatic Wearable Soft Rehabilitation Glove: A
Novel Rehabilitation Device to Integrate Fingers and Wrist Function ENBM021
Utilizing Double-layer Soft Actuators
Keyu Wan
Shanghai Pinghe Bilingual School, Shanghai, China
The rehabilitation needs of hemiplegic patients have attracted great attention at home and abroad.
According to the shortcomings of current rigid or soft hand rehabilitation devices, a novel multi-functional
pneumatic wearable soft rehabilitation glove utilizing double-layer soft actuators with extensible bending
characteristics was designed and manufactured, which was suitable for collaborative rehabilitation training
of fingers and wrist and also assisting patients to complete grasping actions. It has many advantages:
compatible deformation with human-body, better rehabilitation training effect, lighter, safer, strong
adaptability, low cost. The glove is mainly composed of five double-layer segmented hollow soft fingers,
one double-layer hollow soft upper wrist, one double-layer hollow soft lower wrist and control system. The
segmented soft fingers and wrists are made of elastomer and textile materials. They fit better with human-
hand. The pure soft glove weighs 0.45kg. Filling air, the rehabilitation training and grasping action can be
realized. Experiments showed the following results. Wearing the glove, when the air pressure was
130kPa, the maximum bending angles of four soft fingers, the soft thumb, the soft upper wrist and lower
wrist reached 90°, 110°, 60° and 40°, respectively. Compared with requirement of rehabilitation training (8
times/minute), the bending/stretching times of four soft fingers, the soft thumb, the soft upper wrist and
lower wrist were up to 37.5%, 125%, 37.5%, 12.5% improvements, respectively. It can grasp objects as
heavy as 1kg. This project has great research and application value, especially in medical fields (hand
dysfunction caused by central and peripheral nerve injury, stroke, brain injury).

Design and Development of Smartphone-based Fundus Camera
ENBM022
Sitong Liu
The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, Beijing, China
A fundus camera is an important medical device that can help the doctors to diagnose diseases by
capturing the image of the retina. In my research, a handhold smartphone-based fundus camera
was developed aiming to solve the problems of high cost, inconvenient operation and low
intelligence of traditional ones. The camera consists of an imaging system and an illumination
system. In the imaging system, 2 eyepieces lenses groups were adopted to form a zoom
configuration. Optimized in optical software ZEMAX, the system can form a clear image of eyes
with different diopters in the range of -8D to +8D by focusing. Results show the MTF values of the
system are greater than 0.35 in all fields of view at the spatial frequency of 80 line pairs per
millimeter while the distortion can be decreased to 2%-3%. In the illumination system, an annular
LED light source was designed to eliminate stray light while ensuring sufficient and uniform
illumination on the fundus. Based on the design, the prototype of the fundus camera was made.
Experiments of fundus photography were carried out to test the imaging quality of the camera.
Results show that the camera can image the fundus clearly and can meet the requirements of a
convenient eye examination. Since the smartphone acts as a part of the system, its high
capabilities in computing, image processing, transmission can contribute to improving the
intelligence level of the camera, and realizing better mobile healthcare in the future.

Development of Bioartificial Bone Tissue through 3D-Bioprinting with
Sepiolite, Eggshell, Gelatin Biocomposite and Mesenchymal Stem ENBM024
Cells
Tan Elcin
Ted Ankara College Foundation Private High School, Ankara, Golbasi, Turkey
Conventional medicine can currently treat many bone-related diseases, but problems including complex
fractures and severe bone loss still remain largely unresolved. In this effort, under bone tissue
engineering, the regenerative approach of 3D-bioprinting was embraced in order to respond to
aforementioned concerns by developing bioartificial bone tissue capable of stimulating defective osseous
regions to regenerate, with the first-time use of sepiolite and eggshell in the respective approach. In this
study; composite bioinks comprising of eggshell, sepiolite, gelatin methacrylate and bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells were extruded through a 3D-bioprinter to build up bioartifical draft bone tissue.
Cellular bioprintings from bioinks with different ratios of eggshell and/or sepiolite were conducted and then
transferred to cell culture for investigations. Findings revealed that bioprinted models could maintain their
geometric structural form in cell culture over 7-8 days via pH studies and microscopic observations.
Moreover, in all experimental groups, it was determined that the number of cells increased between 30-
82% during that time interval with AlamarBlue cell viability studies. The highest cell proliferation rate was
detected in the composite model containing 5% eggshell and sepiolite, where the initial cell number
4.67x10(6)±0.14x10(6) increased to 9.12x10(6)±1.02x10(6) in 7 days. Ultimately, while promoting waste
utilization and eco-friendliness, this study showed that the 3D-bioprinted models reinforced the viability of
cells. Furthermore, evidence was laid out to prove the theoretical backbone of the study’s vision for a
regenerative and personalized treatment model that can potentially cope with high-level osseous
problems.

Save Your Health by Your Kinetic Energy
ENBM025
Roaa Najib Fnaish
Islamic Educational College, Amman, Jordan
Given that there are many duties or jobs that need to stand or sit for a long during them such as
(doctor, dentist, accountant, teacher ...)and this causes many problems, including:
- It increases blood circulation problems in the body, Feeling tired, and comfortable, it leads to
swollen feet and weakens blood circulation.
As the muscles become very tired as a result of sitting or standing for long periods, which makes
the muscles not used properly, then impedes the movement of blood circulate on in the
feet,Carrying out a massage to this area (in the foot) helps to pump blood to the legs and feet,
thereby stimulating the blood circulation in it, and this is done through massage starting from the
toes and having a full foot effect, then up to the joint, then on the body, and the same massage
steps are repeated For the other foot.
The massage device at the front of the foot works with the kinetic energy produced by the person,
through the piezoelectric sensors located at the bottom of the shoe, as it is pressed during the
movement of the person, and this kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy and transferred
via wires to the battery in the shoe as well, so this energy is preserved until it is used.
In this way we can use the lost kinetic energy that is found from humans movement and using it to
save their life.

Rehabilitation and Utilizing Impaired Hand Using a Motor Controlled
Prosthetic Arm Using by the Non-Paralyzed Hand ENBM026
Mohammad Alzoubi
Alramtha Secondery School, Irbid, Jordan
This project represents a prosthetic device that can be an external wearable mobile machine that
covers the hand or part of it. The movement is generated by pneumatic and electric motors. It can
be installed on an upper limb. The device can send electric pulses to stimulate the neurons of the
peripheral nervous system. Moreover, it can be used for different purposes such as rehabilitation,
training, power assistance, diagnostics, ergonomics, and more. In comparison, most of the existing
wearable devices face different problems in terms of size, cost, and weight; they are large in size,
costing a lot of money, and ponderous. Therefore, the goal of this project is to design a portable,
lightweight and low-cost rehabilitation system for people with a paralyzed hand. The wearable
device allows patients to perform specific movements and exercises in order to train their affected
hands. Thus, in a gradual way, the user who benefits from this device starts to restore the
functionality of his hand.
research, and represents one year’s work only:
YES ✘ NO

A Novel Method of Screening for Foot Ailments Using Machine
Learning ENBM027T
Abhitha Vegi, Priyanka Jakka
Mission San Jose High School, Fremont, CA
Arthritis is a common ailment that affects gait and pressure distribution across patients’ feet. While
current treatments include physical therapy, medication, and surgery, these solutions are only
possible after the detection of arthritis. A machine learning model can be utilized to predict arthritis
in its early stages and also to monitor patient improvement during rehabilitation. A smart shoe
involves a combination of sensors - force sensitive resistors, accelerometer, and magnetometer - to
capture data such as orientation, displacement, and pressure distribution using pressure sensors.
All of the sensors are built into the soles of the shoe. The raw data is saved on to an SD card and
sent to a laptop via Bluetooth for analysis. The data is sent through a curation program, and a
machine learning algorithm then compares this data to the data of users (both arthritic and
nonarthritic) to classify the walking pattern as arthritic or not. Some common markers of arthritis
include larger values for acceleration in the z-axis (tilt of the foot inwards) and also an increase in
pressure on the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Using the algorithm’s results, a physical therapist
would be able to view a 3D rendering of the walking motion to create a more complete diagnosis of
the arthritis.

Do You Need A Hand?: A Robotic Device Designed to Assist
Physically Disabled People with Eating ENBM028
Urianna A. Acosta
Monte Vista High School, Monte Vista, CO
Millions of Americans suffer from physical disabilities that make performing day-to-day tasks a
challenge. In order to meet the demand for assistive technologies during mealtime, I engineered a
robotic arm with bluetooth capabilities in order to enable physically-disabled people to be as
independent as possible when eating. I created all parts of my arm using a 3D printer and then
manually assembled the parts. I used MIT App Inventor to build a bluetooth smartphone application
and used Arduino Coding Application in order to program movements and functions of the robotic
arm. In order to test the efficacy of the device, I ran 10 trials using 5 different foods to measure the
success rate of my programmed device and its ability to transfer food. Once all of my tests were
conducted, I found that my spoon/fork appendage had an overall 56% success rate while the claw
appendage was only 28% successful. I found that my device was capable of transferring some
foods better than others but ultimately could be improved in the future by adding more voltage to
the device and improving the overall design of the robotic arm. I anticipate using what I learned this
year to enhance the design and overall programming of the device for next year’s Science Fair.

A Novel Obstructive Sleep Apnea Management System
ENBM029T
Anjan Sesetty, Ishaan Jain
Poolesville High School, Poolesville, MD; Richard Montgomery High School, Rockville, MD
This project’s purpose was to efficiently and cost-effectively develop an obstructive sleep apnea
monitoring and detection device (SMD-1) through the use of sensors and a novel machine learning
algorithm. The solution created uses several microcontrollers, pressure tactile sensors, vibratory nodes, a
microphone, and an AWS passageway. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder, in
which breathing ceases due to frequent upper airway collapse. It causes oxygen desaturation and arousal,
which disrupts normal sleep. The novel machine learning solution was built using Python generalized
linear feature extraction models paired with TensorFlow, to create a trained artificial intelligence module.
Using a dataset of 20 audio snoring files from a local sleep clinic, the module was trained while accounting
loudness, Mel frequency Cepstral coefficients, formant frequencies, and pitch. When a patient is identified
with an AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index) greater than 30, local authorities or relatives are alerted through the
usage of AWS resources. In addition, the prototype was engineered to track emergency seizure
movement, and an implication to track the movement of Alzheimer’s patients during their sleep. The
algorithm has an average accuracy of 97.3% on the tested dataset. The pressure response and vibratory
response were both 100% for the 4 different head positions (while sleeping) and 20 audio files. With a cost
of under $65, this device is the future of sleep monitoring and care. After collecting this data, it was
concluded that this prototype was an accurate and cost-effective method to detect and monitor obstructive
sleep apnea.

A Novel Approach to Improving Blood Circulation Using Complex
Ultrasonic Wave-forms ENBM030
Isabela Victoria Perdomo
MAST at FIU Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL
The scientist set out to develop a novel approach that improves on the commercially available
ultrasonic circulatory therapy technology. The device was purchased and analyzed. It was found to
produce a repeating single frequency square wave pulse/burst.
In an effort to find a waveform that would better reduce viscosity of a liquid exposed to it, a new
system that generates complex Bessel functions was developed. To achieve this, a digital to
analog converter was attached to a Raspberry Pi. A D/A converter converts a digital signal to its
analog counterpart capable of reproducing far more complex wave shapes than that of a single
square pulse. A custom apparatus using plastic tubing, a peristaltic pump, and a pressure
measuring gage was also engineered and used to measure the pressure of simulated blood
pumping through it. The apparatus was then exposed to the standard ultrasound therapy system
and the novel ultrasound Bessel function system for extended amounts of time.
The two systems were compared resulting in a significantly better pressure reduction performance
from the novel complex (Bessel) waveform system of approximately 28%. Due to regulations, no
real blood or analogous organic material was used, and thus more formal testing would be required
for this device to be used in the medical field with its infinite medical applications. The scientist has
made a significant improvement in ultrasonic circulatory therapy systems and is currently applying
for a utility patent to cover the novel system.

Electronic Height Meter
ENBM031
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Slugin
Station of Young Technicians, Khanty-Mansiysk, Tyumen region, Russian Federation
A height meter is a device for height measuring. Height meters are widely used in hospitals,
kindergartens, schools, as well as at the enterprises where control over the health of the people is
important. Accurate data about the height of a person allow controlling disorders in his
development, to calculate the load and set the dosage of medication or vitamins in each case.
It is not always interesting for children to measure their height, because it is quite a boring process,
but if we can turn this activity into a game, child themselves will actively monitor their height. Our
height meter attracts the attention of children with its bright design and sound effects.
In contrast to the existing height meters, in this device the height of a person is measured by an
ultrasonic sensor mounted on the ceiling. Further information about the height is processed by a
microcontroller and displayed on the LCD-display with sound duplication.
After the modernization, this height meter can be used as a device to measure the height of a
vehicle before passing under various obstructions in road with height restriction. It can alert a
driver, if the height of a car is greater than the maximum allowed.

Real-Time Object Search and Detection for the Visually Impaired
ENBM033T
Irfan Kabir Nafi, Eugene Choi, Raffu Al Khondaker
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA
There are over 289 million people with visual disabilities worldwide and that number is expected to
grow to 579 million in only 3 decades due to a large aging population. Current techniques to aid the
visually disabled are expensive and limited in their ability as they can only detect text in certain
areas without giving comprehensive feedback of the objects around a user. We aimed to solve this
problem by using computer vision to detect objects and where they are in relation to the user. With
our research, we found that the mean average precision (MAP) of different computer vision
frameworks increase when they are run and processed simultaneously. By running 4 computer
vision architectures simultaneously, we are able to derive more accurate results with more
classifications than running any one model alone. Furthermore, using the angular separation of the
final bounding boxes in relation to the user allows us to create a method of guiding the user to a
certain object. We do this with 4 vibration motors located near the user’s wrist. There are 2 motors
on the top and bottom of the wrist and 2 on the sides, which vibrate in the direction of the object.
This method of searching, however, also requires distance sensors to maintain the user’s safety
which we have located on several parts of the user’s hands and wrists. Our results show that this is
an inexpensive and effective way for those with visual disabilities to locate objects in their
environment.

USDL: Ultrasound Noise Reduction Using Machine Learning
Techniques ENBM034T
Kathryn Chung, Manish Balamurugan, Venkat Ganesh Kuppoor
Fairfax High School, Fairfax, VA
Ultrasound imaging is the most commonly performed cross-sectional diagnostic imaging method in the medical
field today due to its adaptability and cost-effectiveness. However, despite these advantages, it has its
disadvantages.
Speckle noise, inherent in ultrasound, is often the cause of misdiagnosis of conditions such as tumors and arterial
blockages. In order to mitigate this issue, doctors currently refer patients to additional testing with expensive
diagnostic tools such as MRI, CT-Scans, and Biopsies. Unfortunately, these procedures are often inaccessible to
the average person, and consequently, many diseases are left untreated. If the inherent problem of speckle noise
in ultrasound is resolved, there would exist a severe reduction in misdiagnosis, which would remove the need for
additional testing and greatly reduce the cost of diagnosis and the detection period.
In this study, we present USDL, a novel platform that employs deep learning algorithms in order to reconstruct and
enhance corrupted ultrasound images. We utilize an unsupervised neural network called an autoencoder which
works by compressing its input into a latent-space representation and then reconstructing the output from this
representation. We trained our model on a dataset comprising 30,000 in vivo images of soft organs, tissue, and
vasculature and compared the quality of the images generated using the structural similarity index (SSIM) and
peak to noise ratio (PSNR) measures. In closely simulated conditions, the architecture exhibited an average
reconstruction accuracy of 95% as indicated by our SSIM, which outperforms many current state of the art image
enhancement and reconstruction techniques.

Developing an Automated Effective Device Using Turbidity-based
Technique for Identifying Sickle Cell Anemia ENBM035
Nuran Alim
19th Secondary School in Makkah, Mekkah, Western Region, Saudi Arabia
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is defined as an inherited blood disorder characterized by the presence of
hemoglobin S (Hb-S) that damages and deforms red blood cells. It is estimated that each year over
300,000 babies with SCA are born worldwide. Diagnosis of this disease is effectively dependent on
hemoglobin electrophoresis in some specialized hospitals. However, the blood tests using this
technique are very expensive and time consuming. Other non-specialized hospitals and primary
health care centers use blood tests based on turbidity, which are performed manually with less
accuracy. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective automated turbidity-based device
for detecting SCA that provides accurate diagnosis in an affordable and easy way. The device is
based on detecting the turbidity of blood sample by measuring the absorbance rate using a laser
and light sensor in the device. Using this device, 70 normal and 70 SCA affected blood samples
were tested and results were compared to those obtained by hemoglobin electrophoresis and the
manually performed turbidity tests and were consistent. The device exhibits accuracy, time and
cost efficiency in comparison to the other SCA identifying tests. The study also demonstrated the
feasibility of this device to detect other disorders dependent on blood turbidity.
✘

Edge- Intelligence Biosensor Based Point-of-Care Diagnostic Device
for Chronic Kidney Disease ENBM036
Eeshani Behara
American Heritage School of Boca Delray, Delray Beach, FL
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a devastating illness. It has reached epidemic proportions worldwide,
and continues to increase at an alarming rate. Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the
United States, and disproportionately affects minority populations. About 37 million people suffer from
CKD, with more than 726,000 suffering from end-stage renal disease. Medicare spends about $114 billion
each year on treating kidney disease. The objective of this study is to develop an intelligent point-of-care
diagnostic device for early detection and ongoing monitoring of CKD using a disposable low-cost non-
invasive urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) biosensor. Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure peak
redox current to detect the concentration of creatinine and albumin in urine, using an electro-chemical
biosensor. The peak current for varying levels of concentration of urine creatinine and albumin was
determined through three trials for each concentration. ANOVA and Regression analysis confirmed a
significant linear relationship between creatinine and albumin concentrations, and the corresponding peak
redox current. This relationship is the basis on which the peak redox current of an unknown sample is
used to determine sample creatinine and albumin concentrations, and thereby calculate the ACR of the
unknown sample. The electro-chemical biosensor was then used together with edge-computing to
develop an intelligent diagnostic device based on ACR measurement. This study successfully developed
a prototype of an edge-intelligence low-cost device, as a point-of-care non-invasive solution for testing
ACR to detect and monitor CKD, thereby improving early detection and patient care.

A Novel Suture Additive: Use of Beet Extract to Assess for Surgical
Wound Infection ENBM037
Dasia T. Taylor
West High School, Iowa City, IA
The A Novel Suture Additive: Use of Beet Extract to Assess for Surgical Wound Infection
experiment, has developed a suture that can change color when it comes into contact with an
infected wound. A wound that is infected has a basic pH which is different than an uninfected
wound. The goal of this experiment was to develop a suture that could indicate if a wound is
infected. In developing countries, people might not have the ability to see a doctor but if they knew
that a color change in a suture could indicate infection, they would know to seek medical attention.
This was accomplished by discovering a natural indicator (beet juice) that is also antibacterial.
Through many trials, it became evident that 50%-50% Polyester-Cotton string fit the criteria of my
ideal suture. From experimentation, a suture with high absorbency and a noticeable color change
at a pH of 6 to 8 was deemed as an optimal suture. Since the initial findings, the string was tested
on K12 E Coli treated Petri dishes and early experimentation suggests that the beet juice suture is
indeed antibacterial. Meaning, the K12 E Coli did not grow where the beet juice was added to the
petri dish. This is an inexpensive, effective suture that is able to detect infections.

Designing and Building an Intelligent Device for Eye Disorder
Treatment ENBM038
Victor Yang
Fox Chapel Area High School, Pittsburgh, PA
This project is an invention of a training device that provides treatment for eye
disorders such as Strabismus and Amblyopia. The device can perform eye movement
exercises prescribed by ophthalmologists. It renders accurate, versatile, and
user-friendly training options for patients. This device will also allow doctors to
customize vision therapies for each patient.
Advanced technologies including microcontrollers, Computer Aided Design
(CAD), 3D printing, computer programming, and electronic circuit design are used
within this device. The device is tested by a 6-year-old patient who is undergoing
manually conducted eye exercises prescribed by an ophthalmologist. Use of this device
will help to achieve optimum treatment result.
This invention makes it possible for ophthalmologists to design and test
advanced therapies which can not be carried out by traditional methods. This invention
is low cost, and can benefit over 330 million potential patients worldwide, especially
children who are eager to find a practical solution to treat eye disorders or improve
their general eye health.

Medical Car
ENBM039T
Deyaa Alhaq Abdullah Alshbatat
King Abdullah II School for Excellence, At-Tafilah, At-Tafilah, Jordan
GOALS
1-Children break the fear barrier during diagnosis
2-Diagnosis during play
PROCEDURE
1- Installing weight sensors under the car seat
2- Installing a temperature sensor on the seat belt (Axillary region)
3-Attach the heart rate sensor to the steering wheel
4-Installing a camera to diagnose the face and eyes
5-Find the glasses (VR BOX) when intravenous injection
6-Conect the sensors to the screen to give vital signs and weight
7- Installing sensor for breathing the chest area of the jacket
8-providing the car with internet
9-Installing sensor to measure the electrical potential of the brain in the cap
10-Transfer of signs and symptoms through a mobile application
11-send messages to family (health in formation)
MATERIALS
Baby car, Temperature sensor, Weight sensor, Pulse sensor, camera, monitor screen and internet, Alarm
RESULTS
Easily measure vital signs ,weight and diagnose face and eyes.
APPLICATION
used in hospital

Dynamic Stability
ENBM040
Mackenzie Lee Hunt
New Tech Institute, Evansville, IN
Persons who use wheelchairs without the ability to flex and extend the knee and ankle joint suffer
from pain, fixed joint syndrome, and early set arthritis. If intense force is applied to the knee joint
consistently or suddenly, tearing and rupture of the joint’s structure can occur. There are few
wheelchair footrests on the market that provide accommodations for low tension and flexion
movement, but for stronger persons, or those with repeated actions, the wear and tear of the
products are quick to break the expensive brackets. Utilizing the Design Process, designs were
created and chosen based on wants and needs in a design matrix. The specified categories of
investigation were defined by those who would later utilize the product in their daily lives and by
professionals from a wheelchair customization firm. A final product was 3-D rendered in order to
produce professional grade stress testing and mechanical simulation. The product created is only a
little over half the weight, is able to accommodate 450 lbs of force, and provide more features than
the leading product on the market. Creating a useful footrest that allows for user’s support while
mobilizing the knee joint, absorbing leg extension, and allowing plantar and dorsal flexion, will
generate a flourishing relationship with its future user. From veterans of war suffering from head
trauma to those born with cerebral palsy both will have a wheelchair footrest capable of supporting
their future and adventures.

Sanjeevani: A Novel Automated System for Hospital Acquired
Infection Monitoring and Prevention ENBM041
Samyak Shrimali
Jesuit High School, Portland, OR
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.7 million people suffer from hospital-acquired
infections each year in the United States alone, which accounts for 99,000 deaths. The most prominent
reason for spreading these infections is poor hand hygiene compliance in hospitals. I designed an
automated system which can monitor and enforce proper hand hygiene compliance in hospitals as
stipulated by WHO. My system, Sanjeevani, is a multi-module system based on microcontroller and
multiple sensors that tracks hand hygiene compliance throughout a hospital, sends real-time compliance
alerts to staff for immediate corrective actions, and also provides automated compliance report generation
for the hospital staff. This system is based on four modules, one module is worn by staff, it provides staff’s
unique ID to other modules and receives real time hand hygiene compliance alerts. The other three
modules detect staff and use unique algorithms to do detailed hand hygiene compliance checks at patient
beds, sinks, and alcohol dispensers. A custom Arduino based software was developed to control all
modules and is also used to upload data to the central server. All the module enclosures were 3D printed
to meet specific module requirements. I tested my system for near hospital-like scenarios and received an
accuracy of 94% in detecting pass/fail events and sending reports to server. This system makes hospital
hand hygiene compliance monitoring and tracking fully automated, real-time, and scalable. Once deployed
it has the potential to significantly reduce the rate of infections and save many lives. With minor changes
to the algorithms my system can also find applications in other areas like restaurants, shops, and
households for hand hygiene monitoring.

Real-Time Seizure Forecasting for Epileptics on a Consumer Product
ENBM042
Matthew William Anderson
Cherry Creek High School, Greenwood Village, CO
Epilepsy threatens the lives and freedom of around 50 million individuals worldwide annually.
Predicting epileptic episodes (seizures) would increase the quality of life of epileptics. However,
existing products to predict seizures for epileptics are invasive, inefficient, or inaccurate. To help
patients understand and proactively treat their disease, I have developed a consumer product to
forecast seizures that avoids issues in existing devices. The product reads brainwaves in real-time
from a lightweight, user-friendly scalp electroencephalogram, then sends them wirelessly to a
smartphone for processing by a patient-customized forecasting model to alert patients of future
seizure outcomes. The forecasting model has been tested on ten patients. Over the course of a
day, the model learned each patient’s brainwave patterns pre-seizure, which it used to forecast
seizures over the next day. For all patients, the model significantly outperformed a chance
predictor. It runs in the background as patients perform other tasks, alerting them of an upcoming
seizure; on average, alerting them 42.4 minutes prior to a seizure. An important aspect of this
research is the combination of the model and the first fully-functioning autonomous consumer
device in seizure forecasting, including a full data ecosystem to adjust the model given changes in
patient’s brain patterns. The product interacts with proprietary diagnostic software for clinicians.
This product is completely noninvasive, consumes little battery, takes only milliseconds to forecast,
and is accurate in testing. It includes a highly-requested novel feature for patients to tune the
sensitivity of their forecasts.

Insucool: An Affordable Insulin Cooling Device for Transportation and
Storage ENBM043
Mitchell James Sampson
Northview High School, Brazil, IN
Background: Insulin is the life-essential treatment for patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and it
can be for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Yet, a reported 33% of families with children with diabetes lack
crucial home refrigeration in 30 of 37 low- and lower-middle income countries. Aim: Produce a
simple, cost-efficient wallet for insulin transportation and storage, and then compare designs used
in resourced-challenged settings. Methods: An insulin wallet was modeled, manufactured, and
tested versus alternatives (clay pots, the EADSG recommended device, and a Frio insulin cooling
case). A controlled chamber was constructed to mimic ambient environments, and an ounce of ice
was used with electronic loggers to measure internal device temperatures for more than 3 hours.
Cooling efficacy was assessed with average absolute temperature differences (internal vs.
ambient) and mean kinetic temperature differences. Results: A fully-functioning prototype was
produced within an affordable budget for resourced challenged populations ($1.50 per/lifespan
Prototype, $18.00 per/year Frio's). The mean ambient temperature was controlled at 32°C. The
prototype's mean cooling temperature was 15.9°C, with high statistical significance achieved
compared to the clay pot (p=0.0009), EADSG recommended device (p=0.01333), and the Frio
insulin cooling case (p=0.0025). Similar statistical significance was seen among the mean kinetic
temperatures, analyzing potency-risking temperature fluctuations as the FDA mandates.
Conclusions: The insulin wallet prototype is more affordable and efficacious in reducing
temperatures compared to other insulin transportation and storage devices.

Converting a 3D Printer to a 3D Bioprinter for Modeling of a Lumbar
Vertebral Body ENBM044
Katie Nicole Faith Collins
Terre Haute North Vigo High School, Terre Haute, IN
A 3D bioprinter is a 3D printer capable of printing human cells and tissues. Bioprinting tissues and
organs using a patient’s own cells could eliminate the organ shortage and the risk of rejection. The
purpose of this project was to design, 3D print, and assemble the parts necessary to convert a 3D
printer to an extremely low-cost 3D bioprinter, while maintaining its ability to print in traditional
plastic filament. A medical CT scan of the lumbar spine was converted to a 3D model and
reconstructed to 3D print a repaired L5 vertebral body to be printed with the bioprinter. While others
have accomplished similar goals, this design is unique in that is exceptionally cost-effective, able to
hold a larger print volume, and able to print in both plastics and biomaterials. A stepper motor from
the 3D printer was used to turn a 3D printed threaded rod, which lowered an attached piece to
press the syringe plunger. The damaged vertebral body was isolated and smoothed until it was
solid and shared nearly the same dimensions as in the CT scan, indicating the success of that
engineering goal. The print quality of the converted bioprinter was less than that of the traditional
3D printer, but the dimensions of both printed models were very similar to those of the original CT
scan. By creating an affordable way to enter the field of bioprinting, research will rapidly advance
and revolutionize the way medicine is practiced and researched.

DyslexAI: A Novel Approach for Dyslexia Diagnosis and Treatment
Using a Computer Webcam via Machine Learning ENBM045
Vivek Reddy Kogilathota
Rick Reedy High School, Frisco, TX
Over 2 million children in the United States have dyslexia; however, the diagnosis process is very
subjective and inaccurate at 85% accuracy and costs on average of $1000-5000 for diagnosis and
$10,000 a year for treatment. The overall goal of this project is to create a cheap, sophisticated,
accessible, and accurate model of diagnosing and treating dyslexia in children. Analysis of eye-movement
while reading can indicate dyslexia. In order to meet these criteria, I have created a frame-by-frame
analysis based diagnosis that only requires the patient to simply read 5 passages and answer
corresponding questions, while their computer webcam, or any other video-capturing source, scan their
eyes for predictable eye movements and bases the diagnosis on this along with other factors including
age and correlated disorders. After diagnosis, my website will create a personalized training program for
dyslexic kids to become more proficient readers and match non-dyslexic peers their age through reading
by chunking and phonetic exercises. I have done this using standard Machine Learning algorithms and an
interactive website. Specifically, I created three machine learning algorithms: one that accurately tracks
pupil movement from a video, one that uses the data returned from the first algorithm to diagnose the
patient, and one that generates the correct training process for dyslexic kids. Additionally, all of these
features are accessible to the user through the website. The accuracy of dyslexia diagnosis on the model I
have created is 93.87%: 8.87% higher than the current standardized methods. The design criteria I set for
my product was met, and ultimately, the impact this project brings allows any family to test their kids for
dyslexia accurately, efficiently, and free of cost.

A Fully Integrated Microfluidic Device for Blood Plasma Separation
and Biomarker Detection ENBM046
Stanley Cheung Liu
Arcadia High School, Arcadia, CA
Human blood plasma contains biomarkers associated with many diseases. Separation of plasma
from blood cells is crucial for many disease diagnostics. The current centrifugation separation
technology suffers from its bulky design and inability to be integrated with downstream detection. A
microfluidic device for blood plasma separation, antigen/antibody binding, biomarker capture, and
fluorescence detection was successfully developed. The device uses the principle of bubble-
induced acoustic microstreaming to capture and separate the blood cells from the blood sample,
resulting in a pure plasma solution. Bubble-induced microstreaming results from an acoustic field
on oscillating air bubbles causing the viscous dissipation of the surrounding liquid in the
microchannel. This device successfully demonstrated plasma separation, with a 31.8% yield and
99.9% plasma purity, comparable to a traditional centrifuge. The blood was spiked with a
fluorescent P24 antibody, which was then mixed with 7-µm diameter beads conjugated with P24
antigens in a micromixing chamber. The bound proteins were then captured by acoustic
microstreaming and detected using a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescent detection of HIV1
P24 antibody from a whole blood control demonstrated a detection limit of 17 pg/µL. This device
shows the potential of immunoassay-based disease diagnostics with high sensitivity and
quantification.

Raman Spectroscopy as a Novel Autonomous Machine Learning and Chemical
Imaging System Used to Distinguish Quantitative Abnormalities in MCF-7, MDA-MB-
231, and MCF10-A Cells for the Early Detection of Basal and Epithelial Breast Cancer
ENBM047T
through Inelast
Saja Mahdi, Rafee Ahnaf Mirza
Chesapeake Science Point Public Charter School, Hanover, MD
Breast cancer is the most prominent cancer found in women. In the US, one in every eight women
will develop invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. The current annual rate of women dying from
breast cancer hasn’t changed significantly since 1999. Therefore, in the past twenty years, there
has yet to be an effective solution to detect nor treat it. In this project, different types of breast
cancer cells were developed and tested under a Raman Spectrometer. The research question
posed was whether Raman Spectroscopy, a method of inelastic light scattering, would be a
successful chemical imaging system to detect breast cancer cells, quantitatively distinguish
between breast cancer types, and provide ample data to use in a machine learning program to
group these cell types. Three types of breast cancer cells were developed: ER+ PR+ Epithelial
type, ER- PR- Basal type, and normal benign control cells. The Raman Spectrometer does
accurately detect breast cancer in cells, as the peaks do correlate with CH3 and CC in luteinizing
hormone and tyrosine respectively, which are biomarkers of breast cancer. The differences in the
points at the peaks 934.0670, and 1460.538 show the differences between basal and epithelial
types of breast cancer. A decision tree machine learning model was written in R and had
approximately 92% accuracy when distinguishing between basal, epithelial, and normal cells and
was therefore successful. In conclusion, all three questions posed were successfully answered.
✘

3D Printing an Intrauterine Device Specifically for Nulliparous
Women, by Adjusting Size and Exterior Design ENBM048
Taylor Lauren Rice
Nikola Tesla STEM High School, Redmond, WA
Teen pregnancies account for roughly 11% of all pregnancies in the United States, which among
other developed countries is one of the highest rates of teen pregnancies. This can be reduced by
the increased use of highly effective contraceptive that teens are willing to use. The goal of this
engineering project was to build an IUD with a customizable frame size to fit measurements of
different uterus's with a more comfortable shape for the uterus for less cramping pain after
insertion. The IUD frame was be scaled to the size of patient X’s cervix and uterus then 3D printed.
Using the printed object, a mold was cast of the shape and size, where the bio-material Sylgard
was cast in. The IUD prototype has rounded sides to ensure comfort for years after insertion and
lower the chance of uterine wall perforation. After testing the finalized Sylgard IUD, it was found
that by using the material Sylgard flexibility went up by 268%, fit of the IUD improved as the
baseline impacted the cervix by 1.32 cm, and shape distributed the pressure from the IUD shown
with the Sylgard IUD with 0.006911 Pascals compared to the baselines 0.042986 Pascals. Results
demonstrated the engineering goals for this project were achieved and that an IUD more geared
towards nulliparous women (women who have not given birth) and comfort, unwanted teens
pregnancies and abortion rates will be reduced in the future.

Therapeutic Lantibiotic Delivery and Functionalized Antimicrobial
Surfaces via Thermostable, Degradation-Resistant Nisin-Adsorbed ENBM049
Endospores: Engineering an Alternative to Antibiotics and Pesticides
Neil Kadian
Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School, Jersey City, NJ
Antimicrobial peptides (APs) produced by a large number of microorganisms, plants, and animals hold
considerable potential as broad-spectrum alternatives to traditional antibiotics, pesticides, and
therapeutics. However, their clinical and industrial application is limited by their poor chemical stability, low
specificity, and susceptibility to environmental degradation. This study sought to improve the stability,
delivery, and application of the model AP nisin by exploiting the phenomenal physiological stability of
bacterial endospores. It was hypothesized that nisin adsorbed to the glycoprotein surface matrix of B.
subtilis endospores would show markedly improved chemical stability, shelf life, and resistance to
protease degradation. Extensive wet lab testing including spectrophotometric BCA protein assays, broth
microdilutions, and protease digests were used to characterize nisin-endospore adsorption kinetics, shelf-
life, and bactericidal activity. After liquid storage for 2 weeks at 20°C, nisin-adsorbed endospores retained
80% (pH 7.0) or 40% (pH 10.0) antimicrobial activity, while free nisin lost all activity after one week.
Following a 1-hour pepsin digest, nisin-adsorbed endospores retained 65% of antimicrobial activity while
free nisin retained only 7%. This suggests that endospore delivery allows therapeutic proteins to be
administered orally instead of intravenously and stored under non-ideal conditions using a cheap,
environmentally-friendly, biocompatible carrier. Future applications to be tested include: functionalization
of crops, clothing, and other surfaces to mitigate microbial growth; targeting APs to tissues and organisms,
such as insects; and improved penetration of biofilms. This is the first study reporting the use of
endospores to stabilize APs.
✘

Design and Implementation of a Novel Thermographic Device for
Rapid Diagnosis of Partial Thickness Burns ENBM050
Gabriella Camille Taylor
Alabama School of Mathematics and Science, Mobile, AL
Rapid, accurate, and non-invasive assessment of tissue viability remains a frontier of medical research. For
example, a large proportion of burn wounds are those of partial, indeterminate thickness, but diagnostic accuracy
is only 50-60% due to difficulty in identifying damage to the underlying dermal vascular plexus. The phenomenon
of burn wound further complicates diagnosis.
Infrared thermography has been explored as a means of evaluating burns, as wound temperature may reflect local
vascular damage. Recently, active dynamic thermography (ADT) has emerged as a more sensitive counterpart to
static thermography. ADT uses transient cooling and reheating to derive thermal properties that correlate with burn
depth. However, research on ADT as a diagnostic tool is limited.
The clinical application of ADT was pioneered in a clinical trial utilizing a cool saline pour during thermal imaging.
An ADT metric was developed from this data. This approach was implemented in a thermal imaging device which
uses a novel algorithm written in Python to filter noise within ADT time series and analyze the thermal properties of
wound reheating on a per-pixel basis, enabling the non-invasive evaluation of burns in real time. Hardware was
assembled using an open-source online guide and housed in a custom 3D-printed enclosure.
This analysis technique was used to evaluate burns in 98 patients. Results indicated improved sensitivity of the
device’s algorithm compared to conventional ADT techniques, which allowed for the accurate prediction of wound
conversion. Moving forward, this approach will be tested in a larger patient pool with corresponding tissue biopsies
to validate results. This approach may be useful for other applications requiring the evaluation of adequate
vascular perfusion.

Production of Biomembranes and Pharmaceutical Formulations from
Mangaba Latex (Hancornia speciosa) to Aid in the Healing of Leg ENBM051T
Ulcers in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Joao Pedro de Oliveira Lima, Itila Maykely Santos Conceicao
Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia Baiano - Campus Catu, Catu, Bahia, Brazil
The Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that brings varied complications, among which stands
out the ulcerations. In this context, this research had the aim of producing biomembranes from the
mangaba latex to aid in the healing of leg ulcers in diabetic people. The biomembranes were
developed through aqueous solutions of latex. Then physical-chemical analyzes and infrared in the
structure of biofilms were carried out. Besides, biological, antimicrobial and cytotoxic tests were
performed as well the production of formulations from mangaba latex. In this way, it's possible to
indicate that the aim of the research was achieved, once were able to indicate that the mangaba
latex presented cell viability in different concentrations when compared to the control group,
besides antimicrobial activity against strains of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
and low cytotoxicity for Artemias salinas. In this research we can highlight the excellent
thermogravimetry and calorimetric stability up 200ºC of the biomembranes. We highlight the
product CicatriBIO, developed in three different pharmaceutical formulations, in order to attend
various pathologies. Thus, the prospect is that these products will become, after testing in vivo and
in humans, an alternative to synthetic products to treat leg ulcers in diabetic people.
Key words: Biomembranes; Diabetes; Hancornia speciosa

Smart and Biocompatible Ostomy Bag Hydrogel Adhesive
ENBM052
William Pan
Northwood High School, Irvine, CA
Ostomies are digestive and excretory surgeries where waste is redirected to the abdomen,
requiring a bag to catch excretion into a bag; current methods have adhesives along with pastes or
powders to create adhesion for 24 hour storage of the ostomy bag. However, current adhesives are
weak, leading to leakages of wastes which cause painful skin damage, like dermatitis. No methods
today have strong adhesion and leak detection to prevent skin damage for ostomy bags. Hydrogels
are the perfect candidate due to its biocompatibility and mechanical strength. In this work, we
introduce the hydrogel ostomy adhesive (HOA) made from the polymer polyacrylamide (AAm) that
can be adhered onto the skin for up to 3 days, detect a leak as it happens, and maintain strength
for bodily motions. Adhesion is created with a modified method of using the biopolymer chitosan
and crosslinkers N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
(EDC). In vitro and ex vivo on porcine skin results show strong adhesion compared to many
products today and quick detection. The HOA may bring ostomy patients longer wear time,
cheaper costs, and a better quality of life.

Engineering Macroporous Hydrogels to Recapitulate Aspects of the
Tumor Microenvironment ENBM053
Diya Jayram
American Heritage School, Plantation, FL
The complex, dynamic tumor microenvironment consists of live tissues that directly influence the
progression of a tumor, including the extracellular matrix: a mesh of water, minerals, proteoglycans,
and fibrous proteins secreted by resident cells, similar to the architecture of a PEG-based hydrogel
(Walker, Mojares & Hernandez, 2018). The purpose of this study was to engineer a macroporous
three-dimensional PEG-based hydrogel to recapitulate aspects of the tumor microenvironment by
encapsulating alginate microparticles for templates for extracellular matrix porosity into a PEG-
based hydrogel and observing their degradation. The optimal alginate microparticles had to have
the most uniformity, smallest diameter, and greatest dissolvability. To design the most ideal
alginate microparticle, concentration of alginate, crosslinking agent, type of alginate, needle gauge,
and stir plate speed was varied. The most uniform, smallest microparticles were the 1.5% sodium
alginate microparticles that were crosslinked in BaCl2 with a 29 gaage needle at 50 rpm and the
1.6% calcium alginate microparticles that were crosslinked in CaCl2 with a 29 gauge needle at 50
rpm. These particles were encapsulated into a PEG-hydrogel and polymerized and were dissolved
successfully using a chelator buffer to create a macroporous three-dimensional recapitulation of a
porous extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment. All in all, these hydrogels can have a
great impact on our current understanding of the tumor microenvironment, and lead to the
advancement of cancer immunotherapies and drug delivery.

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