Age diversity of the deep crust in northern Mexico

Roberta L. Rudnick
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
Kenneth L. Cameron
Board of Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064

ABSTRACT (Patchett and Ruiz, 1987) attest to a major

Zircons extracted from five chemically diverse granulite-facies crustai xenoliths from La tectonothermal event at this time.
Olivina cinder cone, Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed by SHRIMP ion microprobe in order Stewart (1988) and other workers suggested
to determine the age of the deep crust in northern Mexico. The results demonstrate the extreme that the late Proterozoic southern margin of
age diversity of the deep crust in this region: zircon populations of ca. I, 25-37, ca. 200,350, North America was formed by rifting in late
1100, and 1370 Ma are present. Nearly all samples contain 0-20 Ma zircons, reflecting recent Precambrian time. This ancient continental
granulite-facies conditions in the deep crust. In addition, high-grade metamorphism may also margin passes through Chihuahua, but its posi-
have occurred at 200 Ma and 1.10 Ga (Grenville). The paucity of Carboniferous-Permian ages tion is uncertain. Coney and Campa (1987) be-
in the xenoliths suggests that the Ouachita collision event provided little thermal input to the lieved that it is a few tens of kilometres north of
deep crust beneath La Olivina. La Olivina, Stewart (1988) placed it at about
the same latitude as La Olivina, and Handschy
INTRODUCTION GEOLOGIC SETTING et al. (1987) suggested that it lies approximately
Studies of granulite-facies xenoliths help de- The Proterozoic to Phanerozoic tectonics of 100 km east of the xenolith locality.
fine the mineralogy, composition, and age of the northern Mexico are a complicated and as yet This margin became tectonically active in late
present-day lower crust. However, determining speculative series of events. Nd model ages Paleozoic time. As Gondwana approached from
the age of xenoliths through whole-rock anal- ('DM) of 1.3 to 1.6 Ga are common in the ex- the south, rocks of the Ouachita frontal fold-
yses of Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes has proved posed Precambrian of west Texas and northern thrust belt were thrust over the North American
difficult because of uncertainties regarding ge- Mexico and in some deep-crustal xenoliths and craton. These rocks are well exposed in the
netic relations among individual members of a have been interpreted to reflect mid-Proterozoic Marathon basin of west Texas (Fig. 1), where
xenolith suite (see Rudnick, 1991). Perhaps the crustai growth (Patchett and Ruiz, 1989). thrust movement ended by Early Permian time.
only reliable way of obtaining information on Moreover, Grenville metamorphic ages through- Two tectonic-metamorphic provinces are rec-
protolith ages of granulite xenoliths is by single- out the Precambrian exposures of Mexico ognized within the Ouachita system: (1) the
crystal U-Pb zircon analyses (Rudnick and Wil-
liams, 1987), which may also pinpoint the
timing of high-grade metamorphism. Figure 1. Map of northern
In northern Mexico, studies of the crystalline Mexico showing location
of La Olivina cinder cone
basement are critical in resolving some major and Precambrian outcrops
geologic and petrologic problems. For example, (Los Filtros [LF] and Van
the southern edge of autochthonous Proterozoic Horn [VH]) relative to
North American basement and the late Paleo- major tectonic features:
Ouachita thrust front, inte-
zoic suture of Laurentia and Gondwana are
rior zone of Ouachita fold
believed to lie somewhere in the northern Mexi- belt (from Handschy et al.,
can state of Chihuahua. Locations of these struc- 1987), Coahuila terrane,
tures are uncertain because there are only a few and Sonora-Mojave meg-
exposures of pre-Cretaceous rocks in the entire ashear. ENACR = edge of
nonaccreted continental
state. Furthermore, evidence concerning the rocks from Coney and
origin and evolution of the voluminous mid- Campa (1987). MB = Mara-
Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Chihuahua is most thon basin; SC = Sierra del
likely recorded in the crystalline basement (Ruiz Carmen.
et al., 1988a, 1990; Cameron and Robinson,
1990).
We report results of U-Pb-Th ion-microprobe TABLE 1. MINERALOGY AND COMPOSITIONS OF LA OLIVINA GRANULITE FACIES XENOLITHS
87 t
analyses of zircons from five granulite-facies xe- Sample Mineralogy* Si02 Zr Mg# Sr/«'Sr
ENd t 0 M 206ph/204pb 2 0 7 P b / 2 0 4 P b

noliths from La Olivina (lat 27°54'N, ( w t . % ) (ppm) (Ga)

MN-20 Cpx-Pl-Opx-Sp 52 26 64 0.7048 +0.3 1.3 18.55 15.61
104°16'W) in southeastern Chihuahua (Fig. 1).
MN-40 Pl-Opx-Kf-Q-Bio-Ilm 64 274 44 0.7045 +0.4 0.6 18.41 15.60
Three of these xenoliths were selected because MN-19 Pl-Kf-Opx-Cpx-Bio 53 106 56 0.7087 -10.1 1.5 18.64 15.65
they have fairly low e N d (<-10; Table 1), as GNX-20 Pl-Q-Opx-llm 56 137 56 0.7092 -11.1 2.2 17.72 15.55
GNX-22 O-Sil-Gt-Kf-Rut-Gr 60 203 37 0.7347 -11.1 1.5 18.99 15.70
expected for pre-Tertiary basement, whereas the
*Bio = biotite, Cpx = clinopyroxene, Gr = graphite, Gt = garnet, Ilm = ilmenite, Kf = K-feldspar, Opx •
two remaining samples have «Nd 0, similar to orthopyroxene, PI = plagioclase, Q = quartz, Rut = rutile, Sil = sillimanite, Sp = spinel.
mid-Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the region. tDepleted mantle model age after DePaolo (1981).

Note: Additional material for this article is Supplementary Data 9134, available on request from the GSA Documents Secretary (see footnote 1).

GEOLOGY, v. 19, p. 1197-1200, December 1991 1197

frontal zone, which is weakly metamorphosed
and is now the fold-thrust belt, and (2) the inte-
rior zone, which underwent low- to medium-
grade metamorphism and is highly sheared (Fig.
1). The interior zone presumably represents the
suture zone separating North America from ac-
creted terranes to the south and east and is asso-
ciated with a gravity high that ends abruptly
75-100 km south of the Rio Grande (Fig. 1)
(Handschy et al., 1987). The only outcrop of the
interior zone in west Texas or Mexico is in
Sierra del Carmen (Fig. 1). The collisional event
probably occurred from ca. 330 to 250 Ma and
included at least three pulses of deformation in
the Marathon basin and metamorphism of the
interior zone of the Ouachita system (Denison et
al, 1969).
Basaltic to felsic volcanic rocks, exceeding
500 m in thickness, erupted throughout the re-
gion surrounding La Olivina between about 35
and 26 Ma (K. L. Cameron, unpublished data).
The xenolith locality is in the Pliocene-Pleisto-
cene Camargo basalt field; the single lava dated
from this field has an age of 1.8 Ma.
SAMPLES AND TECHNIQUES
Table 1 lists the mineral, chemical, and iso-
topic features of the five xenoliths from which
zircons were recovered. Details of analytical
techniques using the SHRIMP ion microprobe
are described in Williams et al. (1984) and ref-
erences therein. Most of the analyses performed
during this study consist of five scans through
the mass ranges; however, some zircons from
MN-20 and MN-40 were analyzed by using
seven scans. The 208 Pb correction procedure
was used for common-Pb corrections, except for
very young zircons (MN-20), which were cor-
rected by using 207 Pb, or for zircons showing
evidence of disturbance of the Th-U system. The
latter were evaluated by plotting the Th/U ratio
vs. the radiogenic 2 0 8 Pb/ 2 0 6 Pb. Any zircons fall-
ing off the regression line for the appropriate age
were corrected for common Pb by using 204 Pb.
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS
The results are in Table 21 and are shown in
Figures 2-4. Unlike zircons derived from surface
exposures of high-grade gneiss, zircons in granu-
lite xenoliths exhibit no visible structure, and
attempts to etch their surface with concentrated
HF fail, probably because these zircons have re-
sided at high temperature until comparatively
recently (e.g., ca. 1.8 Ma in the present study)
and structural damage caused by U fission has
been annealed (Rudnick and Williams, 1987).
Backscattered-electron imaging of zircons from
the xenolith with the most complicated age spec-
1
Table 2, Zircon Analyses, GSA Supplementary
Data 9134, is available on request from Documents
Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301.
1198
trum (GNX-20) yielded only faint traces of
structure in a few zircons. These structures are
not easily interpretable as either igneous or meta-
morphic in origin. We are therefore unable to
use zircon morphology or structure in interpret-
ing the ages. All zircons were probed once at
their centers except for a few cases, noted in the
text and designated in Table 2 (see footnote 1),
where both cores and rims were analyzed.
GNX-20, Intermediate Orthogneiss
Zircons in this sample are colorless and range
from round to very elongate; a few contain in-
clusions of granitic glass and apatite. U-Pb ages
span a very large range, from about 1460 to 7
Ma (Fig. 2). Two age populations are apparent:
one at 1.37 Ga and a second at 1.10 Ga. There
Orthogneiss GNX-20
.^ n = 29 ¿g?
' " l , « 1.37 ±18
g t 2 = 1.10 ±13
o.io 0.5
/
™Pb/235U
1.00 2.00 3.00
0 200
0 100
o. 10
Figure 2. Concordia diagrams. Ages marked
on concordia are in Ga (upper diagram) and
Ma (lower diagrams). Error ellipses represent
1 a uncertainty, n represents number of zircons
analyzed (number of spots is greater than n).
In top diagram, two Proterozoic zircon popula-
tions are present: 1.37 ±0.18 and 1.10 ±0.13
Ga. Data used for regressions are shown by
black and gray error ellipses, respectively.
Only data that were >70% concordant were
used in regression, except for case where
second spot was analyzed in same grain. One
single grain (shown as open error ellipse fall-
ing to right of 1.37 Ga zircon population)
indicates slightly older age (1.56 Ga, zircon
29, Table 2 [see footnote 1]).
are no discernible morphological differences be-
tween zircons of the two age groups; both ap-
pear to have lost Pb in Tertiary time, but it is
impossible to pinpoint when (the youngest
206pb/238U age
is 7 Ma).
We interpret GNX-20 to have formed at ca.
1.4 Ga and to have undergone granulite-facies
metamorphism at ca. 1.1 Ga during the Gren-
ville orogeny (see Patchett and Ruiz, 1987) and
again in the mid-Tertiary to Quaternary. A
granulite-facies metamorphism at 1.10 Ga is
consistent with this sample's relatively unradio-
genic whole-rock Pb-isotope composition (see
Table 1 and Cameron et al., 1991). The Nd
model age (i D M = 1.4 Ga) for this rock is the
same as the crystallization age, implying that this
was a time of crustal growth.
GNX-22, Paragneiss
Zircons from this sample are characteristically
round and colorless and are devoid of inclusions.
U contents are generally quite high (179 to 1555
ppm), with all but four spots having s*400 ppm
(Table 2; see footnote 1). The analyses generally
fall within error of concordia and span a large
age range, between ca. 1000 and 15 Ma, with a
clustering of data from 20 to 40 Ma (Fig. 2).
The whole-rock Pb-isotope composition of
GNX-22 is indistinguishable from that of un-
4.00
metamorphosed Carboniferous shale exposed in
the frontal zone of the Ouachita thrust belt in the
Marathon basin (Cameron et al, 1991). These
radiogenic whole-rock Pb-isotope compositions,
coupled with the clustering of zircon ages at 20
to 40 Ma, suggest that this rock underwent
granulite-facies metamorphism in the mid-
Tertiary.
MN-19, Intermediate Orthogneiss
Zircons from this sample are orange and
round to elongate, and they contain few inclu-
sions. U contents range from 57 to 1690 ppm;
most are between 200 and 400 ppm. The U-Pb
isotopic data generally lie within error on con-
cordia; 2 0 6 Pb/ 2 3 8 U ages range from 9 to 350
Ma (Fig. 2), and there is an apparent clustering
of data around 170-180 Ma.
The U-Pb ages for MN-19 form a continuum
between 350 and 160 Ma, and several zircons
record very young ages, between 2 and 41 Ma.
The oldest U-Pb age (350 Ma) may be taken as
a minimum age for the rock, or, if it is an inher-
ited zircon, the rock may be no older than 350
Ma. The apparent clustering of Jurassic ages
could reflect a metamorphic event after initial
crystallization of the sample in the Early Car-
boniferous. The very young zircons (2-17 Ma)
attest to very recent Pb loss and/or zircon
growth associated with a very young metamor-
phism. The radiogenic whole-rock Pb-isotope
compositions for this sample suggest that it did
not undergo granulite-facies metamorphism un-
til the Phanerozoic, despite its mid-Proterozoic
GEOLOGY, December 1991
Figure 3. 2 3 8 U / 2 0 6 P b vs.
207pb/206pb for zircons 0.8 '
from MN-40 (after Tera
0.7
and Wasserburg, 1972),
uncorrected lor common JD 0.6
Pb. Numbers along con- Oj
cordia are in Ma. Inter- 0.5
section of lines drawn XI 0.4
between common-Pb com-
ponent (taken here âs 0.3
whole-rock Pb composi- 0.2
tion; Cameron et al., 1991)
and concordia that encom- 0.1
pass analyses yields ages 00
between 25 and 37 Ma.
Error bars are 1c.
Nd model age. We believe that the best interpre-
tation of these data is that MN-19 crystallized
between 320 and 350 Ma from a melt that was
largely derived from old crust. It underwent
granulite-facies metamorphism twice: either
shortly after its crystallization or possibly at
~ 190 Ma and again in Neogene time.
MN-40, Intermediate Orthogneiss
Zircons from this sample are pale orange,
oval to extremely elongate, and full of inclu-
sions, which consist of granitic glass and elon-
gated apatite. U concentrations of the zircons
range from 60 to 560 ppm; most are between
100 and 200 ppm (Table 2; see footnote 1).
Because of the very young ages, accurate deter-
mination of 2 0 7 Pb in these zircons is difficult,
and large uncertainties exist in the 2 0 7 Pb/ 2 3 5 U
ratio. The uncorrected data are plotted on a
238u/206pb ys 207pb/206pb d i a g r a m in
3 (Tera and Wasserburg, 1972). The advantage
of using this plot for young zircons is that the
concordia approaches a horizontal line at <200
Ma, and the effects of adding common Pb can
be readily seen. The U-Pb ages of zircons in
MN-40 range from 25 to 37 Ma, and one zircon
(no. 8) has a 200 Ma core and a 37 Ma rim.
This range of ages for MN-40 overlaps that of
mid-Tertiary volcanism in the region, suggesting
that this rock is a deep-seated equivalent of the
mid-Tertiary volcanic rocks (Cameron et al.,
1991). The single Triassic zircon (no. 8) is inter-
preted as having been inherited from the source
(postorogenic Triassic granites have been de-
scribed from the nearby Coahuila terrane
[Denison et al., 1969; Handschy et al., 1987])
and is evidence for incorporation of preexisting
crust in this sample.
MN-20, Mafic Granulite
This is the sole mafic granulite out of the five
investigated (weighing - 6 0 0 g each) that
yielded zircons after separation. As few zircons
were recovered from this sample, all zircons in
the microprobe mount were analyzed. Eight zir-
cons were analyzed with seven scan data sets,
and the remaining seven zircons were analyzed
GEOLOGY, December 1991
1 . r— 1 1 i 1
Common Pb
Orthogneiss MN-40
Analyses uncorrected for common Pb
n = 17
t = 25 to 37 Ma
Zircon 8 - core
3 0 0 2 0 0 7 loo SO ' ^ ¡ ¡ p * - 1 30i «INv»
1 . < . 1 1. 1 .
50 100 150 200
2 3 0 6
V pb
with only two data sets in order to ascertain that
no older zircons were present. The zircons are
colorless and range from spherical to elongate in
shape. Because these zircons have low U con-
tents and are very young, they contain little ra-
diogenic Pb. Consequently, it is not possible to
accurately measure 207 Pb, so ages are reported
as 2 0 6 Pb/ 2 3 8 U ages only (Fig. 4). These ages
range from 0 to 4 Ma (excluding zircon no. 8,
which appears to be older and may be
xenocrystic—see Fig. 4 caption) and lie within
2a uncertainty of one another. When averaged,
the data yield an age of 1.3 ±0.3 Ma, virtually
identical to that of the single basaltic lava (~ 1.8
Ma) dated from the Camargo field.
Since zircon is unlikely to precipitate from
mafic melts, the presence of zircons in this mafic
granulite suggests that they either are xenocrysts
from very young rocks or grew during recent
Figure
granulite-facies metamorphism. We prefer the
latter interpretation because of the isotopic sim-
ilarities of this sample to mid-Cenozoic mafic
volcanic rocks (Cameron et al., 1991). The ab-
sence of 30-40 Ma zircons in this sample is
consistent with the formation of this rock as a
result of mid-Cenozoic basaltic underplating but
is hard to reconcile with an older age for the
Mafic Granulite MN-20
n = 18
• PALEOTECTONICS
t = 1.3 ± 0 . 3 Ma
, 1 a uncertainty
• •
I '
5 10
Age (Ma)
Figure 4. Histogram of 207 Pb-corrected 2 0 6 P b /
238
U ages for mafic granulite MN-20; n is
number of spots analyzed in total of 15 zir-
cons. White squares are for a single zircon,
no. 8. It is perhaps significant that this zircon is
the only one to contain inclusion of felsic
glass—it may be xenocrystic.
, protolith (e.g., Proterozoic, as suggested by Ruiz
- et al., 1988b).
SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUNG
ZIRCON AGES
The zircon data presented above document
the extreme heterogeneity in the age of the deep
crust beneath this part of northern Mexico. De-
spite the highly variable ages, however, all
samples except MN-40 contain 0-20 Ma zir-
1 cons. There are several possible explanations for
,
these young ages. The zircons may have (1) lost
250 300 Pb, owing to intense heating of the xenolith by
the basaltic magma, during transport to the sur-
face, (2) lost Pb during weathering of the xeno-
lith after eruption, (3) grown in the deep crust
during the 30 Ma metamorphism associated
with the mid-Cenozoic magmatism and re-
mained above the blocking temperature for Pb
diffusion until recently, or (4) grown in the deep
crust during a late Pliocene and Quaternary
high-grade metamorphism. We prefer either
of the latter two interpretations (see Rudnick
and Williams, 1987, for discussion of points
1 and 2).
We believe the 0-20 Ma zircons reflect very
high (granulite-facies) temperatures currently in
the deep crust of Mexico in regions of Pliocene-
Pleistocene volcanism. Whether these high
temperatures are residual from a major thermal
input into the crust during the mid-Tertiary or
represent continued heating of the deep crust
until the present day is unclear. However, the
ca. 1 Ma zircons in MN-20 suggest that the
Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanism imparted some
thermal input into the deep crust. Hayob et al.
(1989) reached a similar conclusion regarding
the timing of granulite-facies metamorphism in
the Mexican deep crust, but without the benefit
of any geochronological constraints. Padovani
and Hart (1981) demonstrated that high-grade
metamorphism in the deep crust of southern
New Mexico occurred only ~30 Ma ago. Our
findings are consistent with this picture of pro-
longed high temperatures, perhaps produced
through episodic thermal impulses, in the deep
crust from mid-Tertiary time to the present.
IMPLICATIONS FOR
It is unclear whether La Olivina lies within
autochthonous North America, an allochtho-
nous sliver of North America, or an accreted
1 terrane associated with Gondwana and the
I
Ouachita system. The crystallization age of in-
termediate orthogneiss GNX-20, ca. 1.4 Ga, is
similar to zircon ages obtained from felsic ash-
flow tuffs from the Van Horn area of west Texas
(1.37 Ga; P. Copeland, personal commun.). The
nearest exposure of Precambrian rocks south of
La Olivina is at Novillo, about 600 km to the
southeast. Most workers consider the basement
exposed at Novillo to be part of the accreted
1199
 Coahuila terrane or one similar to it. Mafic and
intermediate orthogneisses from here have ¿dm
Nd model ages between 1.37 and 1.60 Ga; most
are between 1.48 and 1.37 Ga (Ruiz et al.,
1988b). Patchett and Ruiz (1987) reported evi-
dence for metamorphism of "Grenville" age (ca.
1.0 Ga) at Novillo and two other locations in
eastern and southern Mexico. Granitoids of
Grenville age are also known from the Llano
uplift area of central Texas. Thus, the 1.4 and
1.1 Ga zircons do not uniquely tie the crust be-
neath La Olivina to North America.
The other xenolith having Precambrian zir-
cons, paragneiss GNX-22, may be related to
rocks of the Tesnus and Haymond Formations
of the Marathon basin, which have whole-rock
Pb-isotope compositions similar to those of the
xenolith (Cameron et al., 1991). These rocks are
the principal units of a Carboniferous accretion-
ary prism, and they were deposited during the
Pennsylvanian in an ocean basin separating Lau-
rentia from Gondwana. Their source is thought
to lie in the southern plate (McBride, 1989).
There is no clustering of zircon ages older than
Tertiary in GNX-22, suggesting that the crust
was relatively cool when this supracrustal rock
was transported to deep-crustal levels, probably
during the collision of Gondwana and Laurentia
(330 to 250 Ma).
This collision and subsequent formation of
the Ouachita fold belt appear to have had little
effect on the deep crust in the region of La Oliv-
ina, as seen in the striking absence of Carbonif-
erous-Permian zircons in the pre-Mesozoic La
Olivina xenoliths. Presumably, the thermal high
associated with collision occurred within the in-
terior zone of the Ouachita belt, which may lie
to the south and east of La Olivina, as depicted
in Handschy et al. (1987).
If MN-19 crystallized at ca. 350 Ma, then it
predates the collision. This rock may be related
to the exotic clasts of Devonian age found in the
Haymond Formation in the Marathon basin
(Denison et al., 1969) and thus represents pre-
collision arc magmatism. The 1.5 Ga / D M Nd
model age of MN-19 suggests that it contains a
large component of Precambrian crust.
Finally, the single 200 Ma xenocrystic zircon
from MN-40 and the clustering of zircon ages in
MN-19 around 170-180 Ma provide some evi-
dence for Mesozoic crystalline rocks in the area
of La Olivina. The nearest outcropping rocks of
this age are Triassic granitoids in the Coahuila
terrane (Fig. 1), which McKee et al. (1990)
speculated were emplaced into their present po-
sition by Jurassic strike-slip movement. It is
therefore also possible that the crust beneath La
Olivina was brought to its present position by
Jurassic transform faulting, but there is no inde-
pendent evidence to support this interpretation.
1200
SUMMARY
Mid-Cenozoic volcanism in the region of La
Olivina was associated with a thermal event in
the deep crust that is reflected by mid-Cenozoic
zircons in all but one of the granulite xenoliths.
The single mafic granulite xenolith investigated
contains 1.8 Ma zircons, but no mid-Cenozoic
ones, and may be the product of mid-Cenozoic
basaltic intrusion into the deep crust. Although
this part of northern Mexico was presumably in
the vicinity of the late Paleozoic continent-
continent collision that gave rise to the Ouachita
fold belt, little evidence of this event is found in
zircons from La Olivina xenoliths. This suggests
either that the interior zone of the Ouachita fold
belt was well removed from the region of La
Olivina or that crust in this area has been dis-
placed by subsequent (Jurassic) strike-slip move-
ment. Mid-Proterozoic zircons (ca. 1.4 Ga) in an
orthogneiss xenolith having a 1.4 Ga i D M Nd
model age suggest that crustal growth occurred
at this time. Zircons of Grenville age (ca. 1.1
Ga) in this same sample document metamor-
phism and crustal reworking associated with the
Grenville orogeny.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Supported by National Science Foundation Grant
EAR 8904420 to Cameron. Ian Williams and Trevor
Ireland provided invaluable assistance with ion-
microprobe measurements and data reduction. We
thank Mike Woodbury and Harri Kokkonen for help
with zircon separation. The petrologic foundation for
this study was laid by Jim Robinson. Whole-rock Pb
isotopes were analyzed in Sid Niemeyer's laboratory at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Sr and
Nd isotopes were measured in Ken Collerson's lab at
the University of California, Santa Cruz, Nicolas
Walker, Joe Wooden, Jim Luhr, Joaquin Ruiz, and
Bill Compston provided constructive comments on the
manuscript.
Manuscript received January 29, 1991
Revised manuscript received August 5, 1991
Manuscript accepted August 16, 1991
GEOLOGY, December 1991