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Soil 6 PDF
Soil 6 PDF
Soil 6 PDF
1. Definition of compaction
Objectives of compaction
Principles of compaction
➢ The dry unit weight (γd) increases as the moisture content increases to a point;
➢ The maximum dry unit weight (γdmax) is corresponding to the optimum moisture
content (wopt);
➢ Beyond wopt, any increase in moisture content tends to reduce the dry unit
weight.
𝛄 = 𝛄𝐝(𝐰=𝟎) = 𝛄𝟏
𝛄 = 𝛄𝟐 → 𝐰 = 𝐰𝟏
Principles of compaction
➢ The standard Procter test developed to simulate field compaction in the lab.
Where:
Equipment
➢ Mold of volume 944 cm3 (1/30 ft3), the diameter of the mold is 101.6 mm (4
inch), the soil sample placed in three layers;
➢ Hammer of weight 5.5 lb (2.49 kg) and drop distance of 12 inch (305 mm); with
25 blows/layer.
Procedure
2. Record the weight of the Proctor mold without the base and the (collar)
extension;
4. Place the soil in the mold in 3 layers and compact using 25 well distributed
blows of the Proctor hammer;
5. Remove the collar and the base without disturbing the soil sample to determine
the weight of the mold and compacted soil;
7. Place the remainder of the molded soil into the pan, break it down, and
thoroughly remix it with the other soil, plus 100 additional grams of water.
For each test, the moisture content of the compacted soil is determined in the Lab.,
the dry unit weight is:
𝛄
𝛄𝐝 =
𝟏+𝐰
Compaction curve
Dr. Aram M. Raheem Page 66
University of Kirkuk/College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
➢ The modified Procter test was developed to simulate larger compaction effort
for more serious loads and bigger equipment.
Equipment
1) Mold of volume 944 cm3 (1/30 ft3); the soil sample placed in five layers;
2) Hammer of weight 4.54 kg (10 lb) and drop distance of 457 mm (18 inch); with
25 blows/layer.
4) The same procedure used in standard Procter test except placing soil in five
layers instead of three layers.
For a given moisture content w and degree of saturation S, the dry unit weight of
compaction is:
𝐆𝐬 𝛄𝐰
𝛄𝐝 =
𝟏+𝐞
𝐒. 𝐞 = 𝐆𝐬 . 𝐰
𝐆𝐬 𝛄𝐰
𝛄𝐝 =
𝐆𝐰
𝟏+ 𝐬
𝐒
For a given moisture content, the theoretical maximum dry unit weight is obtained
when no air is in the void spaces, i.e S = 100%.
𝐆𝐬 𝛄𝐰 𝛄𝐰
𝛄𝐳𝐚𝐯 = =
𝟏 + 𝐆𝐬 𝐰 𝟏
+𝐰
𝐆𝐬
Where:
To obtain the variation of γzav with moisture content, use the following procedure:
❖ The compaction curve should lie to the left of the zero-air-void curve.
❖ As the water content is larger than the optimum value, the void spaces become
filled with water so further compaction is not possible because water is
incompressible fluid.
Example
The laboratory test results of a standard Proctor test are given in the following
table.
a. Determine the maximum dry unit weight of compaction and the optimum
moisture content.
b. Calculate and plot d versus the moisture content for degree of saturation, S =80,
90, and 100% (zav). Given: Gs = 2.7.
Solution (a)
𝐖
a
𝛄=
𝐕
𝛄
b
𝛄𝐝 =
𝟏+𝐰
From the plot, the maximum dry unit weight, d(max) = 109 lb/ft3 and the optimum
moisture content is 14.4%.
𝐆 𝐬 𝛄𝐰
(b) 𝛄𝐝 = 𝐆 𝐰
𝟏+ 𝐬
𝐒
𝛄𝐝 (𝐥𝐛⁄𝐟𝐭 𝟑 )
Gs w (%) S = 80% S = 90% S = 100%
2.7 8 132.7 135.9 138.6
2.7 10 126.0 129.6 132.7
2.7 12 119.9 123.9 127.3
2.7 14 114.4 118.6 122.3
2.7 16 109.4 113.8 117.7
2.7 18 104.8 109.4 113.4
2.7 20 100.6 105.3 109.4
1. Moisture content;
2. Compaction effort;
3. Soil type and gradation.
Adding water to the soil during compaction acts as a softening agent on the soil
particles. The soil particles slip over each other and move into a densely packed
position.
As the compaction effort increased, γdmax is increased and the optimum moisture
content decreased to some extent.
The type of soil (grain-size distribution, shape of grains, Gs and amount and type
of clay minerals) has a great influence on γdmax and wopt.
5. Field compaction
4. Vibratory rollers.
➢ Are drums with a large number of "sheep foot" projections. They are most
effective in compacting clayey soils.
Vibratory Rollers
Vibratory rollers work well in compacting granular soils. Vibratory action can be
attached to the all types of rollers.
Ramming
Rammers can be used for effective compaction of granular soils over a limited
area.
1. Soil type;
2. Moisture content;
3. Thickness of lift;
a) Relative compaction
b) Relative density
For the compaction of granular soils, specifications sometimes are written in terms
of the required relative density Dr or the required relative compaction. Relative
density should not be confused with relative compaction. It indicates the in-situ
denseness or looseness of granular soil.
𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
𝐃𝐫 =
𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝛾(𝑚𝑖𝑛): is the dry unit weight in the loosest condition (at a void ratio of emax);
𝛾(𝑚𝑎𝑥): is the dry unit weight in the densest condition (at a void ratio of emin);
𝛾(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑): is the in situ dry unit weight (at void ratio of efield).
- In terms of density
𝐑𝐨
𝐑=
𝟏 − 𝐃𝐫 (𝟏 − 𝐑 𝐨 )
𝛄𝒅(𝒎𝒊𝒏)
𝐑𝒐 =
𝛄𝒅(𝒎𝒂𝒙)
The device consists of a glass or plastic jar with a metal cone attached at its top.
The jar is filled with uniform dry Ottawa sand.
Procedure
1. Determine the combined weight of jar, cone and sand filling the jar, W1;
2. Clean the area in the site of the compacted area, then excavate a small hole and
measure the weight of excavated soil, W2, also determine the moisture content of
excavated soil;
𝐖𝟐
𝐖𝟑 =
𝐰(%)
𝟏+
𝟏𝟎𝟎
4. After excavation the hole, place the inverted cone with jar over the hole. The
sand is allowed to fill the hole, after determine the combined weight of jar, cone
and remaining sand, W4;
𝐖𝟓 = 𝐖𝟏 − 𝐖𝟒
𝐖𝟓 − 𝐖𝐜
𝐕=
𝛄𝐝(𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐝)
𝐖𝟑
𝛄𝐝(𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝) =
𝐕
It's similar to the sand cone method except the determination of volume of hole by
introducing a balloon filled with water into the hole.
c) Nuclear method
➢ Measures the weight of wet soil per unit volume and the weight of water present
in a unit volume of soil.
➢ The big disadvantage of this instrument is the safety precautions that have to be
taken into account. It is even necessary to have the operators attend a special
training just to work with the gauge.
a) Vibroflotation
The vibrating unit has an eccentric weight inside it and can generate a centrifugal
force in horizontal direction to vibrate and compact. It's applicable for in situ
densification of loose granular soil deposits. Success of densification of in situ soil
by vibroflotation depends on:
For the backfill material we can define a parameter for suitability "Suitability
number, SN".
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝐒𝐍 = 𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ √ + +
(𝐃𝟓𝟎 )𝟐 (𝐃𝟐𝟎 )𝟐 (𝐃𝟏𝟎 )𝟐
Procedure
Stage 1: The jet at the bottom of the Vibroflot is turned on and lowered into the
ground.
Stage 2: The water jet creates a quick condition in the soil and it allows the
vibrating unit to sink into the ground.
Stage 3: Granular material is poured from the top of the hole. The water from the
lower jet is transferred to the jet at the top of the vibrating unit. This water carries
the granular material down the hole.
Stage 4: The vibrating unit is gradually raised in about 0.3 m lifts and held
vibrating for about 30 seconds at each lift. This process compacts the soil to the
desired unit weight.
c) Dynamic compaction
The degree of compaction achieved at a given site depends on the following three
factors:
1) Weight of hammer
Leonards, Cutter, and Holtz (1980) suggested that the significant depth of
influence for compaction can be approximated by using the equation:
𝐃 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟓√𝐖𝐇 𝐡
Where:
𝐃 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏√𝐖𝐇 𝐡
Where the units of D and h are ft, and the unit of WH is kip.
d) Blasting
➢ The process involves the denotation explosive charges at a certain depth below
the ground surface in saturated soil;
𝐖𝐄𝐗
𝐫=√
𝐂
Where:
r = sphere of influence