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Physics Project-2011: Name-Hemender Singh Hoon Roll No-12 CLASS-12 A
Physics Project-2011: Name-Hemender Singh Hoon Roll No-12 CLASS-12 A
Physics Project-2011: Name-Hemender Singh Hoon Roll No-12 CLASS-12 A
ROLL NO-12
CLASS-12th A
CERTIFICATE
Last but not the least, I would like to thank our parents
who helped me a lot in gathering different information,
collecting data and guiding me from time to time in
making this project .despite of their busy schedules ,they
gave me different ideas in making this project unique.
Thanking you
Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar alkyl
group dissolves in grease while the polar -COONa part dissolves
in water. In this manner, an emulsion is formed between grease
and water which appears as foam.
Fat in soap
Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Sodium
Tallowate, a common ingredient in much soap, is derived
from rendered beef fat. Soap can also be made of vegetable oils,
such as palm oil, and the product is typically softer.
An array of saponifiable oils and fats are used in the process such
as olive, coconut, palm, cocoa butter to provide different
qualities. For example, olive oil provides mildness in soap;
coconut oil provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils
provide hardness. Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an
ebullient.
Preparation of soap
In cold-process and hot-process soap making, heat may be
required for saponification.
Hot process
Cold process
Procedure:
3. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water.
Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a
minute. Do the same for all test tubes and with equal force.
Result:
From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest
foaming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity.
Lux, on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of
time for the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to
be having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity.
No precipitate
No precipitate
The tests show negative results for the presence of the salts
causing hardness in water. The water used does not contain salts
of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The tap water provided is soft and thus, the
experimental results and values hold good for distilled water and
tap water
THE END
THANK YOU