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Pouteria Caimito Radlk. Guapeda Caimito Pierre, Labatia Caimito Mart., Lucuma Caimito Cophaea Baehni
Pouteria Caimito Radlk. Guapeda Caimito Pierre, Labatia Caimito Mart., Lucuma Caimito Cophaea Baehni
June 2011
F_N-24
Abiu
Ken Love1 and Robert E. Paull2
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Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers, 2CTAHR Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences
Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in co-
operation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under the Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822.
Copyright 2010, University of Hawai‘i. For reproduction and use permission, contact the CTAHR Office of Communication Services, ocs@ctahr.hawaii.edu, 808-956-7036. The university is
an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawai‘i without regard to race, sex, gender identity and expression, age, religion, color,
national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. Find CTAHR publications at www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs.
UH–CTAHR Abiu F_N-24 — June 2011
Propagation
The short-lived seeds should be planted as soon as pos-
sible after collection. Germination generally is within 50
days after planting with a 90 percent success rate. Graft-
ing and other vegetative propagation techniques are often
difficult due to copious amounts of latex. Most seeds
will produce acceptable but, often, smaller fruit than the
parent tree bears. Some Brazilian abiu are relatively true Harvesting and yield
to type when grown from seed. Abiu trees in Hawai‘i will produce in 4–6 years. Mature
trees 10–12 years old can yield as many as 500 fruits
Culture and management per tree, each weighing 7–10 ounces. Fruit is ready to
Younger plants should be protected from wind and harvest 3 months after fruit set. Fruit can be harvested
require irrigation to become established. Trees can be half ripe and packed in protective boxes to ensure that
spaced from 7 x 7 feet to 15 x 20 feet and pruned low the easily bruised skin is not damaged. The tree may
to facilitate harvesting. In Brazil, fertilizer at planting fruit multiple times per year depending on rainfall and
time includes manure, lime, super-phosphate, and potas- irrigation. A mature wild tree in Brazil was observed to
sium chloride in the planting hole. On Kona test trees, bear in excess of 1000 fruits. Although vigorous pruning
quarterly applications of a ½ pound of 6.6.6 (NPK) and will ensure new growth and production, yield generally
daily irrigation (1 gallon emitter for 10 minutes per day) starts to decline after 20 years.
are used for consistent yields. In Australia, 2 pounds of
NPK of 12.12.17 plus trace elements is used on mature Postharvest considerations
trees every 4 months. As the fruit are susceptible to fruit Full ripening occurs 1–5 days after harvest, when the
fly and bird damages, protective wrapping on individual fruit pulp and skin loses the sticky latex. Fruit can be
fruit while they are growing is advised. stored at 50°F with a shelf life of 7–14 days. At all times
during the harvest and postharvest process, the fruit
Pests and diseases found in Hawai‘i needs to be protected form bruising. There are USDA
Some leaf-eating larvae, twig borers, various scales, protocols that allow abiu to be treated with irradiation
aphids, and mealy bugs attack various parts of the tree. and sent to the U.S. mainland from Hawai‘i.
The fruit is a host for fruit flies as it ripens.
Packaging, pricing, and marketing
Aphis gossypii Glover (aphids) Abiu fruits should be protected from bruising at har-
Toxoptera aurantii Boy (aphids) vest by placing them directly into padded or protected
Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (fruit fly) sections of boxes. Individual fruit can be wrapped in a
Ceratitis capitata Widemann (fruit fly) styrofoam netting for additional protection. Fruits base-
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (scale insect) ball- to softball-size are sold to wholesalers at $2.50 to
Coccus viridis Green (scale insect) $3.50 per pound, depending on size. Growers may sell
Cephaleuros virescens Kunze (algae leaf spot) smaller and off-grade fruits at farmers’ markets at 50¢
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. & Sacc. (fruit spot) to $2.00 each. Some resort hotel chefs who offer the fruit
Cylindrocladium pteridis F.A.Wolf (fungus) cut it just before serving rather than pre-cutting it, due
Lasiodiplodia theobromae Griff & Maubl. (dieback) to its rapid oxidation and color change.
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UH–CTAHR Abiu F_N-24 — June 2011
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UH–CTAHR Abiu F_N-24 — June 2011
Caramelize onions until dark brown in butter. Add garlic, Internet resources
deglace with cognac, add parsnips, thyme, and abiu. Stir Fruits of warm climates, by Julia F. Morton
and add stocks, and simmer until tender (onions). Season www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html
to taste. Gratin with Gruyere cheese and crouton. Montoso Gardens
www.montosogardens.com
Cost of production Plant Resources of Southeast Asia
It is essential that growers determine their own cost www.prosea.lipi.go.id
of production for each crop in each growing location. International Tropical Fruit Network
Including all the variables in figuring your cost to pro- www.itfnet.org
duce a specific crop is key to farm sustainability. A few
of the operating (or “variable”) costs include fertilizer, Acknowledgments
weed control, pest control, pruning, irrigation, harvest- We thank Dr. Francis Zee and Dr. Bryan Brunner for
ing, marketing, and operations overhead. Ownership (or review and comment on the manuscript, and Dale Evans
“fixed”) costs also need to be taken into account. For for editing and layout services. The provision of cost-
detailed information on the various types of cost, see of-production tables by Dr. Kent Fleming is gratefully
“The economics of cacao production in Kona” (www. acknowledged.
ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/AB-17.pdf).
The cost-of-production spreadsheet on the following
pages can be downloaded as a Microsoft Excel file from
www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/spreads/6fruits.xls.
Selected references
Janick, Jules, and Robert E. Paull. 2008. The encyclo-
pedia of fruits and nuts. CABI, Wallingford, Oxon,
UK. p. 832–835.
Kennard, William C., and Harold F. Winters. 1960. Some
fruits and nuts of the tropics. USDA ARS, Misc. Pub.
801.
Popenoe, Wilson. 1920. Manual of tropical and subtropi-
cal fruits. Hafner Press. p. 349–350.
Tankard, Glenn. 1987. Tropical fruit, an Australian guide
to growing and using exotic fruits. Viking Penguin,
Australia.
Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel. 1992. Plant resources
of Southeast Asia, 2: Edible fruits and nuts. PROSEA
Foundation, Bogor Indonesia.
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UH–CTAHR Abiu F_N-24 — June 2011
Gross Margin Budgets for Mixed Tropical Fruit Tree Production
Assumptions: (Data entries are annual amounts expressed on a per tree basis) Fruit tree => ABIU
1. Average number of bearing trees (counted) 5 trees To calculate profitability: Enter wage rate & benefits actually paid (or the rates
2. Yield (expressed in number of fruit [F] or lbs) F 125 fruit / tree one would to pay if labor were hired.) To calculate cash flow enter nothing.
3. Average wt. (ozs.) / fruit = 6.0 ounces The cash flow result is (except for depreciation considerations) one's taxable income.
4. Total lbs. harvested/ tree = 46.9 lbs. gross yield 6. Wage rate ($/hr.) = $12.00
5. Marketable yield /tree (%) = 85% of the gross yield 7. Benefits (FICA, etc.) (%) = 33.3%
Gross Revenue: % of total: $/lb: Lbs./tree/yr. $ /tree /yr.: $ /total crop /yr. % of gross
1 Wholesale sales 25% 2.00 10.0 marketable lbs. 19.92 100 18%
2 Retail sales 75% 3.00 29.9 marketable lbs. 89.65 448 82%
Total sales = Weighted ave. price/lb. = $2.750 39.8 marketable lbs. 109.57 548 100%
Operating Costs: Enter unit quantities as total per year per tree:
A. Growing costs: Units: $/unit: ¢ /lb. of fruit $ /tree /yr.: $ /total crop /yr. % of gross
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University of Hawaii at Manoa Dr. Kent Fleming, Agricultural Economist Email: fleming@hawaii.edu
UH–CTAHR Abiu F_N-24 — June 2011
Gross Margin Budgets for Mixed Tropical Fruit Tree Production
University of Hawaii at Manoa Dr. Kent Fleming, Agricultural Economist Email: fleming@hawaii.edu