Summa

ryWr
it
ing
pose:Li
Pur kenot
e-maki
ngandnot
e-t
aki
ng,Summar
isi
ngal
soi
sver
yimpor
tantandusef
ul.Ever
y
st
udent
,engineer
,manager,per
sonalsecr
etar
yandbusi
nessexecut
ivehastolear
ntheartof
Summarisat
i
on.Astudenti
sexpectedtomakeasummaryofalect
ure,apassage,achapt
er,arepor
t
orabook.

Asummaryi
sdif
fer
entf
rom pr
eci
s,i
nwhi
chwer educet
heorigi
nalmat
tert
oonet hi
rdofi
tsl
engt
h.
However
,asummarymaybehalf
,aquar
terorevenonetent
hoftheor
igi
nalpassage.

Asummaryisdif
fer
entf
romanote.Anot
emaynotbecl
eart
oother
sbutasummar
yhast
obe.Anot
e
i
sforper
sonaluseonl
y,wher
easasummarycanbeusedbyot
hersal
so.

DEFI
NITION:ASummar
isat
ionmeanscompr
ehensi
on,composi
ti
onandpr
esent
ati
onof
themai
npoi
ntsof
t
hepassage.

HOWTOWRI
TEASUMMARY?
Rul
es-
Regul
atons(
i Do’
sandDon’
ts)
1. Readt
hegi
venpassagecar
ef ymor
ul
l ethanonce.

2. Under
lnet
i heimpor
t deasandf
anti i
ndoutthecent
rali
dea.
3. Putuptheunder
li
nedideasi
nalogi
cal
orderandbuil
tupyoursummar
yar
oundt
hecent
ral
idea.

4. Cutoutal
ltheelabor
ati
ons,examples,andref
erencesbec
ausebr
evi
tyi
sthesoulof
summar i
zati
on.Bebriefbutnott
oobr i
ef.

5. Usesi
mpl
eandsi
ngl
ewor
dsf
orphr
asesandex
pressi
ons.
6. Uset
he“
Indi
rectSpeech”f
orbr
evi
ty.
7. Thepassivevoi
ceshoul
dnotbebr
oughti
nwher
etheact
ivevoi
cehasbeenusedi
nthe
ori
ginal
.

8. Goodpunctuat
ioncansavemanywords.Al
sosomeknowledgeof“
tr
ansf
ormat
ionof
sent
ences”i
saness ent
i
alpar
tof
tr
aini
nginSummari
sat
ion.

9. Seet
hatnoi
mpor
tantpoi
nti
somi
t
tedandnouni
mpor
tantpoi
nti
sincl
uded.
10.Gi
veasui
tabl
eTi
tet
l ot
heSummar
y.

11.ASummar ymustbei
nONEparagraph.
12.Avoi
dcomment
ingont
hepassage,addi
ngnewi
nfor
mat
ionandexampl
es,expl
aini
ng
meanings.

13.Compareyoursummar
ywi
tht
heor
igi
nal
passageandseet
hati
tgi
vesacompl
etei
deaof
the
or
igi
nal
…
EXAMPLEOFASUMMARY

Or
igi
nal
“TheNor
ther
nLi
ght
s”

Ther
ear
eti
meswhent
heni
ghtskygl
owswi
thbandsofcol
or.Thebandsmaybegi
nascl
oudshapes
andt
hens
preadi
ntoagr
eatar
cacr
osst
heent
ir
esky.Theymayf
all
inf
oldsl
i
keacur
tai
ndr
awnacr
oss
t
heheavens.Thel
i
ght
susual
l
ygr
owbr
ight
er,t
hensuddenl
ydi
m.Dur
ingt
hist
imet
heskygl
owswi
th
pal
eyel
l
ow,pi
nk,
green,vi
olet
,bl
ue,andr
ed.Thesel
i
ght
sar
ecal
l
edt
heAur
oraBor
eal
i
s.Somepeopl
e
cal
lt
hem t
heNor
ther
nLi
ght
s.Sc
ient
ist
shavebeenwat
chi
ngt
hem f
orhundr
edsofyear
s.Theyar
enot
qui
tesur
ewhatcausest
hem.I
nanci
entt
imespeopl
ewer
eaf
rai
doft
heLi
ght
s.Theyi
magi
nedt
hat
t
heysawf
ier
ydr
agonsi
nthesk
y.Someevenconcl
udedt
hatt
heheavenswer
eonf
ir
e.

Summa
ry
TheAur
oraBor
eal
i
s,orNor
ther
nLi
ght
s,ar
ebandsofcol
ori
ntheni
ghtsky.Anc
ientpeopl
ethoughtt
hat
t
hesel
i
ght
swer
edr
agononf
ir
e,andevenmoder
nsci
ent
ist
sar
enotsur
ewhatt
heyar
e.

Q.3B)Wr
it
eabr
iefsummar
yoft
heaboveex
tractandsuggestasui
tabl
eti
tl
e:-
4mar
ks

Mostoft
hewat
eri
nthesoi
li
srai
nwat
erandt
heor
eti
cal
l
yitshoul
dbeaspur
easdi
sti
l
ledwat
er.
For
tunat
ely,however
,thi
sisusual
l
ynott
hecase,f
orpl
ant
sneednotonl
ywat
ert
oli
ve,butal
so
mi
ner
als-vi
tal
sal
tswhi
char
eli
ber
ateddur
ingt
hedecomposi
ti
onofr
ockandsoi
l
.Thi
sdecomposi
t
ion
i
sacont
i
nuouspr
ocessandpr
oceedsf
ast
estathi
ght
emper
atur
e.Whent
her
eispl
ent
yofr
ain,mostof
t
hesal
tspr
oducedbydec
ompos
iti
onar
ewas
hedawayi
ntost
reamsandr
iver
s,andapr
opermi
ner
al
bal
ancei
smai
ntai
ned.

Thesal
tconcent
rat
ioni
ntheoceani
sal
sohi
ghandver
yfewl
andpl
ant
sgr
owi
nseawat
er.
Mostpl
ant
swhi
chgr
owonbeaches,suchast
hecoconutpal
m,act
ual
l
yli
veonf
reshwat
er,
par
adoxi
cal
thought
hismayseem.Thes
eashor
emaybet
hei
rhabi
tatbecauset
heoceancur
rent
swi
l
l
di
str
ibut
ethei
rseeds,t
hec
oconut
s,butt
heyc
annomor
eli
veonsal
twat
ert
hananyot
herpl
ant
.Inf
act
,
t
hei
rroot
sdonotr
eachseawat
er,butonl
ygodownt
othef
reshwat
erwhi
ch,bei
ngl
i
ght
ert
hant
hesal
t,
f
loat
sont
opofi
t.Thus,wheni
trai
nsont
hesandyt
ropi
calbeaches,t
her
ainwat
err
aisest
hewat
er
t
abl
eint
hesand,f
orci
ngt
hesal
twat
erdownwar
dandout
war
d.

Q.3B)Summar
yWr
it
ing:
-

THEGROWTHOFPLANTS
Pl
ant
sneedwat
eraswel
lmi
ner
alsf
orgr
owt
h.Decomposi
ti
on
ofr
ockandsoi
li
sacont
inuouspr
ocesswhi
chpr
oducessal
t
s-
mi
ner
als.Dur
ingr
ainsal
tpr
oduc
edbyt
hispr
ocessi
swashedaway
i
ntost
reamsandr
iver
s,whi
chmai
ntai
nsmi
ner
albal
ance.Assal
t
concent
rat
ioni
ntheoceani
shi
gh,ver
yfewl
andpl
ant
sgr
owi
nsea
wat
er.Mostpl
ant
sli
kecoconut
sgr
owi
ngonbeachesl
i
veonf
reshwat
er.Thei
rroot
sdonotr
eachsea
wat
erbutonl
ygodownt
othef
reshwat
erwhi
chi
sli
ght
ert
hansal
tandsof
loat
sont
opofi
t.

Tot
alwor
d:-56wor
ds

Q.3)Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngext
ractandanswert
hequest
ionsbel
ow:
Co-
educ
ati
oni
sasy
stem ofeduc
ati
onwher
eboysandgi
rl
sst
udyt
oget
her
.Inacount
ryas
conser
vat
i
veasI
ndi
a,co-
educat
ionhel
psboysandgi
rl
sbr
eakpopul
armi
sconcept
i
onsexi
sti
ng
bet
weenbot
hsi
ncet
imei
mmemor
ial
.

Co-
educ
ati
onencour
agesf
ami
l
iar
it
ybet
weenboysandgi
rl
sandt
heyst
artbr
eaki
ng
mi
sconcept
ionsabouteachot
her
.Thei
rgener
alout
lookchangesandt
heydevel
opaheal
thy,nor
mal
r
elat
ionshi
pwi
thmor
emat
ureper
sonal
i
ti
es.Ther
eisnodi
scr
imi
nat
ionbasedonsex.I
thasof
tenbeen
seent
hatst
udent
swhoc
omef
rom aco-
educat
i
onalbackgr
oundar
ebet
tercommuni
cat
orst
han
st
udent
swhost
udyi
nsame-
sexi
nst
it
uti
ons.Co-
educ
ati
onal
sohel
psst
udent
sint
hei
rlat
erl
i
fewhen
t
heybecomepr
ofessi
onal
sandi
nter
actwi
tht
heopposi
tesex.Ast
heseboysandgi
rl
slos
ethei
r
shyness,t
heydevel
opabr
oaderout
l
ookandar
edevoi
dofnar
rowment
ali
t
y.
 I
tisessent
ialt
ohav
emor
eco-
educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onst
onur
tur
egood,nor
mal
,heal
thy
ci
ti
zenswhoi
ntur
ncanhel
premov
esoci
alevi
l
sli
kedowr
ythr
oughj
ointef
for
ts.Co-
educat
ioncanal
so
r
educeeve-
teasi
ng,r
aggi
ng,r
apeandot
hercr
imesagai
nstwomen.Wi
thmor
eunder
standi
ng,a
mut
ual
respecti
sdevel
opedandt
hemi
ndi
sfr
eeofanyunsavour
ythought
s.Thi
nki
ngmat
uri
tycomes
atanear
lyageandgoesal
ongwayi
ndev
elopi
ngwel
l
-roundedper
sonal
i
ti
esi
nbot
h.

Whatneedst
obedonei
mmedi
atel
ynat
ionwi
dei
stoi
ntr
oduceco-
educat
ionr
ightf
rompr
imar
y
school
.Att
hisst
agei
tsel
f,par
ent
sandt
eacher
sshoul
dtakepr
ecaut
ionsi
nens
uri
ngapr
operbal
ance
bet
weeneducat
ionandmor
alval
ues.

Wr
it
easummar
yof
theaboveext
ractwi
tht
hehel
pof
thepoi
ntsgi
venbel
owandsuggestasui
tabl
e
t
it
le.

Poi
nts:Co-
educat
ion——def inedas— -advant
ages--
removessoci
alevi
l
s——devel
opsper
sonal
i
ti
es-
-
-
rol
eofparent
sandt eacher
s.

THEBENEFI
TSOFCO-
EDUCATI
ON
Co-
educat
ioni
sasyst
em ofeducat
ionwher
eboysandgi
rl
sst
udyt
oget
her
.Co-
educat
ionnotonl
y
encour
agesf
ami
l
iar
it
ybet
weenboysandgi
rl
s,butal
sobr
eakspopul
armi
sconcept
ionsexi
sti
ngbet
ween
t
hem.I
tdevel
opesheal
thyfnor
malr
elat
ionshi
psandmat
ureper
sonal
i
ti
es.I
tal
sohel
pst
odevel
opa
br
oaderout
lookandmakest
hem bet
tercommuni
cat
ors.I
treducescr
imesagai
nstwomenand
di
scr
imi
nat
ionbasedonsex.Thi
nki
ngmat
uri
tycomesatanear
lyageandcont
ri
but
esi
ndevel
opi
ng
wel
l
-roundedper
sonal
i
ti
esi
nbot
h.Par
ent
sandt
eacher
sshoul
dtakepr
ecaut
ionst
oensur
eapr
oper
bal
ancebet
weeneducat
ionandmor
alval
ues.