Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining

Compositions of Crude Oils

Lecturers:
assistant teachers
Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna
Belinskaya Natalia Sergeevna

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Introduction

 Crude oil comes from different parts of the world and has different
physical and chemical characteristics.
Название темы

 The products that are produced have to meet market requirements and
as such, should comply with certain specifications.

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Elemental composition of Crude oils

Crude oil is a complex liquid mixture made up of a vast number of

hydrocarbon compounds
Название темы

Element Composition (wt %)

Carbon 83.0 – 87.0
Hydrogen 10.0 – 14.0
Sulphur 0.05 – 6.0
Nitrogen 0.1 – 0.2
Oxygen 0.05 – 2.0
Ni < 120 ppm
V < 1200 ppm

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Classes of hydrocarbons

 Saturated hydrocarbons contain only carbon–carbon single bonds.

- paraffins (alkanes) Название темы
- naphthenes (cycloalkanes)

 Unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins) contain carbon–carbon multiple

bonds (double, triple or both). They contain fewer hydrogens per carbon
than paraffins
- alkenes contain a carbon–carbon double bond
- alkynes contain carbon–carbon triple bond

 Aromatic hydrocarbons are special class of cyclic compounds related

in structure to benzene

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Paraffins (alkanes)

 General formula is CnH2n+2

- n is the number of carbon Название
atoms темы

 Normal paraffins (n-paraffins or n-alkanes) are unbranched

straightchain molecule

 Isoparaffins (or isoalkanes) are branched-type hydrocarbons that

exhibit structural isomerization

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Olefins (alkenes)

 unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon–carbon double bonds

Название темы
 acetylenes (alkynes) are compounds containing carbon–carbon triple
bonds

 the general formula of olefins is CnH2n(R–CH=CH–R’)

 the general formula of acetylenes is CnH2n–2(R–CH≡C–R’)

 alkadienes (dienes) are compounds containing two double bonds

(R–CH=CH–CH=R’)

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Naphthenes (cycloalkanes)

 saturated hydrocarbons that have at least one ring of carbon atoms

Название темы

 The boiling point and densities of naphthenes are higher than those of
alkanes having the same number of carbon atoms

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining. Crude oils Composition

Aromatics

 unsaturated cyclic compounds composed of one or more benzene rings

Название темы
 the benzene ring has three double bonds with unique electron
arrangements that make it quite stable

 polynuclear aromatic compounds