Web-Published Supplement

1. Introduction

This document contains additional information related to the manuscript “Steady State

Design and Economic Analysis of Divided Wall Columns”. In particular, it presents

additional information about the extension of the method to DWCU and DWCL. In Section 2,

the shortcut design procedure for DWCL is presented. In Section 2, the shortcut design

procedure for DWCL is presented. In Section 4, the results of the ideal system study for

DWCU and DWCL are presented. The optimization procedures for the real system study are

given for DWCU and DWCL in Section 5. Finally, the detailed simulation results for three

configurations are shown in Tables 7 to 16. The compositions of product for actual and

optimal design are set as 0.99 and will not be shown in the tables.

2. Shortcut Design for DWCL

The component net flow for DWCL is shown in Figure 1. There is no degree of freedom

in the net flow model. That means the net flow model is determined when the product purities

are specified.

In the minimum vapor flow calculation the recoveries of each component are not

variables. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram depicting the notation. The detailed

calculations are described below.

In section 1, the equation for the Underwood roots is:

 i Zi
(1  q)   i  A,B,C (1)
i 

which has solutions:

 A  1   B  2  C (2)

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The minimum vapor flows in section 1 are calculated based on the roots and the larger one is

chosen:

 i X i ,W1W1
Vmin,1   i  A,B,C (3)
i  

Vmin,1  Max Vmin,1 1  ,Vmin,1 2  (4)

In section 2, V1 and L1 are combined to form a net flow D1. The composition of D1 can be

obtained by mass balance.

Z A F  W1 X A,W1
X A,D1  (5)
D1

Z B F  W1 X B,W1
X B,D1  (6)
D1

X C,D1  1  X A,D1  X B,D1 (7)

The feed quality of D1 can be calculated:

 Lmin,1
q  (8)
D1

The minimum vapor flow for section 2 is obtained.

 i X i ,D1 D1
D1 (1  q)   i  A,B,C (9)
i   

 A  1   B  2   C (10)

 i X i ,D2 D2
Vmin,2   i  A,B,C (11)
i   

  
Vmin,2  Max Vmin,2 1 ,Vmin,2  2   (12)

In section 3, the minimum vapor flow for section 3 is obtained in the same way, and the sum

of Vmin,1 and Vmin,3 is equal to Vmin,2.

 i X i ,W3W3
Vmin,3   i  A,B,C (13)
i   

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   
Vmin,3  Max Vmin,3 1 ,Vmin,3  2   (14)

 Vmin,3  Vmin,2  Vmin,1 (15)

The design steps are similar to the steps of DWCM. Only the SL is manipulated.

Step 1: The minimum reflux ratio is calculated:

V 
R2,min   min,2  1 (16)
 D2 

Step 2: The minimum number of trays is calculated using the Fenske equation. The minimum

number of trays for section 1 is calculated:

ln  Zi / Z j   Z j / Zi  
N1,min   D1 W1 
i, j  B,C (17)
ln  ij

Section 2 and section 3 should be combined for the purpose of calculating the minimum

number of stages:

ln  Zi / Z j   Z j / Zi  
 N2  N3 min   D2 W3 
i, j  A,B (18)
ln  ij

The ratio of N2,min to N3,min is a degree of freedom. This value will be determined in the design

procedure.

Step 3: The reflux ratio and minimum reflux ratio for each section should be defined before

using the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland method to calculate the number of trays. The reflux

ratio and minimum reflux ratio of section 2 are defined as:

L2
R2  (19)
D2

Lmin,2
R2,min  (20)
D2

The definitions for section 1 are:

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 L1
R1  (21)
D1

Lmin,1
R1,min  (22)
D1

The reflux ratio and minimum reflux ratio of section 3 are defined as:

L3
R3  (23)
D3

Lmin,3
R3,min  (24)
D3

SL is defined as:

L1
SL  (25)
L2

If more liquid go into section 1, then there are fewer trays in section 1. Finally the value

of SL is chosen so that there are the same number of trays in section 1 and section 3 and the

smallest number of trays for section 1 and section 3.

Step 4: Then we calculate tray number by using the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland method for

N1, N2, and N3.

N  N min   R  Rmin 0.5688 

 0.75 1     (26)
N 1   R  1  

Step 5: The Kirkbride equation is used to determine the feed location for section 1:

0.206
N1_1 D X D 
  1  B,D1 1  (27)
N1_ 2  W1 X C,W1W1 

The ratio of N2 to N3 should be also determined by the Kirkbride equation:

0.206
N 2  D2 X A,D2 D2 
   (28)
N3  W3 X B,W3W3 

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 The procedure is shown in Figure 3. The loop is used to determined the ratio of N2,min to

N3,min. Finally the reflux ratio is used as a design variable to find the design with the

minimum TAC.

3. Shortcut Design for DWCU

Also, there is no degree of freedom in the net flow model. The net flow model is

determined when the product purities are specified. The component net flow for DWCU is

shown in Figure 4.

In the minimum vapor flow calculation the recoveries of each component are not

variables. The configuration of DWCU is shown in Figure 5. The detailed calculations are list

below.

In section 1, the equation for the Underwood roots is:

 i Zi
1  q    i  A,B,C (29)
i  

which has solutions:

 A  1   B  2  C (30)

The minimum vapor flows in section 1 are calculated based on the roots and the larger one is

chosen:

 i X i ,D1 D1
Vmin,1   i  A,B,C (31)
i  

Vmin,1  Max Vmin,1 1  ,Vmin,1 2  (32)

In section 2, V1 and L1 are combined to form a net flow W1. The composition of W1 is

obtained by mass balance.

Z A F  D1 X A,D1
X A,W1  (33)
W1

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 Z B F  D1 X B,D1
X B,W1  (34)
W1

X C,W1  1  X A,W1  X B,W1 (35)

The feed quality of W1 can be calculated:

Lmin,1
q  (36)
W1

The minimum vapor flow rate for section 2 is obtained.

 i X i ,W1W1
W1 1  q    i  A,B,C (37)
i   

 A  1   B  2   C (38)

 i X i ,D2 D2
Vmin,2   i  A,B,C (39)
i   

  
Vmin,2  Max Vmin,2 1 ,Vmin,2  2   (40)

Section 3: The minimum vapor flow for section 3 is obtained in the same way, and the sum of

Vmin,1 and Vmin,3 is equal to Vmin,2.

 i X i ,W3W3
Vmin,3   i  A,B,C (41)
i   

  
Vmin,3  Max Vmin,3 1 ,Vmin,3  2   (42)

 Vmin,3  Vmin,2  Vmin,1 (43)

The design steps are similar to the steps of DWCL. Only the SV is manipulated.

Step 1: The minimum boilup ratio is calculated:

Vmin,3
BR3,min  (44)
W3

Step 2: The minimum number of trays is calculated using the Fenske equation. The minimum

number of trays for section 1 is calculated:

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 ln  Zi / Z j   Z j / Zi  
N1,min   D1 W1 
i, j  A,B (45)
ln  ij

Section 2 and section 3 should be combined for the purpose of calculating the minimum

number of stages:

ln  Zi / Z j   Z j / Zi  
 W3 
 N2  N3 min  D2
i, j  B,C (46)
ln  ij

The ratio of N2,min to N3,min is degrees of freedom. The value will be determined in the design

procedure.

Step 3: The reflux ratio and minimum reflux ratio of section 3 are defined as:

L3
R3  (47)
W1  W2

Lmin,3
R3,min  (48)
W1  W2

The definitions for section 1 are:

L1
R1  (49)
D1

Lmin,1
R1,min  (50)
D1

The reflux ratio and minimum reflux ratio of section 2 are defined as:

L2
R2  (51)
D2

Lmin,2
R2,min  (52)
D2

SV is defined as:

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 V1
SV  (53)
V3

For the same reason, the value of vapor split is determined so that there are the same

number of trays in section 1 and section 2 and the smallest number of trays for section 1 and

section 2.

Step 4: Then we calculate tray number by using the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland method for

N1, N2 and N3.

N  N min   R  Rmin 0.5688 

 0.75 1     (54)
N 1   R  1  

Step 5: The Kirkbride equation is used to determine the feed location for section 1:

0.206
N1_1 D X D 
  1  A,D1 1  (55)
N1_ 2  W1 X B,W1W1 

The ratio of N2 to N3 should be also determined by the Kirkbride equation:

0.206
N 2  D2 X B,D2 D2 
   (56)
N3  W3 X C,W3W3 

The procedure is shown in Figure 6. The loop is used to determined the ratio of N2,min to

N3,min. Finally the reflux ratio is used as a design variable to find the design with the

minimum TAC.

4. Results for the design of ideal systems

Tables 1 to 6 show the deviations of all variables for DWC L and DWCU. The deviations

of main component composition in the three products stream are also listed. From the results,

all the deviations of variables are around 10%. The method performs well for these two

configurations for both high and low reflux ratios.

5. Real system study

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 The procedure of optimization for DWCL is listed below. R2, BR1 and BR3 are the

variables that are manipulated to meet the product specifications.

(1) Start from shortcut design

(2) Change N2 and tune SL until TAC is minimized

(3) Change N3 (N1=N3) and tune SL until TAC is minimized

(4) Change N1_1 and tune SL until TAC is minimized

(5) Go back to step 3 until TAC is minimized

(6) Go back to step 2 until TAC is minimized

The procedure of optimization for DWCU is listed below. BR3, R1 and R2 are the

variables that are manipulated to get the product specifications.

(1) Start from shortcut design

(2) Change N3 and tune SV until TAC is minimized

(3) Change N2 (N1=N2) and tune SV until TAC is minimized

(4) Change N1_1 and tune SV until TAC is minimized

(5) Go back to step 3 until TAC is minimized

(6) Go back to step 2 until TAC is minimized

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Nomenclature

 ij = relative volatility of component i with respect to component j

i = relative volatility of component i

 = the fraction of B sent to the top of prefractionator

BRi = boilup ratio of section i

BRi ,min = minimum boilup ratio of section i

Di = top product flow rate of column i

F = feed flow rate

Wi = bottom product flow rate of column i

Li = liquid flow in the upper zone of column i

Lmin,i = minimum liquid flow in the upper zone of column i

Li = liquid flow in the upper zone of column i

L min,i = minimum liquid flow in the lower zone of column i

Ni = number of trays of section i

N i ,min = minimum number of trays of section i

N Total = total number of trays

q = feed quality

Ri = reflux ratio of section i

Ri min = minimum reflux ratio of section i

S = sidedraw flow rate

SL = liquid split

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SV = vapor split

Vi = vapor flow in the upper zone of section i

Vmin,i = minimum vapor flow in the upper zone of section i

Vi = vapor flow in the lower zone of section i

V min,i = minimum vapor flow in the lower zone of section i

xi , j = mole fraction of component i in liquid flow j

ΔX i , j = deviation of composition for component i in product flow j

Zi = mole fraction of component i in feed flow

 ,  ,  = root of Underwood’s equation

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Tables

Table 1. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCL for R2=1.002 R2,min.
ΔVariable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
ΔXA,D2 0.5% 0.7% 0.99% 0.02%
ΔXB,W3 0.5% 4% 2.3% 1.8%
ΔXC,W1 2.9% 4.4% 2.7% 4.2%
ΔR2 2.6% 7.7% 3.17% 5.09%
ΔBR1 4.9% 8.2% 9.5% 8.6%
ΔBR3 2.8% 4.8% 4.6% 4.9%
ΔSL 1.4% 3.4% 0.2% 1.7%

Table 2. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCL for R2=1.05 R2,min.
ΔVariable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
ΔXA,D2 0.25% 0.4% 0.99% 0.25%
ΔXB,W3 0.07% 1.8% 2.1% 0.4%
ΔXC,W1 2.6% 3.3% 2.6% 3.1%
ΔR2 0.47% 3.9% 0.14% 2.1%
ΔBR1 1.5% 5.8% 6.5% 6%
ΔBR3 2.5% 3.8% 3.9% 4.1%
ΔSL 2.4% 0.36% 1.1% 0.7%

Table 3. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCL for R2=1.2 R2,min.
ΔVariable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
ΔXA,D2 0.07% 0.44% 0.99% 0.74%
ΔXB,W3 0.38% 1% 1.7% 0.3%
ΔXC,W1 0.8% 2.5% 2.3% 2.5%
ΔR2 7% 6.1% 4.8% 5.8%
ΔBR1 5.5% 1% 1.48% 1.4%
ΔBR3 1.7% 1% 0.9% 1.89%
ΔSL 8.3% 8.1% 2.7% 6.2%

Table 4. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCU for BR3=1.002 BR3,min.
ΔVariable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
ΔXA,D1 2.5% 0.6% 3.6% 2.1%
ΔXB,D2 2.1% 5.1% 11.4% 5.5%
ΔXC,W3 1.5% 2.3% 2.7% 2.4%
ΔR1 6.3% 5.8% 11% 8.9%
ΔBR3 4.1% 5.1% 8.2% 6.5%
ΔR2 1.7% 1.4% 2.1% 0.8%
ΔSV 5.6% 1.5% 11% 5.5%

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 Table 5. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCU for BR3=1.05 BR3,min.
ΔVariable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
ΔXA,D1 1.1% 0.47% 0.3% 0.1%
ΔXB,D2 2.4% 2.5% 7.3% 3.7%
ΔXC,W3 0.8% 2.3% 2.4% 2.4%
ΔR1 8.2% 6.8% 3.8% 1.8%
ΔBR3 2.9% 1.8% 5.8% 5%
ΔR2 3.2% 4.2% 3.3% 1.8%
ΔSV 7.9% 0.32% 8.2% 3.1%

Table 6. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCU for BR3=1.1 BR3,min.
ΔVariable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
ΔXA,D1 0.8% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3%
ΔXB,D2 1.1% 2% 6.5% 3.1%
ΔXC,W3 0.5% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2%
ΔR1 11% 13% 1.38% 2.58%
ΔBR3 1.9% 0.3% 4.1% 3.3%
ΔR2 1.9% 6.2% 3.4% 0.7%
ΔSV 10% 1.5% 5.8% 2%

Table 7. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCM for R2=1.2 R2,min when β =βP.
Variable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
N1 27 21 21 23
N2 9 16 12 12
N3_1 11 7 9 9
N3_2 16 14 12 14
N4 12 16 18 15
Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual
R2 7.553 7.504 1.056 1.093 4.597 5.183 3.042 3.347
BR4 8.553 8.688 6.19 6.525 1.859 2.174 4.042 4.540
SL 0.098 0.099 0.29 0.291 0.188 0.192 0.158 0.158
SV 0.276 0.279 0.663 0.664 0.367 0.371 0.414 0.414
XA,D2 0.984 - 0.986 - 0.98 - 0.983 -
XB,S 0.989 - 0.978 - 0.953 - 0.974 -
XC,W4 0.971 - 0.967 - 0.975 - 0.977 -

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 Table 8. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCM for R2=1.2 R2,min when β =βb.
Variable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
N1 23 22 24 21
N2 9 13 10 10
N3_1 10 9 13 11
N3_2 13 13 11 10
N4 10 16 20 17
Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual
R2 7.553 6.952 1.056 1.007 4.597 4.777 3.052 3.096
BR4 8.553 8.384 6.190 6.308 1.859 2.048 4.052 4.315
SL 0.362 0.362 0.434 0.433 0.65 0.652 0.484 0.486
SV 0.712 0.712 0.793 0.792 0.858 0.858 0.795 0.795
XA,D2 0.98 - 0.981 - 0.98 - 0.98 -
XB,S 0.987 - 0.987 - 0.937 - 0.976 -
XC,W4 0.972 - 0.967 - 0.969 - 0.967 -

Table 9. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCM for R2=1.002 R2,min when β =βb.
Variable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
N1 51 30 41 40
N2 14 26 22 18
N3_1 25 15 23 21
N3_2 26 15 18 19
N4 26 41 41 33
Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual
R2 6.314 6.282 0.882 1.073 3.866 3.950 2.549 2.828
BR4 7.314 7.667 5.665 6.509 1.617 1.771 3.549 4.045
SL 0.411 0.412 0.447 0.45 0.65 0.649 0.484 0.486
SV 0.817 0.817 0.832 0.83 0.892 0.892 0.84 0.838
XA,D2 0.98 - 0.982 - 0.98 - 0.98 -
XB,S 0.983 - 0.968 - 0.904 - 0.955 -
XC,W4 0.987 - 0.947 - 0.959 - 0.947 -

Table 10. Simulation results in ideal system for DWCM for R2=1.05 R2,min when β =βb.
Variable ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC ZA/ZB/ZC
=0.2/0.6/0.2 =0.6/0.2/0.2 =0.2/0.2/0.6 =0.33/0.33/0.33
N1 32 27 30 29
N2 10 17 16 13
N3_1 16 12 17 15
N3_2 16 15 13 14
N4 16 24 29 23
Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual Shortcut Actual
R2 6.609 6.405 0.924 1.029 4.0229 4.15 2.671 2.914
BR4 7.609 7.823 5.792 6.377 1.6689 1.836 3.671 4.132
SL 0.393 0.394 0.435 0.438 0.659 0.661 0.477 0.48
SV 0.782 0.782 0.818 0.816 0.8898 0.89 0.822 0.82
XA,D2 0.981 - 0.981 - 0.98 - 0.98 -
XB,S 0.986 - 0.981 - 0.91 - 0.965 -
XC,W4 0.969 - 0.956 - 0.96 - 0.957 -

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 Table 11. Simulation results in EPB system for DWCM.
ZA/ZB/ZC 0.1/0.8/0.1 0.6/0.2/0.2 0.3/0.3/0.4
Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal
N1 59 - 59 51 - 50 52 - 51
N2 14 - 15 31 - 25 21 - 17
N3_1 35 - 35 35 - 34 32 - 31
N3_2 24 - 24 16 - 16 20 - 20
N4 14 - 14 27 - 14 25 - 16
R2 15.915 17.955 17.572 1.414 1.501 1.52 3.22 4.025 4.023
BR4 17.493 16.952 17.346 7.227 6.786 6.865 3.654 3.393 3.408
SL 0.267 0.361 0.373 0.619 0.601 0.6 0.419 0.502 0.544
SV 0.614 0.691 0.687 0.775 0.809 0.805 0.407 0.529 0.752
XA,D2 0.959 - - 0.966 - - 0.938 - -
XB,S 0.982 - - 0.926 - - 0.947 - -
XC,W4 0.959 - - 0.98 - - 0.98 - -

Table 12. Simulation results in EPB system for DWCL.

ZA/ZB/ZC 0.1/0.8/0.1 0.6/0.2/0.2 0.3/0.3/0.4
Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal
N1 46 43 40 - 35 43 - 37
N2 19 17 33 - 25 28 - 15
N3 46 43 40 - 35 43 - 37
R2 24.449 25.982 25.795 2.067 1.871 1.884 4.66 4.689 4.772
BR1 17.193 16.532 16.415 4.989 5.644 5.657 3.057 2.934 2.947
BR3 0.996 0.958 1.077 2.027 2.317 2.37 1.534 1.284 1.353
SL 0.323 0.331 0.303 0.383 0.394 0.388 0.53 0.49 0.484
XA,D2 0.94 - - 0.959 - - - -
XB,W3 0.989 - - 0.934 - - - -
XC,W1 0.989 - - 0.98 - - - -

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 Table 13. Simulation results in EPB system for DWCU.
ZA/ZB/ZC 0.1/0.8/0.1 0.6/0.2/0.2 0.3/0.3/0.4
Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal
N1 44 - 48 48 - 46 41 - 45
N2 44 - 48 48 - 46 41 - 45
N3 15 - 16 25 - 14 26 - 15
R1 12.051 10.956 10.169 1.38 1.301 1.304 2.457 2.421 2.209
R2 0.791 0.854 0.953 1.012 1.092 1.145 1.518 1.411 1.498
BR3 25.087 25.488 24.984 9.023 8.188 8.216 3.754 4.015 3.909
SV 0.409 0.416 0.381 0.736 0.761 0.757 0.601 0.571 0.545
XA,D1 0.928 - - 0.957 - - 0.928 - -
XB,D2 0.988 - - 0.934 - - 0.952 - -
XC,W3 0.982 - - 0.98 - - 0.98 - -

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 Table 14. Simulation results in BTE system for DWCM.
ZA/ZB/ZC 0.1/0.8/0.1 0.6/0.2/0.2 0.3/0.3/0.4
Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal
N1 66 - 62 38 - 38 42 - 42
N2 12 - 14 28 - 26 25 - 18
N3_1 31 - 31 16 - 14 23 - 23
N3_2 35 - 31 22 - 24 19 - 19
N4 22 - 20 38 - 27 49 - 49
R2 21.793 21.283 21.2 1.409 1.4 1.398 4.164 4.643 4.652
BR4 17.187 19.333 19.26 5.769 6.468 6.464 3.864 3.778 3.784
SL 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.51 0.51 0.5 0.593 0.617 0.618
SV 0.725 0.756 0.763 0.808 0.791 0.782 0.812 0.831 0.831
XA,D2 0.96 - - 0.965 - - 0.939 - -
XB,S 0.987 - - 0.922 - - 0.949 - -
XC,W4 0.98 - - 0.98 - - 0.98 - -

Table 15. Simulation results in BTE system for DWCL.

ZA/ZB/ZC 0.1/0.8/0.1 0.6/0.2/0.2 0.3/0.3/0.4
Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal
N1 66 - 60 63 - 53 67 - 55
N2 17 - 15 32 - 18 26 - 15
N3 66 - 60 63 - 53 67 - 55
R2 26.995 27.946 27.288 2.071 2.051 2.052 5.282 5.543 5.563
BR1 17.929 19.054 18.97 5.626 6.379 6.396 3.827 3.577 3.591
BR3 0.779 0.772 0.911 2.078 1.938 1.971 1.164 1.136 1.177
SL 0.396 0.425 0.388 0.474 0.498 0.493 0.577 0.587 0.583
XA,D2 0.926 - - 0.955 - - 0.934 - -
XB,W3 0.984 - - 0.931 - - 0.958 - -
XC,W1 0.982 - - 0.98 - - 0.98 - -

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 Table 16. Simulation results in BTE system for DWCU.
ZA/ZB/ZC 0.1/0.8/0.1 0.6/0.2/0.2 0.3/0.3/0.4
Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal Shortcut Actual Optimal
N1 51 - 46 45 - 43 42 - 39
N2 51 - 46 45 - 43 42 - 39
N3 20 - 21 37 - 20 40 - 25
R1 9.376 8.65 8.65 1.124 1.039 1.041 2.188 2.119 2.128
R2 1.327 1.192 1.266 1.723 1.612 1.657 2.288 2.192 2.231
BR3 22.91 25.527 25.472 6.861 7.878 7.909 3.991 4.348 4.367
SV 0.346 0.33 0.3192 0.688 0.698 0.695 0.485 0.49 0.487
XA,D1 0.935 - - 0.96 - - 0.952 - -
XB,D2 0.984 - - 0.927 - - 0.953 - -
XC,W3 0.98 - - 0.98 - - 0.98 - -

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Figures

D2

Red: A component
Blue: B component
Green: C component

Section 2

Section 3

F
ZA , ZB , ZC Section 1

W1 W3

Figure 1. Component net flow model of DWCL.

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 D2

V2 L2

Section 2

V2 L2
D1 D3

V1 L1 V3 L3

F
ZA , ZB , ZC Section 1 Section 3

V1 L1 V3 L3

W1 W3

Figure 2. Schematic diagram for DWCL.

-20-
 Calculate R2,min

Set R2= x R2,min

Calculate the minimum

number of trays

Decide N2,min/N3,min

Set SL & Calculate inlet reflux ratio

Calculate number of trays DONE

Follow Kirkbride equation

Not follow Kirkbride equation

Figure 3. Shortcut design procedure for DWCL.

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 D1 D2

F
ZA , ZB , ZC Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Red: A component
Blue: B component
Green: C component

W3

Figure 4. Component net flow model of DWCU.

-22-
 D1 D2

V1 L1 V2 L2

F
ZA , ZB , ZC Section 1 Section 2

V1 L1 V2 L2

W1 W2

V3 L3

Section 3

V3 L3

W3

Figure 5. Schematic diagram for DWCU.

-23-
 Calculate BR3,min

Set BR3= x BR3,min

Calculate the minimum

number of trays

Decide N2,min/N3,min

Set SV & Calculate inlet reflux ratio

Calculate number of trays DONE

Follow Kirkbride equation

Not follow Kirkbride equation

Figure 6. Shortcut design procedure for DWCU.

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