CHAPTER 1.

NUMBER SETS

11. aáëíêáÄìíáîáíó=
^ ∪ (_ ∩ ` ) = (^ ∪ _ ) ∩ (^ ∪ ` ) I=
^ ∩ (_ ∪ ` ) = (^ ∩ _ ) ∪ (^ ∩ ` ) K=
=
12. fÇÉãéçíÉåÅó=
^ ∩ ^ = ^ I==
^∪^ = ^=
=
13. açãáå~íáçå=
^ ∩ ∅ = ∅ I=
^∪f= f=
=
14. fÇÉåíáíó=
^ ∪ ∅ = ^ I==
^∩f= ^
=
15. `çãéäÉãÉåí=
^′ = {ñ ∈ f ö ñ ∉ ^}
=
16. `çãéäÉãÉåí=çÑ=fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=råáçå
^ ∪ ^′ = f I==
^ ∩ ^′ = ∅ =
=
17. aÉ=jçêÖ~å∞ë=i~ïë
(^ ∪ _ )′ = ^′ ∩ _′ I==
(^ ∩ _ )′ = ^′ ∪ _′ =
=
18. aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=pÉíë
` = _ y ^ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ _ ~åÇ ñ ∉ ^} =
=

3
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

===== =
=
Figure 3.
=
19. _ y ^ = _ y (^ ∩ _ )
=
20. _ y ^ = _ ∩ ^′
=
21. ^y^=∅
=
22. ^ y _ = ^ =áÑ= ^ ∩ _ = ∅ .
=

===== =
=
Figure 4.
=
23. (^ y _) ∩ ` = (^ ∩ `) y (_ ∩ `)
24. ^′ = f y ^

25. `~êíÉëá~å=mêçÇìÅí
` = ^ × _ = {(ñ I ó ) ö ñ ∈ ^ ~åÇ ó ∈ _}
=
=

4
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.2 Sets of Numbers

=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=k=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêëW= kM =
fåíÉÖÉêëW=w=
mçëáíáîÉ=áåíÉÖÉêëW= w + =
kÉÖ~íáîÉ=áåíÉÖÉêëW= w − =
o~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=n=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=o==
`çãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêëW=`==
=
=
26. k~íìê~ä=kìãÄÉêë
`çìåíáåÖ=åìãÄÉêëW k = {NI OI PI K} K=

27. tÜçäÉ=kìãÄÉêë
`çìåíáåÖ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=òÉêçW= k M = {MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
28. fåíÉÖÉêë
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=çééçëáíÉë=~åÇ=òÉêçW=
w + = k = {NI OI PI K}I=
w − = {KI − PI − OI − N} I=
w = w − ∪ {M} ∪ w + = {KI − PI − OI − NI MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
29. o~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
oÉéÉ~íáåÖ=çê=íÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëW==
 ~ 
n = ñ ö ñ = ~åÇ ~ ∈ w ~åÇ Ä ∈ w ~åÇ Ä ≠ M K=
 Ä 
=
30. fêê~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
kçåêÉéÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=åçåíÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëK
=