High school

High school is used in some parts of the world, particularly in Scotland, North America and
Oceania to describe an institution that provides all or part of secondary education. The term
"high school" originated in Scotland with the world's oldest being the Royal High School
(Edinburgh) in 1505.

The Royal High School was used as a model for the first public high school in the United States,
the English High School founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1821. The precise stage of
schooling provided by a high school differs from country to country, and may vary within the
same jurisdiction. In all of New Zealand and Malaysia along with parts of Australia and Canada,
high school is synonymous with secondary school, and encompasses the entire secondary stage
of education.

Main article: Education in Australia

In Australia, the term "high school" refers to secondary school, from Year 7 through to Year 12,
varying from state to state. High school immediately follows primary (elementary) school;
therefore, a Year 7 Australian high school student is sometimes as young as 12. In Tasmania and
the Australian Capital Territory, the term "high school" generally refers to Years 7-10, whereas
the term "College" is used for Years 11-12.

Higher School Certificate (HSC) in Year 12 and other states generally follow this schedule but
with different names for the qualifications awarded.A student's first examination marks are
indexed into the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) in all states but Queensland. This
index is usually the sole factor considered when applying for most university courses. The
ATAR was only introduced in 2009 (in NSW), and previously each state calculated its own final
high school rank, such as the Universities Admission Index (UAI) in NSW and Equivalent
National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER) in Victoria. It is possible to qualify for a high school-
completion certificate such as the HSC, but not for an ATAR, though this is very uncommon.

Brazil

In Brazil, the term "high school" (also referred to as "Secondary school" and "Ensino Médio")
refers generally to schools in grades ten, eleven and twelve.

Obligatory subjects taught in Brazilian high schools are: Physics (theoretical and experimental),
Chemistry (theoretical and experimental), Biology (theoretical and experimental), Maths,
History, Geography, Brazilian Portuguese (the same written language spoken in Portugal, but
with Brazilian spelling and pronunciation ), English, Spanish, Literature, Sociology, Philosophy,
Physical Education and Writing.

High school in Brazil is aimed to prepare students for the entrance process to college or
university (private or public) called "Vestibular." Every year, students are evaluated by ENEM -
Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (National High School Exam), the grade obtained in this
exam is often used as a part of Vestibular process. The Federal Government of Brazil offers full
(100%) or partial (50%) scholarship in private Universities for students well graded in ENEM
egressed from public high school in the program called PROUNI - Programa Universidade para
Todos (University for Everyone Program).

Canada

In Canada the term "High School" (also referred to as "Secondary school" or "Collegiate
Institute") refers generally to schools comprising grades eight through twelve [some provinces
only have it from grade 10 to 12]. Although each Province and territory have their own system,
some provinces have Junior High, while others have post-eleventh grade, public schools, also
known as Senior High. Almost all high schools schedule classes running from late August or
early September to mid or late June with a summer break during July and August.

In Quebec, high school ("école secondaire" in French) comprises grades seven through eleven
(referred to as "Secondary I" to "Secondary V"), and is followed by a two or three-year junior
college, Collège d'Enseignement Général et Professionnel, and known by the French acronym
CEGEP.

Canadian students are required to continue their education until at least age sixteen to eighteen,
depending on the province. After graduating from high school, students can continue their
education at College, University, or join the workforce.

Canadian high schools offer many extracurricular activities, mainly sports. The most popular
sports in Canadian high schools are hockey, football, baseball, soccer, basketball, track and field
athletics, and volleyball. Senior prom (typically referred to simply as "grad") is a very popular
activity amongst graduating students. Many non-sports extra-curricular activities are offered,
also. Some of these include drama, yearbook club, and computer club.

An increasing number of international students are attending Canadian high schools. Among all
boarding high schools in Canada, Columbia International College is the largest, with around
1,400 international students from 66 countries.

England & Wales

Despite the term "high school" being created in Scotland, its education system is distinct from
other parts of the UK, so in neighbouring England and Wales the terms usage varies. In some
cases, the phrase is used specifically for girls' schools (e.g. Bedford High School). In certain
areas, such as Liverpool (e.g. Alsop High School), Manchester (see list of secondary schools in
Manchester), Cardiff, and Herefordshire, secondary schools are generally called high schools.

Most of the country adopts a two-tier schooling system, consisting of a "Primary" (Reception &
Years 1 - 6 - or ages 4 – 11) and a "Secondary" (Years 7 - 11, often also including a "Sixth
Form", aka Years 12 & 13, or lower/upper sixth. Ages 11 – 16 and ages 16 – 18 in the Sixth
Form College) school.
However, some of the country chooses a three-tier system, with the addition of a "Middle"
(Years 5 - 8) school, while the Primary and Secondary schools still exist in the areas and just
change their age span to Reception - Year 4 and Year 9 - 11 (Plus Sixth Form, usually)
respectively. In these areas, Secondary schools are often unofficially referred to as "High
Schools" to avoid confusion, after all, it is not the 'Second' school. The term "Tertiary" is never
used to describe Secondary or High schools in such areas.

 The Isle of Wight retains a three-tier schooling system. Its five state-run 'High Schools'
are so named to differentiate them from secondary schools, which have a different age
range.
 In Northumberland and some areas in Suffolk, Somerset, Staffordshire and
Worcestershire there also exists a three-tier education system comprising of First, Middle
and High school. High Schools within Northumberland and Suffolk cater to pupils from
Year Nine to Sixth Form (ages 13 to 18). There is currently a fairly high-profile
campaign within Northumberland to save the three-tier system as it has been proposed to
abolish it and adopt the standard Primary and Secondary school system as in the rest of
England.

Main article: Education in Finland

After secondary School (Yläaste/Högstadium) at the age of 16 in Finland, you have the chance to
go to a vocational school (Ammattikoulu/Yrkesskola) or a High School (Lukio/Gymnasium). In
the vocational school you can study to be an electrician, hairdresser, plumber etc. So when you
graduate from there you can start working straight away. If you decide to go to Lukio you study
about 70 courses per year of a variety of different subjects (Maths, Biology, Chemistry, different
languages, Psychology, Health Education etc.). Normally you graduate in three years, when you
write the national matriculation exams (ylioppilaskirjoitukset/studentskrivningar). Most people
graduate at the age of 19. If you pass you can continue to university to study medicine,
architecture etc. However, you can decide to not go to any school after secondary school.

Germany

Germany has a tripartite school system consisting of Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium
but with many variants. The most prominent of these is the Gesamtschule, which is a
comprehensive school. Hauptschule, which ends at grade 9, and Realschule, that ends at grade
10, are often followed by vocational education or the attendance of a technical college. Most
primary schools already end with grade 4 but some have grades 5 and 6; the change between
different school types, and thus tracks, remains possible throughout the school years. The
German equivalent of the high school are the grades 10 to 12 of Gymnasium, which are called
"Oberstufe". To a lesser degree the vocational education in the dual education system could also
be seen as an equivalent of high school. Traditionally, the high school grades were the grades 11
to 13. But this has been shortened or is about to be shortened in all federal states to either 10 to
12 or 11 to 12.

India
In India, high school is a grade of education which includes Standards VII to X. Standards XI to
XII called as Higher Secondary School or Senior Secondary School or Junior college. Some
states refer to Standards IX and X as High School, while XI and XII are termed as Intermediate.
Other states refer to VI, VII, VIII, IX and X (grades 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) as Secondary school and
XI and XII (grades 11 and 12) as Senior Secondary School. Usually, students from ages 14 to 18
study in this section. These schools may be affiliated to national boards like Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or National
Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or various state boards.

Indonesia

Sekolah Menengah Pertama or abbreviated by SMP, and the other part which is senior high
school, known locally as Sekolah Menengah Atas and in other terms, Sekolah Menengah Umum
which abbreviated as SMA and SMU. There is also one institution similar to SMA, but they were
focusing on one specific career major which is known as Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan or SMK.
Unfortunately, citizens of Indonesia currently looking down of SMK graduates and they were not
preferable to be attended by students. Junior high is a must for all citizens of Indonesia while
Senior high is not a must as Indonesia currently applying nine years of study to all citizens. It is
managed by the Department of Education in Indonesia and stated in the Indonesian constitution
where every citizen has the right to study. Graduate students from SMP and SMA or SMU and
also SMK are achieving different educational certificate. All students of Indonesian high school
must passed in the National Examination held by BSNP (Badan Standarisasi Nasional
Pendidikan), an organization under the Department of Education of Indonesia.

Main article: Education in Iran

In Iran, "High school" which is known in Persian as "Dabirestan". It takes 3 years, after the
Secondary school (Rahnamai) and before the University-preparatory school (Pishdaneshgahi).
After the first year of high school, students should choose their general branch (Mathematics and
Physics, Experimental sciences, Social sciences, Arts, etc.).There is also Technical high school
(Fani va Herfehi) for boys and girls.

Japan

The Japanese word for a high school is kōtōgakkō (高等学校; literally high school), or kōkō (高
校) in short. High school in Japan covers grades 10 through 12. Although it is not mandatory,
some 99% of Japanese people attend high school. The third year of high school in Japan is
allotted for students to prepare for college exams known as "juken" (受験). Others may wish to
settle for a job instead. High schools in Japan are referred to by MEXT as "upper secondary
schools." However most English-language newspapers and sources use the term "high school".
Many school boards also use "high school"; for instance the Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Board of Education uses "senior high school".

Lithuania
In Lithuanian education system, aukštoji mokykla, which is a literal translation of "high school",
actually refers to a college or a university, but not an institution that provides secondary
education. Thus, universitetas (university) and kolegija (college) are both covered by the
umbrella term aukštoji mokykla.

Secondary education is provided by institutions that are approved by the government for this
type of education. There are three types of these institutions:

 pagrindinė mokykla (the general school) - covers ages 7 to 16 (grades 1 to 10)

 gimnazija, licėjus (gymnasium, lyceum) - covers ages 15 to 18 (grades 9 to 12)
 vidurinė mokykla (secondary school) - covers ages 7 to 18 (grades 1 to 12)

Pagrindinė mokykla provides only an incomplete secondary education as it is not sufficient if

one wants to start studies at a university. People who want to continue their education to obtain
the full secondary education diploma, which would allow them to join a university upon
completing the pagrindinė mokykla, must either enter a gymnasium, lyceum, or a vidurinė
mokykla.A vidurinė mokykla is the most universal type of these institutions as it offers all levels
of pre-college education, starting from elementary level up to the secondary level.

Main article: Education in Mexico

In Mexico, the term "high school" usually corresponds to preparatoria or bachillerato,

comprising grades 10-12, when the student's age is 15 to 18 years old. It may prepare the student
with basic training for a job, and is the required step before enrolment into a college or
university.

Preparatoria traditionally consists of 3 years of education, divided into 6 semesters, with the
first 4 semesters having a common curriculum, and the latter ones allowing some degree of
specialization, either in physical sciences (electricity, chemistry, biology, etc.) or social sciences
(commerce, philosophy, law, etc.).

The term preparatoria is most commonly used for institutions that offer a 3-year educational
program that "prepares" the student with general knowledge to continue studying at a university.
In contrast, the term bachillerato is most often used for institutions that provide vocational
training, either in 2 or 3 years, so the graduate can get a job as a skilled worker, for example, an
assistant accountant, a secretary or an electronics technician.

Main article: Secondary education in New Zealand

The term "high school" is commonly used as a term for secondary school in New Zealand.
"College" is another term often used in the North Island and private schools and, unlike the
United States, does not refer to a university.

The current and most common qualification system implemented throughout New Zealand's
secondary schools is the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA). NCEA
'standards' or tests/assignments begin usually in 5th form (NCEA Level 1) and continue through
to NCEA Level 2 at 6th form and NCEA Level 3 at 7th form. Some assignments/tests are
completed as early as 4th form, depending on the school and individual students.

High school students in New Zealand are taught a range of subjects. In year 9, the compulsory
subjects are Mathematics, English, Physical Education, Social Studies and Science, as well as
optional classes, such as Woodworking, Music, and a choice of languages, being mostly Māori,
Spanish, French, or Japanese, depending on the geographic location of the school and availability
of teachers able to teach the respective subjects.

It is common for students in New Zealand to wear uniforms. Uniform styles vary widely between
schools and are generally more casual compared to the more 'formal' uniforms worn in
Australia's equivalent schools. It is common for Year 13 students of public schools to be allowed
to wear 'Mufti' or everyday clothing of their choice. Although many schools require students of
all year levels to wear a uniform with upper years often having a different uniform from the rest
of the school.

Norway

High school, (Norwegian: "Videregående Skole", English: "Continuational School"), in Norway

is education and training that lead to general university admissions certification or vocational
competence. High school is normally provided with 3 years in school or with 2 years in school
and 2 years in an enterprise. General studies primarily emphasize theoretical knowledge and lead
to general university admissions certification. If you choose general studies courses, you can
enter university after 3 years. Vocational education and training leads to an occupation and to
vocational competence with or without a craft- or journeyman’s certificate. Choosing vocational
education/training allows you to enter working life within 3–5 years. You also have an
opportunity to take the supplementary programme for general university admissions certification.

High School in Norway is the most common education level as it provides the theoretical and
practical education to work as a skilled worker e.g. a carpenter or chef. There are multiple basic
programs to choose from and gives a complete understanding of the craft or profession obtained.

A craftman or journeyman’s certificate is normally the only qualification needed to work in ones
chosen profession. Further education is provided through "fagskole", which gives a more
technical education at an advanced level, but is not college.

Main article: Education in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the term "high school" isn't often used to describe schools; nevertheless, the term
encompasses grades 9 to 10. There are two high school systems prevalent there. First is the local
matriculation system which is administered by both Federal[3] and Provincial Boards of
Education and includes grades 9 and 10 after which pupils may be admitted into college. The
second major education board there is the Cambridge International Exams GCE Ordinary Level
conducted by the British Council.

Main article: Education in Palestine

Education in the Palestine refers to the educational system in Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Enrolment rates amongst Palestinians are relatively high by regional and global standards. This
reflects the great values that Palestinians attach to educational attainment. According to a youth
survey in 2003, 60% between the ages 10–24 indicated that education was their first priority.
Youth literacy rate (the ages 15–24) is 98.2%, while the national literacy rate is 91.2%[4]

Main article: Education in the People's Republic of China

In China, the term 'high school' often refers to the senior part of the Chinese secondary
education, as oppose to the junior part, which is more commonly known as 'middle school'.
Normally, students who have finished six years of primary education will continue three more
years of academic study in middle schools as regulated by the Compulsory education law at the
age of twelve. This, however, is not compulsory for senior secondary education, where junior
graduates may choose to continue a three-year academic education in academic high schools,
which will eventurally lead to university, or to switch to a vocational course in vocational high
schools.

Generally, high school years usually have two semesters, starting in September and February. In
some rural areas, operation may subject to agricultural cycles. Number of lessons offered by
school on a weekly basis is very subjective, largely depends on the school's resource. In addition
to normal lessons, periods for private study and extracurricular activity are provided as well. The
academic curriculum consists of Chinese, Mathematics, English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
Geography, History, politics, Music, Fine Arts, PE, Technology, Computing etc. Some schools
may also offer vocational subjects. Generally speaking, Chinese, Mathematics and English are
considered as three main subjects as they will definitely be examed in Gaokao.

In China cities, the majority of high school graduates will go onto universities or vocational
colleges. Given the fact that the intensity of the competition for limited university places is
unimaginable, most high schools are evaluated by their academic performance in Gaokao by
parents and students.

Rural secondary education has undergone several transformations since 1980, when county-level
administrative units closed some schools and took over certain schools run by the people's
communes. In 1982 the communes were eliminated. In 1985 educational reform legislation
officially placed rural secondary schools under local administration. There was a high dropout
rate among rural students in general and among secondary students in particular, largely because
of parental attitudes. All students, however, especially males, were encouraged to attend
secondary school if it would lead to entrance to a college or university (still regarded as
prestigious) and escape from village life.

Philippines

High school in the Philippines refers to 4 years of education after 6–7 years of grade school.
Children normally enter high school from age thirteen or fourteen and complete it when they
reach age sixteen or seventeen. Everyone who finishes high school normally receives a high
school diploma and a transcript of records (DECS Form 137-A) and often participates in a
graduation ceremony. Except for a few exceptions granted by law, a high school diploma is a
requirement in entering college/university. Classes in the Philippines run from June to March.
The levels are usually identified as First, Second, Third and Fourth Year and informally
identified by counterpart names in college (i.e. freshman, sophomore, junior and senior). A
notable exception is the University of the Philippines Integrated School (or UPIS) where high
school is integrated with elementary school, hence the last 4 years are referred to as grades 7-10.

Moreover, as a pre-requisite for graduation, the fourth year students are required to undergo a
Citizens' Advancement Training subject (formerly known as Citizens' Army Training) where
they spend a few hours a week on military drills as well as civics activities.

Main article: Education in the Republic of China(Taiwan)

The secondary education in Taiwan includes junior high school, senior high school, vocational
high school, military school and complete high school. The traditional secondary education
institutions were established during the Japanese colonial era (1895–1945)." Today, they include
many features from the United States.

After six years in elementary school, the rules typically state that children must enter junior high
school, or their parents may be fined. There are three grades in junior high. Children who
achieve the third grade can choose to enter senior high school, vocational high school or
complete high school. If children want to continue their formal education, they must sit for an
exam. Generally speaking, the grade to enter high school and complete high school is highest,
while it is lower to go on to vocational high school and military school.

Senior high school has three grades. Graduates from senior high school often continue on to
university. Vocational high school has three grades as well. Children who complete vocational
high school can then enter a technological university. Complete high school is like that of
American high schools, in that it has grades seven to grade twelve.

There are also international schools such as Taipei American School (TAS), Taipei Adventist
Prepatory Academy (TAPA), Taipei Adventist American School (TAAS), National
Experimental High School (NEHS), Taipei European School (TES), Hshinchu International
School (HIS), and Morrison Academy (MCA). These schools offer grades from Kindergarten to
grade 12. English is instructed for all courses. Since the curriculum concurs with the
corresponding country's curriculum, graduates from these international schools generally do not
stay in Taiwan for their undergraduate degree.

Main article: Education in Scotland

Secondary institutions are usually called high schools or academies in Scotland. School names
are often officially abbreviated to H.S. (e.g. St. Modan's H.S.). Unofficially, school names are
abbreviated in one of two ways: generally the school is dropped from the full name (Stirling
High School->Stirling High, Wallace High School->Wallace High) but where the school name
consists of two words, high school may be dropped in its entirety (St. Modan's High School->St.
Modan's). Other high schools drop the "high school" entirely, and replace it with "academy"
(Prestwick Academy was formerly called "Prestwick High School").
Main articles: Education in Singapore and List of schools in Singapore

In Singapore, schooling for those in the age range of 13 to 16 takes place in a secondary school,
in accordance with the British system in England and Wales. Certain schools are known as high
schools such as the Dunman High School and Singapore American School. This suggests that the
school follows a U.S. curriculum and syllabus in addition to British "O"-levels or incorporate
core elements of U.S. education system, such as equal emphases in both the sciences and the arts,
offering a variety of subject options.

Main article: Education in South Africa

In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8. Students study for five years, at the end of which
they write what is known as "matric" (see Matriculation in South Africa).

As of 2008, students sit the National Senior Certificate examinations, which replaced the Senior
Certificate and Further Education and Training Certificate. To progress on to university, students
must attain a pass in their Home Language, an Additional Language, Mathematics or
Mathematical Literacy, and Life Orientation, as well as at least three electives; see further under
National Senior Certificate. (The system previously allowed for an examination at the Higher or
Standard grade for each subject, however since 2008, this has been discontinued. Relatedly,
some components of the previous mathematics syllabus are now examined as electives.)

An alternative Matric examination is offered by the Independent Examinations Board (IEB), a

body representing various of the private schools in South Africa. The IEB exams are considered
by many teachers, parents, students and universities, both within South Africa and abroad, as
more challenging than the state equivalent.[citation needed]

United States

Individual states, counties, and school districts have considerable leeway in how they choose to
divide their school levels. Students will generally graduate from high school in the year of their
18th birthday if they were born between January 1 and August 31, but this varies by state
depending on the kindergarten cut-off date, which ranges from August 1 in Missouri to January 1
in Connecticut and December 1 in California.[5] A few American schools still incorporate grades
7 through 12, but it is usually either grades 9-12 or grades 10-12 although some states split
grades 9-10 and 11-12 into a high school and senior high school. For purposes of the Grade Point
Average (GPA) and subject requirements used for college admission, grade 9 is usually
considered the first year of high school regardless of whether the student is in the last year of a 7-
9 junior high program, or the first year of a 9-12 high school program. While high school is
generally defined as being grades 9-12, there are some senior high schools that cover only grades
10-12, and typically accept students from a junior high school that includes grades 7-9. Some
states consider grades 7-12 to be secondary education, while others consider grades 6-12 to be
secondary education.
As a practical matter, while laws in most states mandate school attendance at least until
graduation or age 16, many require attendance until age 17 or 18 (unless the student earns a
diploma earlier, usually around age 16). Conversely, students who have failed a grade may
remain in high school past the age of 18. In general, students over 19 attend remedial classes to
receive a high school diploma or General Educational Development (GED) certificate. State laws
vary on the cut-off age for students to receive free public education services. Many states have
adult high schools for people generally 18 and over. Students can stay in high school past the age
of 18 if it is deemed appropriate. They cannot stay past a certain age depending on the state. On
average, 71% of American students graduate from high school.[6][7][8][9] A high school diploma or
GED certificate is usually required for entrance into a two or four-year college or university and
to other post-secondary education programs.

High schools can usually be sub-classed as general high schools, vocational schools (VoTech
schools), and college preparatory high schools (prep schools) and special high schools or
alternative high schools. Most high schools are general high schools. These schools offer a wide
range of educational opportunities intended for the widest range of students possible. These
general population schools offer college preparatory classes for advanced students, general
education classes for average students and remedial courses for those who are struggling.
Students can "mix and match" course levels according to their own abilities or interests.

In some school districts exceptionally high-performing students are offered enrollment at a

district college preparatory high school. Traditionally "prep schools" in North America were
usually private institutions, though most medium or large public (state) school districts now offer
university-preparatory schools for advanced students. Public prep schools draw the top students
from their district and have strict entrance requirements. All academic classes offered in these
schools are classified as honors, International Baccalaureate, or Advanced Placement.

Vocational high schools offer hands-on training to students that prepares them for careers in
fields such as information technology, marketing, business, engineering and the medical
professions. While some graduates of vocational or career and technical education high schools
will go directly into a trade, others will pursue post-secondary education. The Association for
Career and Technical Education is the largest national education association dedicated to career
and technical education.

Special high schools are catered for students who have special educational needs, e.g. because of
learning difficulties or physical disabilities. Some special high schools are offered for students
who have major disciplinary or mental health difficulties that make it problematic to educate
them in traditional high school settings. Some special high schools are assigned as security risks,
where the school houses students who are not yet old enough to legally leave school and are
considered a danger to other students or teachers, but have not been convicted of a crime. Some
special high schools are dedicated to students with drug or mental health difficulties and have
medical and psychological staff on site. A few of these schools include a nursery and a child care
staff so that teen parents can finish their education without having to find child care during the
school day. Special high schools have their own campus, but sometimes are located in a section
or wing of a general high school.
Another recent form of high school that has emerged is the online high school. Stanford
University's own Education Program for Gifted Youth recently received a generous donation and
used it to create the first truly complete online high school, with an interactive and advanced
program for advanced learners.

High school in the United States usually begins in late August or early September of each year
and ends in late May or early June. During the excess two and a half months, the students are
given summer vacation to rest from the school year. In some cases schools use a year round
schedule.

 9th Grade - Freshman Year Starting at 13 to 15 years of age

 10th Grade - Sophomore Year Starting at 14 to 16 years of age
 11th Grade - Junior Year Starting at 15 to 17 years of age
 12th Grade - Senior Year Starting at 16 to 18 years of age (This would make a student
graduate at 17 or 18 or at some cases 19 years of age.)

References

1. ^ James J. Trotter, The Royal High School, Edinburgh (London: Sir Isaac Pitman &
Sons, 1911), p. 186.
2. ^ J. B. Barclay, The Tounis Scule: The Royal High School of Edinburgh (Edinburgh:
Royal High School Club, 1974), p. 137.
3. ^ Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Islamabad
4. ^ The World Bank and Bisan Center for Research and Development (2006) The Role and
Performance of Palestinian NGOs: In Health, Education and Agriculture, The World
Bank and Bisan Center for Research and Development
5. ^ Kindergarten cut-off dates
6. ^ Government Education Dept. article on High school dropout rates
7. ^ Manhattan Institute article on High school dropout rates
8. ^ Manhattan Institute article on High school dropout rates / Value of GED certificate
9. ^ United Health Foundation article on High school dropout rates