SEPTEMBER 2012

BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGIES: CLASSICAL LEADERSHIP VOL. 81 NO. 9 | www.ohsonline.com

INCENTIVES:
Why OSHA’s Concerned 1
16
6

CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS:
Advances in Global SDS
Management 26 6

VISION PROTECTION:
Going Beyond Z87.1 36

ELECTRICAL SAFETY:
7 Considerations
for Designing a
Safe Workplace 42

0912ohs_c1_v2.indd 4 8/13/12 12:38 PM

 FORCEFLEX – Cut protection plus back of hand
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 CIRCLE 11 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:12 PM

 FROM THE EDITOR

www.ohsonline.com

The EV PPE Challenge

VOLUME 81 NUMBER 9

EDITORIAL STAFF

H
EDITOR Jerry Laws

ere’s an interesting challenge for workshop agreed PPE for the fire service is PRINT MANAGING EDITOR Ronnie Rittenberry

PPE manufacturers: the greatest need, according to the report. WEB MANAGING EDITOR Brent Dirks

The July issue of NFPA’s Electric (Grant’s report says the towing and salvage E-NEWS EDITOR Tyler Thurston

Vehicle Safety Training newsletter industry “is highly decentralized with over CONTENT DEVELOPMENT TEAM Cindy Horbrook

contains information sure to be of interest 30,000 operators, and reaching them with Elizabeth Freed

to many, if not all, emergency responders. training and education materials has inher- Ariel Brouillard

The top item included in it is ent challenges.”) ART STAFF

a detailed report summarizing The resources page on the ART DIRECTOR Dale Chinn
the May 1, 2012, workshop on website of NFPA’s Electric Ve- PRODUCTION STAFF
emergency responders’ PPE hicle Safety Training project DIRECTOR, PRINT AND
for hybrid and electric vehicles offers a growing library of re- ONLINE PRODUCTION Jenny Hernandez-Asandas

that the National Fire Protec- sources supplied by more than PRODUCTION MANAGER Teresa Antonio

tion Association hosted in 25 manufacturers of hybrid SALES STAFF

Quincy, Mass. Casey E. Grant, and electric vehicles. WEST COAST, SOUTH, & CENTRAL Barbara Blake
P.E., of NFPA’s Fire Protection OSHA’s jurisdiction in DISTRICT SALES MANAGER 972-687-6718

Research Foundation pre- OSHA’s jurisdic- these emergencies is not crys- NORTHEAST & SOUTHEAST Jenna Conwell
DISTRICT SALES MANAGER 610-436-4372
pared the report. tal clear, at least not yet. Fire-
Participants in the work-
tion in these fighters employed by publicly
MID-ATLANTIC DISTRICT Rick Neigher
SALES MANAGER/ 818-597-9029
shop represented organiza- emergencies is funded fire departments are ONLINE SALES DIRECTOR

tions including NHTSA, not crystal clear, typically outside their jurisdic- SECURITY, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GROUP
NFPA, UL, PPE manufactur- tion, but tow and salvage op- PRESIDENT & GROUP PUBLISHER Kevin O’Grady
ers, motor vehicle manufac-
at least not yet. erators employed by private- GROUP CIRCULATION DIRECTOR Margaret Perry
turers, EMS organizations, and the New sector companies are within in, the report GROUP MARKETING MANAGER Susan May
York State Police. The agenda addressed notes. “In summary, federal OSHA is just
PPE currently used by firefighters, current now becoming aware of the EV issue, and
electrical PPE, existing electric vehicle they will need more time to study the scope PRESIDENT & Neal Vitale
emergency response guidance and tactics, of the topic to clarify how OSHA will apply,” CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
and analysis of specific hazards responders it states. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT & Richard Vitale
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
may face. To read it, visit www.nfpa.org/assets/files//
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT Michael J. Valenti
Tow operators who provide roadside Research%20Foundation/EVPPEWorkshop-
assistance may sometimes be first on the Part1.pdf. VICE PRESIDENT, Christopher M. Coates
FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION
scene of an emergency; law enforcement JERRY LAWS
VICE PRESIDENT, Erik A. Lindgren
and EMS often are. But participants in the jlaws@1105media.com INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
VICE PRESIDENT, David F. Myers
EVENT OPERATIONS

Occupational Health & Safety (ISSN 0362-4064)
is published monthly by 1105 Media, Inc., 9201
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Periodicals postage paid at Chatsworth, CA
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4 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012 www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_004_EdNote_v3.indd 4 8/9/12 12:06 PM

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Untitled-18 1 7/2/12 12:34 PM

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SEPTEMBER 2012 | Volume 81, Number 9 | www.ohsonline.com
30 Major Changes in the OSHA HazCom Standard
Considerable testing of chemicals that are handled in the
workplace may be required. This could include flash point,
reactivity, or corrosivity. by Steven J. Luzik and
Richard W. Prugh

BOLLE SAFETY/BOLLE TECHNICAL

VISION PROTECTION
36 Beyond ANSI: Obtain-
ing the Best Possible
Eye Protection
Inarguably, form must follow function. That doesn’t
mean, however, that form has to trail by a long
36
distance. by Peggy Pitts Kroesch and Jim Katz
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
42 Designing for Workplace Electrical Safety
The design of a safe electrical work environment starts with
an arc flash assessment. by Tony Locker
SLIP & FALL
48 New Standards Change the
Landscape of Walkway Safety
Preventing slip, trip, and fall accidents is a risk management
proposition. by Drew D. Troyer
EMERGENCY SHOWERS & EYEWASH
52 Are You Putting Your
Employees at Risk?

ALPINE TECHNICAL SERVICES

When the contaminant is
18 a burn-inducing chemical,
some argue the drenching
time should be extended
to a minimum of 20 and
features even 30 minutes of tepid
water. by Richard E. Allred 52
and Janet Dickinson
INCENTIVES
16 OSHA’s Stance on Safety Incentive Programs
Do they work, or do they just discourage employees from departments
reporting injuries? by Henry Wright and Michelle Barker
4 From the Editor
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 10 Newsline
18 Welding Fume Exposures and Controls: 56 New Products
Do We Know Enough? 60 Practical Excellence
It is safe to assume we never know enough, or at least by Shawn Galloway
don’t know all that we need to know. Recent changes to 62 Product Spotlights
hexavalent chromium and beryllium protection requirements 64 Classifieds
should teach us this lesson. by Robert Brown 64 Literature Library
HEALTH CARE 65 Advertiser Index
66 Breakthrough Strategies
20 Stepping Up the Pace by Robert Pater
It’s go time! The 2014 health insurance exchange deadline
is officially looming for all states. by Amanda White
Find OHS on:
CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS
Twitter http://twitter.com/OccHealthSafety
26 New Advances in Global SDS Management Facebook http://facebook.com/OHSMagazine
Before rolling out any management system, communicate
Safety Community http://www.safetycommunity.com/profile/OHSMagazine
your plans with all stakeholders, detailing the benefits and
how it will affect their work tasks. by Louisa Bernstein

6 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012 www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_006_008_TOC_v3.indd 6 8/10/12 2:46 PM

 DESIGN & STYLING

Safety Features
Breakaway zippers in coveralls and outerwear allow
garments to be removed quickly in case of an
accident. There is no exposed metal on the interior
of any garment. All garment components—thread,
buttons, pocketing—are FR.

Not All FR Is Created Equal

SM

Workrite designs their flame- Functionality Features

Our oversized pockets allow for increased tool

resistant garments for safety, storage. The roomier pant legs fit easily over work
boots. Wider belt loops on pants make it easier
to slide a utility belt through.
function, style and comfort.
Flame-resistant (FR) garments are unique in that
they need to be practical for daily wear, but also
provide protection for workplace hazards like arc
flash and flash fire. At Workrite, we do more than
“cut and sew” apparel. We only design FR work
wear. This focus has resulted in an understanding
and expertise that is reflected in the styling of
our garments. Comfortable and functional FR
clothing leads to greater compliance and increased
safety, providing protection that workers are more
willing to accept and wear every day. Here are just
some of the ways in which Workrite builds a more Comfort Features
comfortable flame-resistant garment. Extra-long shirt tails help keep the shirt tucked in
when reaching over head, and the wider waistband
on pants prevents rollover.
© 2012 Workrite Uniform Company

800/521-1888 | www.workrite.com
CIRCLE 20 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:26 PM

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SEPTEMBER 2012 | Volume 81, Number 9 | www.ohsonline.com
www.ohsonline.com
Focused on Food Workers’ Training
The National Restaurant Association’s ServSafe 6th Edition
is available to help managers meet the 2011 supplement
to the 2009 Food Code, which is intended for use by all
levels of government to regulate restaurants, retail food
stores, vending operations, and food service operations,
OH&S Editor Jerry Laws reports.
MANHANDLING LOADS CAN BE VERY DANGEROUS
A HIGH DOCK WITHOUT A DOCK LIFT IS SIMPLY
AN OBSTACLE TO LOW CITY DELIVERY TRUCKS,
HIGH CUBE VANS, PANEL TRUCKS AND PICK UP TRUCKS.
B E S A F E - S AV E M O N E Y
K E E P YO U R D O C K O P E R AT I O N S O N T H E L E V E L W I T H A N A D VA N C E D O C K
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Circle 2 on card.
8 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_006_008_TOC_v3.indd 8
Meeting the Challenge of
General Industry Fall Protection
For general industry, the trigger height for providing fall protec-
tion is 4 feet — something OSHA has consistently reinforced for
more than 30 years. Some employers still have trouble comply-
ing, however. J.J. Keller & Associates, Inc. workplace safety
Editor Jennifer Stroschein explains what is required and how to
implement a program to prevent falls.
September Webinars: Confined Spaces,
Recordkeeping, and More
Confined space safety, OSHA recordkeeping, hazmat/secondary
containment compliance, scoring well on the FMCSA Safety BA-
SICs, and protecting the reputation of a business going through
an occupational crisis are just some of the topics addressed in
free webinars OH&S is presenting in September, either individu-
ally or during an all-day Sept. 6 virtual event. All will be archived
for viewing afterward.
LEVEL LOADING IS
FAST, SAFE, EFFICIENT
DE-PALLETIZING & RE-PALLETIZING IS VERY SLOW
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:46 PM
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CIRCLE 28 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:22 PM

 NEWSLINE
On the Move
Cintas Corporation recently appointed
Robin Everhart to group
vice president of the North
Central Region in the Cin-
cinnati-based company’s
First Aid & Safety Division.
She is responsible for the
safety, profit, and growth
of 10 First Aid & Safety ROBIN
operations in six states. EVERHART
Everhart had joined the company in 2005
as vice president of corporate compliance,
making her the youngest officer and first fe-
male executive hired from outside the com-
pany. “The First Aid and Safety Division has
seen tremendous growth over the past two
years, growth that requires strong leader-
ship within this newly established region,”
said Scott Garula, president and COO of
Cintas’ First Aid, Safety & Fire Division. “I
am confident Robin’s invaluable experience
leading ethics and compliance across all
business divisions will help ensure the con-
tinued success of the North Central region,
as well as the First Aid & Safety Division as
a whole.” . . . Judith Hackitt, CBE, has been
Over $10,000 in
Cash & Prizes!
Sponsored by:
www.ohsonline.com
10
0912ohs_010_014_Newsline_v4.indd 10
reappointed as chair of Britain’s Health and
Safety Executive. She has served in that www.ohsonline.com
post since October 2007, and the reappoint- ADVISORY BOARD
ment means she will serve until October Joe E. Beck
2015. Hackitt is a chemical engineer who Professor, Environmental Health Science
earlier in her career was director general of Eastern Kentucky University
Richmond, Ky.
the Chemical Industries Association from
1998 to 2002. She will be president-elect Leo J. DeBobes, MA (OH&S), CSP, CHCM,
CPEA, CSC, EMT
of the Institution of Chemical Engineers Stony Brook University Medical Center
(IChemE) in 2013-14 and will be its deputy Stony Brook, NY
president in 2012-2013. . . . Safety Con- Scott Lawson
sulting Engineers, a Chilworth/DEKRA The Scott Lawson Companies
company in Schaumburg, Ill., added Concord, N.H.
Brooks Fry as general manager. SCE Angelo Pinheiro, CSP, CRSP, CPEA
(www.sceinc.com) said he Senior HES Professional
is certified in Explosives Marathon Oil Company
Houston, Texas
Safety Management and
Six Sigma and has more William H. Weems, DrPH, CIH
Director, Environmental & Industrial Programs
than 15 years’ experi- University of Alabama College of Continuing Studies
ence in propellant and Tuscaloosa, Ala.
explosives manufacturing, Barry R. Weissman, MBA, REM, CSP,
engineering, and safety BROOKS FRY CHMM, CHS-V, CIPS
management. . . . Rosa Corporate Manager — Health & Safety
Moran, administrative director of Califor- Benjamin Moore Paint Co.
Flanders, N.J.
nia’s Division of Workers’ Compensation,
recently selected Ellen Flynn as associate Henry Wright
Vice President & Manager - Risk Control
chief judge. Flynn oversees the Southern BB&T Insurance Services Inc.
California offices, monitors procedures for Charlotte, N.C.
Help us
SPOT a
Safety Hero
At KellerOnline, we believe in recognizing the unsung heroes who bring
America’s workforce home safely day after day. That’s why 11 years ago,
we founded the prestigious Safety Professional of the Year award.
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you strive for safety excellence. The SPOTY award celebrates professionals
who not only achieve impressive safety statistics, but go beyond the
numbers to make a difference in their company’s safety culture.
Be a hero – nominate yourself or someone at your company
for the SPOTY award!
Enter today at www.kelleronline.com/SPOTY
Circle 4 on card.
8/13/12 12:37 PM
 CREATE
YOUR OWN
SAFER
WORKPLACE
A single healthy and safe idea can
make any workplace safer.
While every work environment is unique, they share similar challenges. Health and
safety professionals from more than 1,500 companies, hospitals and clinics partner
with UL PureSafety to help make their organizations healthier and safer places to work.

See their ideas at work – and get resources

and tools to create your own safer
workplace at www.thesaferworkplace.com.
CIRCLE 17 ON CARD

UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2012

Untitled-3 1 7/26/12 4:28 PM

 NEWSLINE

effective calendar management, and par-

ticipates in policy implementation and
other operational activities. She replaced
Mark Kahn, who retired June 2 after 31
years of service with DWC. Flynn had been
the presiding judge at the Anaheim DWC
district office since 1991. . . . Chicago-
based Messe Dusseldorf North America
(phone 312-781-5180, email info@mdna.
com) announced Turkey will be the partner
country at A+A 2013, International Trade
Fair with Congress for Safety, Security and
Health at Work, when it takes place Nov.
5-8, 2013, at the fairgrounds in Dusseldorf,
Germany. Hall layout planning for exhibi-
tors will begin in December 2012 in these
main exhibit categories: safety at work, se-
curity at work, specialized equipment for
disaster relief, and health at work. Germany
ranks second, after Russia, among leading
exporters to Turkey, and MDNA said the
country is considered one of the most lu-
crative growth markets for PPE suppliers.
“With the participation of the key sector
associations and institutions, the German-
Turkish safety at work dialogue will offer
the opportunity for discussion and an ex-
change of experience, for example on the
general socio-political framework and the
World Leader in market situation. We are looking forward
Head Protection to a top-ranking visitor group from the
political and business areas and of course
also welcome the Turkish exhibitors,” said
Joachim Schäfer, managing director of
Messe Dusseldorf. The “call for papers” for
the A+A Congress started in July and ends
in October 2012. . . . 5.11 Tactical recently
MSA V-Gard Helmets help you get home safely. MSA V-Gard appointed Tim Ridings
Helmets are available in both slotted cap and hat styles. Three size outdoor channel man-
options include small, standard and large. Custom printing choices ager, saying he will build
include "Best in Class" Logo Program and striping. V-Gard Accessories on the brand’s existing
relationships, further de-
complete the protective system.
velop sales strategies, and
Try it before you buy it! MSA’s sample program allows users expand opportunities to
to experience the tried and true durability of MSA V-Gard Helmets connect with outdoor TIM RIDINGS
before purchasing. enthusiasts. 5.11 Tacti-
Contact MSA customer service at 1-800-MSA-2222 today. cal gear is available at retailers including
Cabela’s, Sportsman’s Warehouse, Bass
Pro Shops, and Gander Mountain; the
company is part of Modesto, Calif.-based
5.11, Inc. . . . Whitney Brewster joined
Please visit our newly launched website: the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles
www.MSAsafety.com as its executive director, effective Aug. 6.
A Houston native, she had been director
Because every life has a purpose... of Alaska’s Division of Motor Vehicles for
the previous five years. “Following a very
thorough search process and careful con-
MSA North America • 1-800-MSA-2222 / ID 5666

www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_010_014_Newsline_v4.indd 12 8/13/12 12:37 PM

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CIRCLE 27 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/10/12 1:06 PM

 NEWSLINE

sideration, we believe that Whitney Brew- ton’s industrial complex,” Coats said. “MCR
ster is the best person to lead this agency fits into our long-range industrial growth
into the future,” said Victor Vandergriff, plan perfectly. They are exactly the type of
the department’s board chairman. The business partner we want and will continue
agency has about 760 employees, a bien- to pursue. We sincerely appreciate their
nial budget of approximately $300 mil- investment and extend a very warm com-
lion, and more than $1 billion in annual munity welcome to MCR, their employees,
revenue collections. and the Crews family.”

Groundbreaking Marks
MCR’s Expansion
Officials of Memphis, Tenn.-based Shelby
Group International and several elected
officials, including the mayor of Piperton,
Tenn., Henry Coats, took part in ground-
breaking ceremonies June 28 for an ex-
panded headquarters of MCR Safety and
a state-of-the-art distribution center. Both
buildings are scheduled to be completed in
summer 2013.
The headquarters will be located in Col-
lierville at Schilling Farms and will include
45,000 square feet of Class A office space
with ample room for growth, training facil-
ities, product showrooms, and a conference
Hilliard Crews, founder of Shelby Group Interna-
tional; Jason Crews; and Stacy (Crews) McGee
participated in the June 28 groundbreaking
ceremonies.
center, according to the company.
The distribution center will be on 50
acres of land in Piperton, initially 500,000
square feet in size but capable of being ex-
panded to twice that size. It will house the
Innovations Technology Center Lab, sam-
ple room, and all production and packag-
ing functions.
“MCR’s distribution facility will imme-
diately become the cornerstone of Piper-
Awards &
Recognition
■ Morneau Shepell received an “Innova-
tion of the Year” award for its My EAP mo-
bile device app when the Employee Assist-
ance European Forum held its annual
conference in Athens, Greece this year. The
free app is available globally and provides
users with clinically based health and well-
ness information, interactive tools, and the
opportunity to connect with counselors on
a variety of work, health, and life issues.
Visit www.shepellfgi.com/myeap for addi-
tional information.

I did !
JULIE CARTER, GRADUATE 2010
The Mundy Companies

Visit Us Online to Learn More About Julie’s CSU Experience!

Online Degrees. Affordable Tuition. Superior Service.

www.ColumbiaSouthern.edu/OSHMag | 877.845.7780
Recognizedd by:
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Untitled-5 1 8/13/12 10:41 AM

 INCENTIVES
OSHA’s Stance on Safety Incentive Programs
BY HENRY WRIGHT AND MICHELLE BARKER
O
SHA recently published an article disparag-
ing company safety incentive programs. This
is not a new stance — it has always been the
administration’s position. However, the reg-
ulatory agency’s new Memorandum issued on March
12, 2012, Employer Safety Incentive and Disincentive
Policies and Practices, directs field compliance officers
and “whistleblower” investigative staff to beef up their
enforcement of 29 CFR 1904.35(b)(1), which address-
es work-related reporting of injuries and illnesses,
and Section 11(c), which contains the whistleblower
statues. This memorandum is targeted at employers
who have implemented safety incentive programs that
discourage workers from reporting injuries and have
a policy that requires disciplinary action against em-
ployees who are injured on the job, violate injury re-
porting guidelines, or violate a safety rule.
Excerpts from the memorandum state: “There are
several types of workplace policies and practices that
could discourage reporting and could constitute un-
lawful discrimination and a violation of federal stat-
ues…. OSHA has received reports of employers who
have a policy of taking disciplinary action against em-
ployees who are injured on the job, regardless of the
circumstance surrounding the injury. Reporting an
injury is always a protected activity.”
The key to remember is that OSHA is not truly
against safety incentive programs. It is against pro-
grams that discourage workers from reporting ac-
cidents or injuries. In the memo, Deputy Assistant
Secretary Richard E. Fairfax states, “While OSHA
appreciates employers using safety as a key manage-
ment metric, we cannot condone a program that en-
courages discrimination against workers who report
injuries.” OSHA believes that if employees do not feel
free to report injuries or illness, then it puts a com-
pany’s entire workforce at risk. Most insurance carri-
ers tout the same position. The phenomenon of non-
reporting of injuries due to policy or pressure actually
has a moniker in the insurance industry — it’s called
the “bloody pocket syndrome” (so named after an ex-
ample of when an employee cuts a finger and puts his
hand in his pocket, instead of reporting the injury, in
fear of blowing his chance or his team’s chance at some
incentive or prize).
However, since the emphasis of the OSHA directive
is expanded to include protection for employees who
violate injury reporting timeliness rules, it remains to
be seen if this emphasis has unintended consequences,
such as increased claim cost from late reporting.
All of this talk about effective safety incentive
programs begs the question, how would your incen-
tive program fare if evaluated by OSHA? Much to
16 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_016_Wright_v3.indd 16
everyone’s dismay, there is no cookie-cutter program
or solution. Each incentive program should be built
to complement the company’s existing safety plan,
goals, and objectives. Ideally, safety-based incentive
programs should be designed to emphasize positive
reinforcement and leading indicators, such as safe be-
haviors, and not lagging indicators, such as recordable
incidents or lost-time injury reduction goals.
As you reflect back on your company’s program,
consider the following questions:
Is your safety incentive program one component
of a well-thought-out and effectively administered
risk management program? Does your incentive pro-
gram include the measurement of leading indicators
and/or safety activities, such as safe behavior observa-
tions, safety meeting attendance, etc.?
Is your incentive program consistently well sup-
ported by top management because it increases safety
awareness and has a positive impact on the safety cul-
ture? Does your company involve employees when
developing the program? Does your company regu-
larly provide feedback to employees on performance
and the progress being made toward company goals?
When asked, could employees from all levels of the
organization explain the purpose and goals of the pro-
gram? Do your employees understand that the pro-
gram has a genuine purpose and life span, as opposed
to expecting or feeling entitled to the incentives? Is the
program regularly evaluated for effectiveness?
If you answered no to any of these questions, you
may want to further evaluate your program to deter-
mine whether you may be able to improve upon it in
any way. The bottom line is that safety incentive pro-
grams do work and are still an effective tool in the
workplace — when they are executed in the right way,
with the right goals and outcomes. Safety incentives
are only one part of an overall safety-minded culture
whose goal should be to mitigate unsafe acts and en-
courage safe worker behaviors.
Simply dangling gift cards, free lunches, and fa-
vorite sports team hard hats are no longer accept-
able forms of motivation to encourage accident-
free days. By getting employees involved in the
process of creating a safe work environment, one
supported by top management, companies will be
more likely to develop a program that truly encour-
ages and promotes workplace safety while not vio-
lating OSHA statutes.
A list of the most common potentially discrimina-
tory policies can be found at http://www.osha.gov.
Henry Wright, MBA, CFPS, CECD, and Michelle Bark-
er, ARM, CDT, are employed by BB&T Insurance Ser-
vices Inc. They are Authorized OSHA Outreach Trainers.
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:08 PM
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Untitled-2 1 8/9/12 12:59 PM

 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Welding Fume Exposures and Controls
It is safe to assume that we never know enough,
or at least don’t know all that we need to know.
W
BY ROBERT BROWN
elding in the workplace can present
significant health hazards unless the
potential (and actual) exposures to
welding fumes are properly identified,
evaluated, and controlled. The sheer numbers of the
types of exposure, both acute and chronic, justify a
thorough review of the possibilities, the hazards of ex-
posure, and potential controls. This article, while not
covering all of these possibilities, may at least prompt
environmental, health, and safety professionals to
consider these exposures, evaluate actual exposures,
and implement appropriate protective measures.
What are Welding Fumes?
Welding is the method typically used to join two or
more metal parts through the utilization of heat. The
heat causes the metals (or some other material) to melt
and, after cooling, to create a strong connection be-
tween the metal parts. Welding fumes are essentially a
mixture of (somewhat complex but often predictable)
metallic oxides, fluorides, and silicates. While this is
true, other contaminants and coatings can present an
even more complex mixture from which people need
to be protected. It should be noted that:
■ The welding process may involve the metals
themselves.
■ The welding process may also involve the use
of a third agent, or “filler” or “flux.”
■ Welding may occur on new clean stock metal,
new metal with residual compounds from manufac-
ture, and/or used or existing metal with residual con-
tamination from operations, including coatings.
Are All Fumes the Same?
The answer to this is no, unfortunately. While gener-
alizations can be made for mild steel, stainless steel,
and various nickel alloys, the truth is that the answer
is not so simple. The potential for exposure could in-
clude such fumes as aluminum, beryllium, cadmium,
chromium (including hexavalent chrome), copper,
fluorides, iron oxides, lead, manganese, nickel, va-
nadium, and zinc oxides. In addition, the potential
for exposure to both source gases and resulting gases
from the welding process are possible.
Types of Welding
There are many types of welding; the used depends
upon the metal substrates, the application, and a va-
riety of other variables. Some of the most commonly
18 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_018_019_Brown_v3.indd 18
used welding methods:
■ Oxy-Acetylene is one of the oldest welding
processes, though in recent years it has become less
popular in industrial applications. However, it is still
widely used for welding pipes and tubes, as well as re-
pair work. It is also frequently well suited, and favored,
for fabricating some types of metal-based artwork.
■ Arc Welding is popular due to low costs. An
electric current is created between the welding device
and the materials to be welded, creating an “arc.”
■ Electroslag Welding is a fast welding process
used to join large materials, such as thick steel plates.
■ Flux-Cored Welding is an alternative to “stick
welding.” Flux-cored is used often in automatic, fast-
speed applications, used primarily in construction en-
vironments.
■ Gas Metal Arc Welding is another automatic
welding process. The application, used widely in auto-
mobile repair and manufacturing, involves a welding
gun that automatically feeds the weld metal through
the gun for use. The gun also distributes a shield gas
for protection from the natural elements.
As the chart makes clear, there are a wide variety
of fumes, gases, and organic vapors to be considered
when determining exposures during welding op-
erations. Although this article is focused on welding
fumes and related exposures, be certain to keep in
mind some of the other hazards related to welding,
including eye damage from arc flash, thermal burns,
radiation burns, fires, and electrical hazards.
Control Options
Options to protect welders from exposure to weld-
ing fumes include, in accordance with the hierarchy
of controls: ventilation, which may include general
and/or local ventilation (engineering controls); train-
ing and restricted work times/locations (administra-
tive controls); and respiratory protection, either air-
purifying or supplied air (PPE). Only you can decide
which is most appropriate for your workplace and the
exposure profiles expected.
Robert Brown, CIH, CSP, is president and owner of
Robert Brown & Associates, Concord, Calif. For infor-
mation on welding fumes, EHS audits, IH Sampling
Strategies, or other EHS issues, call 510-860-5491 or
email bbrown1960@gmail.com.
REFERENCES
1. Workplace Health and Safety Bulletin, Welder’s Guide to
the Hazards of Welding Gases and Fumes, Government of
Alberta, August 2009.
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:09 PM
 Fume Source Effects and Symptoms
Aluminum Aluminum component of some alloys, e.g., Inconels, copper, zinc, Respiratory irritant.
steel, magnesium brass, and filler materials
Beryllium Hardening agent found in copper, magnesium aluminum alloys, “Metal fume fever.” A carcinogen. Other chronic effects include
and electrical contacts. damage to the respiratory tract.
Cadmium oxides Stainless steel containing cadmium or plate material, zinc alloy. Irritation of respiratory system, sore and dry throat, chest pain
and breathing difficulty. Chronic effects include kidney damage
and emphysema. Suspected carcinogen.
Chromium Most stainless steel and high alloy materials, welding rods. Increased risk of lung cancer. Some individuals may develop skin
irritation. Some forms are carcinogens (hexavalent chromium).
Copper Alloys such as Monel, brass, bronze, as well as some welding Acute effects include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat,
rods. nausea and “metal fume fever.”
Fluorides Common electrode coating and flux material for both low and Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Long-term
high alloy steels. exposures may result in bone and joint problems. Chronic effects
also include excess fluid in the lungs.
Iron oxide The major contaminant in all iron or steel welding processes. Siderosis — a benign form of lung disease caused by particles
deposited in the lungs. Acute symptoms include irritation of the
nose and lungs. Tends to clear up when exposure stops.
Lead Solder, brass, and bronze alloys, primer/coating on steels. Chronic effects to nervous system, kidneys, digestive system,
and mental capacity. Can cause lead poisoning.
Manganese Most welding processes, especially high-tensile steels. “Metal fume fever.” Chronic effects may include central nervous
system problems.
Molybdenum Steel alloys, iron, stainless steel, nickel alloys. Acute effects are eye, nose, and throat irritation and shortness
of breath.
Nickel Stainless steel, Inconel, Monel, Hastelloy, and other high-alloy Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Increased
materials, welding rods, and plated steel. cancer risk has been noted in occupations other than welding.
Also associated with dermatitis and lung problems.
Vanadium Some steel alloys, iron stainless steel, nickel alloys. Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Chronic effects include bronchitis, retinitis, fluid in the lungs, and
pneumonia.
Zinc oxides Galvanized and painted metal. “Metal fume fever.”

Gases Source Effects and Symptoms

Carbon monoxide Formed in the arc. Absorbed readily into the bloodstream, causing headaches,
dizziness, or muscular weakness. High concentrations may result
in unconsciousness or death.
Hydrogen fluoride Decomposition of rod coatings. Irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Overexposure can
cause lung, kidney, bone, and liver damage. Chronic exposure
can result in chronic irritation of the nose, throat, and bronchi.
Nitrogen oxide Formed in the arc. Eye, nose, and throat irritation in low concentrations.
Abnormal fluid in the lung and other serious effects at higher
concentrations. Chronic effects include lung problems such as
emphysema.
Oxygen deficiency Welding in confined spaces and air displacement by shielding Dizziness, mental confusion, asphyxiation, and death.
gas.
Ozone Formed in the welding arc, especially during plasma-arc, MIG, Acute effects include fluid in the lungs and hemorrhaging. Very
and TIG processes. low concentrations (e.g., one part per million) cause headaches
and dryness of the eyes. Chronic effects include significant
changes in lung function.

Organic Vapors Source Effects and Symptoms

Aldehydes (such as Metal coating with binders and pigments, degreasing solvents. Irritant to eyes and respiratory tract.
formaldehyde)
Di-isocyanates Metal with polyurethane paint. Eye, nose, and throat irritation. High possibility of sensitization,
producing asthmatic or other allergic symptoms, even at very low
exposures.
Phosgene Metal with residual degreasing solvents. (Phosgene is formed by Severe irritant to eyes, nose, and respiratory system. Symptoms
reaction of the solvent and welding radiation.) may be delayed.
Phosphine Metal coated with rust inhibitors. (Phosphine is formed by Irritant to eyes and respiratory system; can damage kidneys and
reaction of the rust inhibitor with welding radiation.) other organs.

Table I: Health Effects of Fumes, Gases, and Organic Vapors During Welding1
19

0912ohs_018_019_Brown_v3.indd 19 8/9/12 12:09 PM

 HEALTH CARE
Stepping Up the Pace
It’s go time! The 2014 health insurance
exchange deadline is looming for all states.
A
BY AMANDA WHITE
fter a grueling, three-month debate over the
hearing on the controversial Patient Protec-
tion and Affordable Care Act (ACA), the
U.S. Supreme Court decided to uphold the
law, including the individual mandate. However, the
court is making it much clearer that the penalty serves
more as a tax — a mechanism Congress has power to
exercise. Under this language, Americans are not nec-
essarily being “forced” to purchase health insurance;
they are merely encouraged.
The court also upheld Medicaid expansion, which
will soon allow individuals making up to four times
the poverty line to get Medicaid coverage. Under the
current Medicaid program, individuals cannot sign
up for plans on the basis of being poor alone; they
also must fall under categories such as being pregnant,
a child, or over the age of 65.
But for state governments, the most critical im-
pact of the decision has to do with health insurance
exchanges (HIXs). States are expected to have these
online marketplaces up and running by January 2014.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS) has awarded hundreds of millions of dollars to
states to help them set up their exchanges and will be
doing so through 2014. That doesn’t mean, however,
that states are ready.
In March, many states decided to pause planning
for their insurance exchange in anticipation of the
ruling. States including Alaska, Iowa, and Wyoming
expected the court to find the health care reform law
unconstitutional but believed an insurance exchange
system was a viable solution for the uninsured. Other
states — specifically Texas, Maine, and South Carolina
— were not so eager. They have made extremely slow
progress on setting up a benefit exchange.
Republican lawmakers in Maine approved a bill
this spring that delayed state action on the state’s in-
surance exchange. As a result, that state faces a con-
siderably high risk in being forced to implement the
federally run exchange, produced by CGI Group Inc.
— the law’s penalty for states that fail to create their
own is to have one that is federally run.
There are many states that have taken great strides
in setting up their HIX. These states already have con-
tracted with vendors to set up theirs:
■ Oregon: The Oregon Department of Human
Services awarded Oracle an $8.7 million contract in
June 2011 for its insurance exchange system.
■ California: The California Health Benefit Ex-
change awarded Accenture a $359 million contract in
20 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_020_022_White_v3.indd 20
June 2012 for the California Health, Eligibility, Enroll-
ment and Retention System (CalHEERS).
■ Nevada: The Nevada Department of Health
and Human Services awarded a $72 million contract
to Xerox Corporation in June 2012 for the Silver State
Health Insurance Exchange system.
■ Maryland: The Maryland Department of
Health and Mental Hygiene awarded $67 million to
a consortium of vendors led by Noridian, including
Curam, Connecture, and CNSI, in February 2012 for
the design, development, and implementation of a
benefit exchange.
■ Washington: The Washington Health Care
Authority awarded $63.1 million to Deloitte in April
2012 for its benefit exchange system.
■ New York: The New York State Department of
Health awarded $37 million to Computer Sciences
Corporation (CSC) for its benefit exchange system.
■ Mississippi: The Mississippi Comprehensive
Health Insurance Risk Pool Association awarded
eHealthinsurance Services Inc. in June 2012 for Phase
1 of an insurance exchange portal.
■ Florida: The state awarded $68 million to Xe-
rox in June 2012 for building a Small Business Health
Options Program (SHOP) called Florida Health
Choices; however, Gov. Rick Scott opposes creating a
private insurance exchange.
States are expected to submit letters of intent, or
blueprints, that confirm their intent to run a state-
based or partnership exchange. The blueprint has two
components: the declaration letter and the exchange
application. The blueprints must be received by the
Center for Consumer Information and Insurance
Oversight (CCIIO) by Nov. 16, 2012.
Hawaii was the first state to submit a letter of in-
tent to have an insurance exchange up and running
by the Jan. 1, 2014, deadline. Hawaii’s Web portal is
expected to integrate with the state’s new Medicaid
eligibility system. The state recently awarded SH Con-
sulting LLC a $244,000 contract for system support
consulting services for the new system.
Because there is very little time left, states may
look to different procurement strategies in order to
expedite the contracting process. For instance, Or-
egon utilized a special procurement for its insurance
exchange, which, as mentioned above, was awarded
to Oracle. The state released the solicitation on May
23, 2011, and closed the special procurement on May
30, 2011. The special procurement, released by the
Oregon Health Authority, allowed the state to be flex-
ible and swift in meeting the deadlines set by the Early
Innovator Grant.
Other strategies may include states adding insur-
ance exchange components onto existing contracts,
such as for eligibility systems. Much of the informa-
tion stored in these systems overlaps, which may
make existing system contractors the most knowl-
edgeable regarding what infrastructure will allow for
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:12 PM
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CIRCLE 23 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:09 PM

 HEALTH CARE
+65ƒ'#6*'4416'%6145ƒ614#)'#)5ƒ1061747((5ƒ'..7((5ƒ7561/26+105ƒ0&14'ƒ

ƒ+65ƒ'#6*'4416'%6145ƒ614#)'#)5ƒ1061747((5ƒ'..7((5ƒ7561/26+105ƒ0&14'
+65ƒ'#6*'4416'%6145ƒ614#)'#)5

optimal interoperability.
Another technique states may choose to
use is procuring for multiple components of
the exchange under the same contract, such
as call center and program integration ser-
vices. The Colorado Department of Health
Care Policy and Financing utilized this

7KHEHVWFKRLFHIRUHOHFWULFDOVDIHW\ technique and is currently in negotiations

with CGI. If selected, the vendor will be ex-

FRPSOLDQFHLQWKHZRUNSODFH pected to design and develop the insurance

exchange Web portal and call center.

Quick-Fix Solutions Discouraged

 *'/156%1/2.'6'+08'0614;1(+057.#6+0)
 Though the 2014 deadline is just around
).18'5n#%%'5514+'5#8#+.#$.'61&#;(14 the corner, HHS does not want states to
+//'&+#6'&'.+8'4;T implement quick-fix solutions. For that,
states may very well be granted some
wiggle room in setting up their exchanges.
—241&7%65':%''&#..4'37+4'/'0651( Thus far, however, they haven’t been. States
EFNT 0574'%1/2.+#0%'9+6* are well aware they must pick up the speed
of their implementation efforts.
#0&5#6+5(;
KN 4'37+4'/'065(14 With that said, some states, such Wis-
2416'%6+10#)#+056'.'%64+%#.5*1%-*#<#4&5T consin, Georgia, and Tennessee, will likely
remain stagnant in their exchange efforts
until after the November election, when
it could potentially be overturned if Mitt
Romney defeats President Obama.
Vendors must take into consideration
that even states with governors who seem
to oppose the ACA and its components
completely are still making considerable
headway in implementing insurance ex-
changes. In the short term, vendors can ex-
pect to see an influx of consultative oppor-
tunities released by states that have made
minimal progress on insurance exchange
implementation.
States that have been rather sluggish
will need assistance in performing gap
analyses of their as-is and to-be technology
environment.
The launch of the exchanges won’t end
the spending. In 2014 and beyond, vendors
can expect to see more solicitations for
marketing, outreach, and education-related
initiatives because this will be the time con-
sumers are actually signing up for health
plans.

Analyst Amanda White (amandawhite@

deltek.com) performs in-depth research and
analysis of Health Information Technology
(HIT) initiatives, primarily in the state and
local government market space. She provides
market expertise and support to Sales and
Member Services teams for Deltek member
requests, product demonstrations, and train-
IELTLJETNEGG (phone)  LNNTFJFTIKII (toll free)  IELTLJETNEHH (fax) ing sessions.
5#.'5u2+275#T%1/ (e-mail)  999T2+275#T%1/ (web)
22 www.ohsonline.com
Circle 16 on card.

0912ohs_020_022_White_v3.indd 22 8/9/12 12:12 PM


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 CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS
New Advances in Global SDS Management
Before rolling out any management system,
share your plans with all stakeholders.
BY LOUISE BERNSTEIN
G
lobal environmental, health, and safety
(EH&S) management can be an intricate
tightrope walk with many challenges lurk-
ing to disrupt its delicate balance. Potential
obstacles include evaluating differing global strate-
gies, managing changing regulations, varying local
resources and expertise, local infrastructure, and
cultural considerations. With these considerations
in mind, taking a corporate global safety data sheet
(SDS) management strategy and implementing it lo-
cally can seem daunting. However, with a thorough
understanding of why global SDS management is so
beneficial, knowledge of best practice methods for
developing a system, and a few tips for circumvent-
ing common pitfalls, this worthwhile process can be
dramatically streamlined.
Reasons for Global SDS Management
Let’s first describe what global SDS management
means. It is a set of corporate guidelines, coupled
with a comprehensive management system to handle
a company’s SDSs for all global locations. SDSs are
stored, viewed, and downloaded from a centralized
access point, in addition to document management
and supplier relations procedures designed to ensure
there is an SDS for every product on site, and those
SDSs are kept current. The application and supporting
resources should to be synchronized to ensure success.
Once a global system is in place, many corporate and
local advantages are achieved. These rewards justify
the collaborative effort of rolling out such a compre-
hensive system.
■ Compliance Administration. Compliance is at
the heart of any SDS management system. Organizing
this through one system allows for centralized admin-
istration to ensure local and corporate due diligence.
■ Centralization. One system for all locations
and departments allows for inventory, data, and SDS
consolidation and corporate transparency.
■ Productivity. Removal of task replication be-
tween locations and reduction of overall SDS manage-
ment effort enables employees to a focus on other tasks.
■ Cost Reduction/Avoidance:
• Increased overall efficiency removes opera-
tional costs
• Increased compliance lowers exposure to
regulatory body fines, employee lawsuits, and the
compromising of a company’s PR and brand.
■ Data repository. A large repository of SDSs
and product data will be quickly amassed. The cen-
26 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_026_028_Bernstein_v3.indd 26
tralized data and SDSs can be funneled into regula-
tory tracking (GHS/CLP, REACH, RoHS...), supply
chain analysis, and integration with internal tools
(Authoring, BOM, Purchasing…).
Global SDS Management,
Implementation Process
1. Research Current Systems. There is usually a
large variance of systems in place already — paper-
based, Access/Excel, third-party applications, and ap-
plications built by in-house IT teams. How those sys-
tems are used and the documents and data held within
these systems will need to be included in your transi-
tion evaluation. Additionally, the people in charge of
those systems will be the cornerstone of local adoption
for your new system, so engage their expertise.
2. Regulatory Awareness. The next portion is be-
ing aware of the regulations involved and your respon-
sibilities within each country. While elements of SDS
management are similar throughout the world, there
are country-specific requirements which should be ac-
counted for in any new program. Some examples:
■ Languages: Ensure employees have access to
SDSs in local languages, possibly multiple languages per
location, which can be the case in Canada or Belgium.
■ Suppliers’ updating obligations: A supplier’s
obligation to downstream users differs in relation to
when it needs to re-author or send an updated SDS. In
the United States, an SDS needs to be updated within
90 days when there are significant changes to its infor-
mation. In Canada, an SDS needs to be updated every
three years regardless if there are changes required.
In Europe, it needs to be updated as soon as possible
and sent to customers that have purchased the prod-
uct within the last 12 months. The United States and
Canada have no requirements for suppliers to provide
revised SDSs to previous customers in the absence of
subsequent sales.
■ EU REACH: European extended SDSs can
have multiple Exposure Scenarios attached, creating
documents of up to hundreds of pages long. Your sys-
tem should handle documents of this size. In addition
to this, while the law states that Exposure Scenarios
are to be incorporated into the SDS, it isn’t often the
case in practice. Employees should learn how to load
Exposure Scenarios with associated SDSs.
■ Safety Cards: Many countries (the United
Kingdom, Germany, etc.) require employees to access
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:13 PM
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Untitled-4 1 6/11/12 11:49 AM


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0912ohs_026_028_Bernstein_v3.indd 28
CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS
Workplace Safety Cards with SDSs.
3. Select System. Once you are aware of local regulatory re-
sponsibilities, you can start the process to select or build an ap-
propriate system to fulfill those needs. There are several essential
factors to incorporate into your evaluation:
■ One accessible SDS access point for management and em-
ployees. A best practice is using an intranet or Internet portal. A
secondary access point is advisable should the first become un-
available. Examples of secondary access points are CD-ROM, FTP,
phone request (for email/fax), and paper binders.
■ Support for the wide breadth of country-specific regula-
tions, easily adapting when those regulations inevitably change —
handling Exposure Scenarios in Europe, for example.
■ Multilingual capabilities so local employees are encouraged
to use the system. A multilingual requirement applies to interface
localization and also storing data in many languages. In short, Japa-
nese employees should be able to search within a Japanese interface
to retrieve a Japanese SDS.
■ Finally, as a company grows, the system should scale with it.
4. Standardize and Localize Management Plan. Now that you
have your system chosen, you can develop your management plan.
Centralization of procedures, data, and technology is the main
driver behind a global program. Yet some room should be retained
for decentralization of day-to-day management. The foundation to
any rollout is a “train the trainer” approach to ensure local manage-
ment are knowledgeable and empowered to handle the day-to-day
running of your program.
5. Communication. The most successful transformations of
any business process occur when management mobilizes employ-
ees by communicating objectives clearly and early in the process.
This is especially true when management engages employees at all
levels, from top management to the front line. Before rolling out
any system, communicate your plans with all stakeholders, detail-
ing how it will affect their work tasks, and, importantly, outline the
overall benefits.
6. Phase the Rollout. A phased rollout allows a company
to tailor the implementation to specific audiences. A phased ap-
proach can be segregated by a number of factors, including geog-
raphies, business unit/location groups, regulatory landscape, and
current systems.
During any rollout, keep previous systems in place until the new
one is launched and employees are fully trained. This will ensure
employees do not lose access to SDSs during the implementation;
this avoids a sense of panic caused by change without a transition
period. This being said, an official “turn off ” date is recommended
once training for your new system is complete.
Increasing Compliance, Reducing Costs
In conclusion, global SDS management yields far more than in-
creased compliance and reduced costs. It does not need to equal
paperwork Armageddon because structured implementation plans
and automation will ensure a smooth transition.
Finally, there is no need to “reinvent the wheel.” Collaborate and
learn from colleagues, peer groups, and industry associations and
look to third-party vendors.
Louise Bernstein works for 3E Company.
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:13 PM
 4LJOHUPJZHUKTHPU[LUHUJLWYVMLZZPVUHSZULLKNSV]LZ^P[OKL_[LYP[`
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VU[OLRU\JRSLZHUK[OLIHJRVMÄUNLYZHUKOHUKZ
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CIRCLE 24 ON CARD

Untitled-2 1 12/8/11 11:15 AM

 CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS
Major Changes in the OSHA HazCom Standard
Considerable testing of chemicals that are
handled in the workplace may be required.
BY STEVEN J. LUZIK AND RICHARD W. PRUGH
A
s stated in the OSHA Fact Sheet entitled
“Hazard Communication Standard Fi-
nal Rule,” new changes to OSHA’s Hazard
Communication Standard (HCS) are bring-
ing the United States into alignment with the Globally
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals, or GHS, and further improving safety and
health protections for America’s workers.
HCS 2012 still requires chemical manufacturers
and importers to evaluate the chemicals they produce
or import and to provide hazard information to em-
ployers and workers by putting labels on containers
and preparing safety data sheets. The old standard al-
lowed chemical manufacturers and importers to con-
vey hazard information on labels and Material Safety
Data Sheets in whatever format they chose. The modi-
fied HCS provides a single set of harmonized criteria
for classifying chemicals according to their health and
physical hazards and specifies hazard communication
elements for labeling and safety data sheets.
OSHA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemak-
ing to update the Hazard Communication Standard
in September 2009 and held public hearings in March
2010. Then, on March 20, 2012, a revised HazCom
rule was filed at the Office of the Federal Register, and
this rule took effect on May 25, 2012. Essentially, there
are three major changes to the previous version of the
HCS standard. These include:
■ Hazard classification: The new mandatory Ap-
pendices A, B, C, and D greatly expand the previous
Appendices A and B.
■ Labels: Chemical manufacturers and import-
ers will now be required to provide a label that in-
cludes a harmonized signal word, a pictogram, and a
hazard statement for each hazard class and category.
■ Safety Data Sheets: MSDSs will now be re-
ferred to as SDSs and will now have a specified
16-element format, including 11 elements that will
be enforced by OSHA.
■ Information and training: To facilitate under-
standing of the new system, the new standard requires
that workers be trained on the new label elements and
safety data sheet format.
Implementation Dates
The following dates for implementation of the HCS
are given in paragraph (j) of the standard:
■ (j)(1) Employers shall train employees regard-
ing the new label elements and safety data sheets for-
mat by Dec. 1, 2013.
30 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_030_034_Luzik_v4.indd 30
■ (j)(2) Chemical manufacturers, importers, dis-
tributors, and employers shall be in compliance with
all modified provisions of this section no later than
June 1, 2015.
■ (j)(2)(i) After Dec. 1, 2015, the distributor shall
not ship containers labeled by the chemical manufac-
turer or importer unless the label has been modified
to comply with paragraph (f)(1) of this section.
■ (j)(2) (ii) All employers shall, as necessary, up-
date any alternative workplace labeling used under
paragraph (f)(6) of this section, update the hazard
communication program required by paragraph (h)
(1), and provide any additional employee training in
accordance with paragraph (h)(3) for newly identified
physical or health hazards no later than June 1, 2016.
■ (j)(3) Chemical manufacturers, importers,
distributors, and employers may comply with either
1910.1200, revised as of Oct. 1, 2011, or the current
version of this standard or both during the transi-
tion period.
Hazard Classification
As can be seen in the following outlines to the ap-
pendices to the HCS, a very large amount of infor-
mation is required by the Globally Harmonized Sys-
tem for hazards communication and is now required
by OSHA.
Health Hazards Criteria (Mandatory Appendix
A of 29 CFR 1910.1200)
The following sections provide detailed descriptions
of hazards and quantitative criteria for health hazards:
Section Title
A.0 General Classification Considerations
A.1 Acute Toxicity
A.2 Skin Corrosion/Irritation
A.3 Serious Eye Damage/Irritation
A.4 Respiratory or Skin Sensitization
A.5 Germ Cell Mutagenicity
A.6 Carcinogenicity
A.7 Reproductive Toxicity
A.8 Specific Target Organ Acute Toxicity
A.9 Specific Target Organ Chronic Toxicity
A.10 Aspiration Hazards
Although paragraph A.0.2.1 states, “There is no
requirement for testing chemicals,” it is very likely that
quantitative data may not be available to determine
whether or not a particular chemical would meet the
criteria for a “hazardous material.” Thus, it is also very
likely that some type of testing would be required for
chemicals that are handled in the workplace to deter-
mine the extent of — or absence of — a hazard, par-
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:47 PM
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CIRCLE 30 ON CARD

Untitled-3 1 4/10/12 2:41 PM

 CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS

ticularly for the training of employees. tory Appendix C of 29 CFR 1910.1200) Section Title
Physical Hazards Criteria (Manda- The lower chart provides detailed de- B.1 Explosives
tory Appendix B of 29 CFR 1910.1200) scriptions of the requirement for the label- B.2 Flammable Gases
The top chart on this page provides de- ing of materials that present one or more
B.3 Flammable Aerosols
tailed descriptions of hazards and quantita- of the hazards described in Appendices A
tive criteria for physical hazards. and/or B in the OSHA standard. B.4 Oxidizing Gases
If there is any likelihood that a chemical For each of the hazards in Sections B.5 Gases Under Pressure
could be described as being within one or C.4.1 to C.4.30, a Hazard Category, a Signal B.6 Flammable Liquids
more these categories, considerable testing Word, and a Hazard Statement are suggest-
B.7 Flammable Solids
may be required. This could include flash ed, together with the required Pictogram.
point, heat of combustion, heat of decom- Also, Precautionary Statements are sug- B.8 Self-Reactive Chemicals
position, burning rate, thermal stability, gested for Prevention of injury, Response B.9 Pyrophoric Liquids
reactivity, and/or corrosivity. to exposure, Storage requirements, and B.10 Pyrophoric Solids
Allocation of Label Elements (Manda- Disposal methods.
B.11 Self-Heating Chemicals
B.12 Water-Reactive Materials

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Section Title
C.1 Supplier’s Information
C.2 Labeling Requirements
C.2.1 Signal Word
C.2.2 Hazard Statement
C.2.3 Pictogram Requirement
C.2.4 Precautionary Statement
C.3 Supplementary Hazard
Information
C.4 Specifications for Warnings
C.4.1 to Specific Requirements for
C.4.13 Health Hazards
C.4.14 to Specific Requirements for
C.4.30 Physical Hazards
Safety Data Sheets (Mandatory Ap-
pendix D of 29 CFR 1910.1200)
In the past, the requirements for quan-
titative data in MSDSs have been limited to
vapor pressure, flash point, and threshold
limit value for inhalation toxicity. How-
ever, the revised HCS requires much more
quantitative data in SDSs (note that the
word “Material” is removed from the title
of these documents).
A statement that has appeared in previ-
SURSVLQFOXGHDWUDVKFDQVWRYHWRS ous MSDS requirements has been retained
HOHFWULFPRWRUDQGSDLQWORFNHU in the updated HCS, namely: “If no rel-
SURYLGLQJDQLQWHUDFWLYHUHDOLVWLF evant information is found for any given
KDQGVRQWUDLQLQJH[SHULHQFH subheading within a section, the SDS shall
clearly indicate that no applicable informa-
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0912ohs_030_034_Luzik_v4.indd 32 8/10/12 2:47 PM

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CIRCLE 29 ON CARD

Untitled-2 1 8/9/12 3:35 PM

 CHEMICAL SAFETY/MSDS
trol of hazards and should be avoided. Dili-
gent research into the wide expanse of the
open literature would be needed to ensure
that “no applicable information is avail-
able” to avoid the situation where OSHA
would find that pertinent hazards informa-
tion indeed was available.
Guidelines for Employer Compliance
(Advisory Appendix E)
Appendix E has not been modified in the
new HCS. However, it is likely that “Mate-
rial Safety Data Sheet” would be replaced
by “Safety Data Sheet” and “MSDS” would
be replaced by “SDS.” The sections of this
appendix are:
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34 Circle 45 on card.
0912ohs_030_034_Luzik_v4.indd 34
Guidance for Carcinogenicity Hazard Clas-
Section Title sification (Non-Mandatory Appendix E)
1 Become Familiar with the Rule The mandatory criteria for classification of
2 Identify Responsible Staff a chemical for carcinogenicity under HCS
3 Identify Hazardous Chemicals are found in Appendix A.6 to this section.
This non-mandatory appendix provides
4 Preparing/Implementing Program
additional guidance on hazard classifica-
4A Labels/Other Forms of Warning tion for carcinogenicity. The sections of this
4B Material Safety Data Sheets appendix are:
4C Employee Information and Training
Section Title
4D Other Requirements
A Background Guidance:
5 Checklist for HCS Compliance Humans; Animals
6 Further Assistance [202-219-8151] B International Agency for Research
on Cancer Classifications
C National Toxicology Program
Classifications
D Equivalence Among Classifications
Conclusion
OSHA has taken a major step in adopt-
ing GHS for the U.S. HazCom Standard.
Considerable effort will likely be required
to obtain the chemical hazards data and in-
formation that will be needed for SDSs and
for additional employee training.
It will be important for members of
management and technical staffs at plants
and other facilities that handle hazard-
ous materials to become familiar with the
new HCS. Several pertinent documents are
readily available at http://www.osha.gov/
hazcom/index.html.
Steven J. Luzik, P.E., CFEI is a Senior Pro-
kW Range
36-144 kW cess Safety Specialist at Chilworth with more
than 30 years’ experience in the area of fire
and explosion hazards, including gas/vapor
explosions, dust explosions, and fire and ex-
Flow Range
1.5-40 GPM plosion protection strategies.
Richard W. Prugh, M.S.Ch.E., CSP, P.E.,
is a Senior Process Safety Specialist at Chil-
worth; he provides process safety engineering
Voltages expertise focused on chemical manufactur-
480V & 600V
3 Phase Delta ing and oil/gas operations. He has extensive
experience in instrument engineering, explo-
sion hazards testing, explosives manufac-
turing and testing, pilot-plant supervision,
organic chemicals research, safety and fire
protection audits, and process safety con-
sulting. Since 1985, he has provided process
safety services to chemical and petrochemi-
cal plants throughout the United States and
internationally. He has presented at the Loss
Prevention Symposia more than 25 times
and is the author of the Toxicity section of
800.999.4320 / keltech-inc.com the 2008 issue of “Perry’s Chemical Engi-
neers’ Handbook.”
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:47 PM
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CIRCLE 7 ON CARD

Untitled-18 1 7/2/12 12:18 PM

 VISION PROTECTION
Beyond ANSI: Obtaining the
Best Possible Eye Protection
Inarguably, form must follow function.
That doesn’t mean, however, that form
has to trail by a large distance.
BY PEGGY PITTS KROESCH AND JIM KATZ
Bollé Safety Duo Goggle with patented Equalizer® Technology.
A
ccording to the OSHA website, “Thousands
of people are blinded each year from work-
related eye injuries that could have been
prevented with the proper selection and
use of eye and face protection. Eye injuries alone cost
more than $300 million per year in lost production
time, medical expenses, and worker compensation.”
There’s no doubt that the International Safety Equip-
ment Association’s recently promulgated ANSI/ISEA
Z87.1–2010 American National Standard for Oc-
cupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection
(ANSI Z87.1-2010) has made the workplace much
safer for many employees. Going into effect just over
two years ago, the new standard updated guidelines
last revised in 2003.
Manufacturers of safety eyewear products bearing
the new standard must provide proof of protection
against specific hazards, including optical radiation,
impact and coverage, droplet and splash, and dust/
fine dust, as well as provide products for different
head sizes. The standard makes it imperative for any
manufacturer of personal protective equipment to as-
sess all possible workplace environmental risks and
provide tangible technological solutions within the
parameters of the new standard.
To comply with the new standard, an employer
needs to consider a considerably more complex set of
issues, including these:
36 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_036_040_Kroesch_v3.indd 36
BOLLE SAFETY
1. How can I best select protective safety eyewear
based on the hazards present in the plant?
2. Head sizes vary; which products provide the
maximum protection, performance, comfort, and
style to my employees?
3. What lens technology is most appropriate to the
environment, such as high-pressure sodium lamps,
metal halide/mercury vapor, fluorescent, or LED?
The simple solution may be to select protective
eyewear products that meet or exceed the new ANSI
Z87.1–2010 standard, but as a manufacturer of pre-
mium safety eyewear, we present additional and im-
portant factors to consider. We provide innovative
eyewear solutions designed to provide maximum eye
protection, enhance long-term eye health, and in-
crease workplace productivity. Meeting the provisions
set forth by ANSI Z87.1-2010 is both an imperative
and a starting point for the major players in the safety
eyeglass industry. These companies possess the tech-
nical know-how and manufacturing expertise to pro-
duce products that meet or exceed the new standards,
but that is really only half the battle.
As obvious as the benefits of wearing effective eye
protection may seem, too often workers provided with
perfectly functional safety glasses fail to wear them at
all appropriate times. Therefore, the prudent course of
action is to examine every possible reason workers do
not wear protective eyewear, and then thoroughly and
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8/10/12 2:48 PM
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Untitled-4 1 1/17/12 1:37 PM

 VISION PROTECTION
The prudent course of action is to examine every
possible reason workers do not wear protective
eyewear, and then thoroughly and comprehen-
sively address each possible issue.
comprehensively address each possible issue.
Although common sense dictates and statistical data prove
that safety glasses are effective at preventing debilitating and
costly eye injuries, a Bureau of Labor Statistics study found that
60 percent of injured workers were not wearing eye protection at
the time of an accident.
Lost in a Fog
A September 2011 article in this magazine titled “Coming Out of
the Fog” identified fogging as a significant reason that workers failed
to wear protective eyewear. In fact, a 2009 study cited in the article
named fogging as the number one vision-related reason for not
wearing safety glasses. Fortunately, there are several methods of suc-
cessfully minimizing the buildup of moisture that causes fogging.
A good place to start is with eyewear that is carefully designed
to improve air flow and promote ventilation. Although air flow
may seem an obvious solution, many products on the market still
rely on antiquated shapes with little or no venting. By purchasing
Circle 39 on card.
38 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_036_040_Kroesch_v3.indd 38
safety eyewear made by an established, well-known manufacturer
with the expertise and resources to incorporate the most up-to-
date designs, you can provide workers with glasses that won’t fog.
Aftermarket anti-fog coatings, which are typically sprayed on,
also can be very helpful. When using these products, safety manag-
ers and workers alike always need to remember to reapply these
coatings from time to time, because they are not permanent.
Several safety eyewear manufacturers apply anti-fog coatings
during manufacturing. These coatings typically last for the life of
the product. We use a proprietary technology on both sides of
all lenses.
Comfort is King
“They don’t fit well.” “They’re too heavy.” “They pinch my nose/
temples.” The chorus of comfort-related complaints about safety
glasses is common, numerous, and persistent. Certainly, glasses
that cause the wearer discomfort aren’t likely to remain in place for
more than a few minutes, let alone hours on end.
Here again, the best advice is to look for established brands
with recognized design capabilities and manufacturing process-
es that utilize the latest and best materials. Reliable indicators
include the following: flexible temples (the parts of the glasses
that extend over the ears, commonly referred to as “arms”), soft
material strategically located at some or all points of contact,
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:48 PM
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CIRCLE 34 ON CARD.
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Untitled-6 1 5/4/12 1:04 PM

 VISION PROTECTION

adjustable nose pads, and high-quality hinges.
Seeing Everything Clearly
Clear, distortion-free vision is important to just about all workers,
regardless of the complexity of the tasks they perform. The level of
visual acuity provided by safety glasses is determined by several key
factors. Lens material is at the top of the list. Manufacturers have
several good choices, but polycarbonate lenses dominate because
of a near-perfect combination of shatter resistance, light weight,
and optical clarity.
In many industrial and outdoor workplaces, glare resulting
from reflected light can become a serious issue. Several brands of-
fer the option of polarized lenses, which work by absorbing per-
pendicular light rays, the main cause of glare. And while polarized
lenses may cost more, the benefits can far outweigh the costs.
Style Counts
Completely subjective? You bet. But how long do you think
your employees will wear safety glasses that make them look
like Mr.—or, worse, Ms.—Magoo? Inarguably, form must follow
function. That doesn’t mean, however, that form has to trail by
a large distance. Attractive shapes are not simply the product of a
designer with a keen sense of style. Advanced designs, manufac-
turing techniques, and engineering skills are necessary to produce
protective eyewear that meets or exceeds all of the applicable stan-
dards and looks great, as well. It takes the kind of attention to detail
that can be attained only by years and years of industry experience.
Putting It All Together
From Kia to Mercedes-Benz, all automobiles sold in the United
States have to meet the same safety standards. And while there’s no
doubt the former makes a perfectly acceptable car, who wouldn’t
opt for the latter, given the choice? Despite some very obvious flaws
in the analogy, the same basic idea holds true for protective eye-
wear. Fortunately for safety managers—and bean counters—the
gap in price between premium safety glasses and ordinary brands
is nearly imperceptible when the value of workers actually wearing
them is factored into the equation.
The bottom line is this: The first and most important consid-
eration when purchasing protective eyewear is that the product
chosen meet the ANSI Z87.1-2010 standard. That, however, should
not be where the decision ends. Premium safety glasses offer real-
world advantages that far exceed any difference in price, and that
makes them your best value.
Peggy Pitts Kroesch is Marketing/Trade Marketing Manager for
Bolle Safety/Bolle Tactical, Bushnell Outdoor Products. Contact her
at pkroesch@bushnell.com or 913-752-3496. Jim Katz is principal
of Breakaway Communications, a firm that specializes in the eye-
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40 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012 www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_036_040_Kroesch_v3.indd 40 8/10/12 2:48 PM

 CIRCLE 5 ON CARD

Untitled-1 1 7/23/12 11:07 AM

 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Designing for Workplace
Electrical Safety
The design of a safe electrical work environ-
ment starts with an arc flash assessment.
BY TONY LOCKER
A
s more and more employers perform arc
flash assessments of their facilities to keep
workers safe and meet OSHA and NFPA
70E requirements, they usually discover
that they have a lot of dangerous equipment or areas
where workers must use heavy and bulky PPE. Many
employers are seeking ways to eliminate or minimize
these hazards to keep workers safe, minimize down-
time, and increase productivity.
What’s more, as plant staffs grow leaner, younger
workers often don’t have the benefit of working side
by side with experienced maintenance workers and
electricians who deeply understand electrical safety.
To help keep workers safe, managers can design safety
into the facility’s electrical system. This article cov-
ers seven considerations for designing safety into the
workplace, ranging from fuses and grounding to re-
lays and arc flash assessments.
1. Switch to Resistance Grounding
More plants and commercial facilities are switching
from traditional solidly grounded electrical systems
to resistance-grounded systems, in which a large re-
sistor is placed between the wye transformer and
ground. Such resistors are designed to limit the cur-
rent that can flow to ground to about 5A, too low to
allow an arc flash to develop in a phase-to-ground
short. In the “Industrial Power System Grounding
Design Handbook,” Dunki-Jacobs, et al., estimate that
95 percent of all electrical faults are phase-to-ground
faults. Therefore, resistance grounding has a dramatic
effect on electrical safety.
There are some special considerations. In resis-
tance-grounded systems it is possible to lose ground
and not even know it, so monitor the health of the
resistance-grounding equipment with a special relay
made for this purpose. Also, realize that equipment
with on-board ground fault detection will probably
never trip in a resistance-grounded environment.
Most variable frequency drives, for example, are set
by the manufacturer to trip at ground fault currents
above 5A, so the user should consider adding ancil-
lary ground fault relays.
42 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_042_046_Locker_v3.indd 42
2. Enable Maintenance Mode on
Motor Protection Relay
Some digital relays have a maintenance mode feature
that enables a worker to limit the available fault en-
ergy when working on the equipment. This reduced
overcurrent mode minimizes arc flash hazards during
maintenance. When working around a motor, it’s a
good practice to use this feature so that overcurrent
and ground fault conditions are stopped before they
create safety hazards.
3. Use Current Limiting Devices
Fuses and circuit breakers that are “current limiting”
will limit the amount of let-through current during
a fault or arc flash event. That’s because a UL Listed
current-limiting device opens very quickly — within
the first half-cycle of a fault (8.3 msec). Its fast action
limits the amount of current that can flow through the
circuit and reduces the destructive energy of a short or
arc flash. Most standard non-current-limiting circuit
breakers can take up to 6 AC cycles (0.1 second) to
open under short circuit conditions — a minimum of
12 times longer than a typical current-limiting fuse or
current-limiting circuit breaker.
4. Use Indicating Fuses and Fuse Holders
Typically, finding which fuse has opened requires
poking around an energized electrical panel with a
tester. Avoid this unnecessary risk by using indicating
fuses or fuse holders. Indicating fuses have a dark spot
that appears when the fuse opens, and indicating fuse
holders point out open fuses with a bright neon lamp
or with a signal to a PLC. These are available from a
number of suppliers. In addition, using touch-safe de-
vices or fuse holders with covers also reduces expo-
sure to live parts.
5. Conduct an Arc Flash Assessment
The design of a safe electrical work environment starts
with an arc flash assessment. NFPA 70E standards
require that arc flash hazards be identified at each
electrical panel or piece of equipment that may be
worked on while energized, indicating the category of
arc flash hazard. Because the arc flash hazard is based
on the available fault current at a particular piece of
equipment, hazards can be decreased by changes to
the electrical system, such as adding a current-lim-
iting fuse or circuit breaker. The design changes are
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Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:24 PM

 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Because the arc flash hazard is based on the
available fault current at a particular piece
of equipment, hazards can be decreased by
changes to the electrical system, such as add-
ing a current-limiting fuse or circuit breaker.
relatively easy; the tricky part is the assessment.
A reliable arc flash assessment almost always involves engineer-
ing calculations by an expert. NFPA 70E provides a table for de-
termining Hazard Risk Categories, but the table’s footnotes state
it may be used only if the available fault current and the overcur-
rent protective device clearing time are known to fall within cer-
tain limits. Many people overlook these footnotes and use the Table
Method as a shortcut without doing the required analysis. For ex-
ample, for panelboards or switchboards operating at 240 or 480V,
the available fault current cannot exceed 25kA and the clearing
time of the overcurrent protective device cannot exceed 2 cycles or
0.03 second. These values must be calculated and verified in order
to use the table.
Another common mistake is assuming that if equipment is
determined to be a Hazard Risk Category 0, then equipment fed
downstream is also a Hazard Risk Category 0. Because impedance
in wiring reduces available fault current, a fuse or circuit breaker
may open more slowly in equipment located downstream. This ac-
tually will increase the amount of potential incident energy, some-
times very significantly.
Some managers stop arc flash assessment at the first 480V drop
off the bus because they wrongly assume there is no risk of arc flash
below that point. One example of this mistake is stopping the as-
sessment at the main switchgear or a motor control center (MCC).
This not only compromises worker safety, it is a violation of OSHA
regulations and the NFPA 70E standard that require all equipment
to be assessed down to 50V for shock and arc flash hazards.
Coming changes to NFPA 70E include more explicit require-
ments for arc flash warning labels, including what types of equip-
ment need them and what information they should include. The
label is the point where the worker interacts with the hazard as-
sessment on a daily basis. For example, flash protection boundaries
should be included on arc flash warning labels. Using information
from an arc flash assessment, the distance can be calculated; only
qualified workers wearing the proper PPE are allowed to go beyond
this boundary.
6. Install Arc Flash Relays
An arc flash relay provides an easy way to design safety into the
electrical workplace. It can be retrofitted into any electrical panel
where the available fault current is sufficient to allow an arc flash.

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0912ohs_042_046_Locker_v3.indd 44 8/10/12 2:48 PM

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Untitled-3 1 7/26/12 4:26 PM

 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

To prevent nuisance tripping — from intense
sunlight or a nearby arc welder, for example
— most arc flash relays don’t depend on light
detection alone.
These relays detect the light of an emerging arc flash and send a trip
signal to the existing circuit breaker in less than 1 ms.
The amount of energy released during an arc flash is a func-
tion of time and current. During a 50 kA bolted fault on a 480V
system, there is little damage in the initial stages; however, in those
stages the arcing current is too low to instantaneously trip a cir-
cuit breaker. Around 100 ms the cable catches fire, and at 150 ms
the copper conductors catch fire. At this point, a cloud of ionized
copper gas could form — a near-perfect conductor that allows an
explosion of heat and light. An arc flash relay detects the light and
increased current of an emerging arc extremely quickly. By mak-
ing the breaker trip much sooner, the total clearing time is reduced
to around 35 to 60 ms, which dramatically reduces the amount of
energy released during an arc flash event.
To prevent nuisance tripping — from intense sunlight or a near-
by arc welder, for example — most arc flash relays don’t depend
on light detection alone. The relay compares input from the light
sensor with input from current transformers on each phase. The
relay won’t trip unless there is both strong light and quickly rising
current. In environments with high amounts of ambient light, it is
possible to increase the trip threshold to prevent nuisance tripping;
however, ambient light is not an issue when cabinets are closed.
Installation of an arc flash relay is straightforward, involving the
placement of light-detecting sensors throughout the cabinet. The
user may choose to use a long fiber-optic sensor or multiple point
sensors. Then the relay’s control output is wired to the existing cir-
cuit breaker, which must be capable of signal trip. As an option, the
installer may wire other relay signal outputs to factory systems in
order to communicate status and alarms.
7. Monitor in Real Time to Detect Problems
Before They Occur
If knowledge is power, then data from equipment is a potent part-
ner in reducing costs and increasing safety. Modern digital motor-
protection relays have made it possible for leaner staffs to remotely
monitor the health of pumps and motors and then to trend that in-
formation to make smarter decisions about maintenance. By catch-
ing problems sooner, such as worn insulation, high temperatures,
and ground faults, protection relays prevent malfunctions that can
expose workers to electrical safety hazards.
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CIRCLE 40 ON CARD

Untitled-14 1 6/6/12 4:42 PM

 SLIP & FALL
New Standards Change the
Landscape of Walkway Safety
Preventing slip, trip, and fall accidents is
a risk management proposition.
S
BY DREW D. TROYER
lip, trip, and fall accidents result in more
than 8 million emergency room visits and
more than 21,000 deaths each year. They are
second only to moving vehicle accidents as a
source of death and injuries in the USA. The National
Floor Safety Institute (NFSI) estimates that the finan-
cial impact exceeds $80 billion per year.
Often, these accidents become litigious. The gro-
cery industry alone spends more than $450 million
per year to defend slip, trip, and fall accidents. Most
of these incidents are same-level accidents, where the
pedestrian slips and falls on an even pathway. In 55
percent of these cases, the walkway is implicated as
the cause (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The walking surface is implicated in the majority of
slip, trip, and fall accidents.
Managing the condition of walkways must be a
priority for any risk and safety manager – both to pro-
tect pedestrians from injury and to protect the organi-
zation against lawsuits for negligence. Up until recent-
ly, monitoring the condition of pedestrian walkways
has been a largely subjective science. New standards
issued by the American National Standards Institute
and NFSI are changing that landscape. Welcome to
the era of science and control in the management of
walkway and pedestrian safety in the USA.
Safe walking requires a sufficient degree of friction
between the shoe and walking surfaces. Some shoe
materials offer more slip resistance than others; some
flooring materials offer more slip resistance than oth-
ers. Moreover, contaminants such as water, detergents,
oil, dust, etc. serve as lubricants to reduce the coeffi-
cient of friction on walkway surfaces. Also, the condi-
tion of the floor can change over time due to wear or
48 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_048_050_Troyer_v4.indd 48
degradation of friction-enhancing coatings, etc.
As a risk manager, you may or may not have con-
trol over the selection and condition of pedestrian
shoes. In a manufacturing plant, for instance, you can
require the use of safety footwear. In a retail mall or
restaurant, it’s impossible to influence the footwear of
the general public. At most, you can target the reduc-
tion of contaminant ingress onto walking surfaces and
take action to clean spills when they occur, but this
is not foolproof. Managing and monitoring the con-
dition of pedestrian walkways offers you the greatest
degree of control and must be a focal point in your
efforts to ensure pedestrian safety.
New Walkway Monitoring Standards = A New
Era for Walkway Safety
Three important new standards have been released
that are game changers in your fight against pedes-
trian slip, trip, and fall accidents.
■ ANSI/NFSI B101.0: This new standard speci-
fies the process by which walking surfaces shall be
audited for slip resistance using an NFSI-approved
walkway tribometer. A walkway tribometer is a device
that measures the coefficient of friction (COF) or slip
resistance of a hard-surface walkway, which is where
most slip and fall accidents occur.
■ ANSI/NFSI B101.3: This standard specifies
the process for measuring the dynamic coefficient
of friction (DCOF), which is the classic definition of
friction. It measures the pounds of pulling or push-
ing force required to slide a pound of mass across a
surface. The higher the DCOF, the better — as DCOF
increases, slip resistance increases. This standard
specifies action limit values, so you know when regu-
lar maintenance or more serious attention is required.
■ ANSI/NFSI B101.1: This standard specifies the
process for measuring the static coefficient of friction
(SCOF). SCOF differs from DCOF in that it measures
the force required to initiate sliding. Typically, more
force is required to initiate sliding than is required to
perpetuate it.
One can technically argue the merits of measur-
ing DCOF versus SCOF. The author personally prefers
DCOF because it tends to be a more repeatable measure,
and a significant body of research has been dedicated
to determining the relationship between DCOF and
walkway safety. Much of that study has been done in
Germany, where the standards for pedestrian safety and
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:50 PM
Untitled-5 1 8/13/12 10:50 AM
 SLIP & FALL
technological research are highly advanced. consequences, and the effectiveness of your
To support these standards, NFSI has current controls. Utilize historical records
created an interlaboratory study (ILS) pro- on slip, trip, and fall accidents to evaluate
cess to confirm that walkway tribometers your risk. Incorporate accident reporting,
are valid, repeatable, and reproducible. Ac- analysis, and corrective action protocols to
companying the ILS is a walkway tribom- continuously assess and improve your esti-
eter approval process. Together, the NFSI mates of risk.
ILS and tribometer approval process en- 2. Do. Once you have analyzed the risks
sure that your walkway tribometer — and associated with slip, trip, and fall accidents
the company that produces it — are both for a geographical space, you may need to
dependable. take some actions to adjust the risk in high-
priority walkway spaces to tolerable levels.
Executing Walkway Safety Monitoring These actions could be as simple as putting
With the new auditing and walkway COF down mats or installing warning signs.
standards, your walkway safety manage- In other instances, it may be necessary
ment process fits neatly into the Plan-Do- to adjust the specification for acceptable
Check-Act cycle with which you most footwear, when that is within your control.
likely are familiar (Figure 2). Sometimes it’s necessary to modify the
Figure 2. The Plan-Do-Check-Act process management tool is perfectly suited to walkway safety management.
Wet DCOF Value Slip Resistance Potential Action
>0.45 (inclines), >0.42 (level) High — lower probability of Monitor DCOF regularly and
slipping maintain cleanliness.
0.30 – 0.45 (inclines), Acceptable — increased Monitor DCOF regularly and
0.30 – 0.42 (level) probability of slipping maintain cleanliness. Consider
traction-enhancing products and
practices where applicable for
intended use.
<0.30 Low — higher probability of Seek professional intervention.
slipping Consider replacing flooring and/
or coating with high-traction
products.
Figure 3. DCOF action limits published in the ANSI/NFSI B101.3 standard.
1. Plan. Preventing slip, trip, and fall COF of the walkway itself with treatments
accidents is a risk management proposi- or, where serious deficiencies exist, replace
tion. A variation on common tools for risk the flooring itself.
analysis, such as Failure Modes & Effects 3. Check. To create a control system,
Analysis (FMEA), should be employed to you need a feedback loop to check and
evaluate a geographical space, such as a verify the effectiveness of your efforts.
convenience store, for accident potential Conduct routine inspections to look for
and to assign priority based upon the like- damage, buckling, curling, or other defi-
lihood of an event, the magnitude of the ciencies in mats and rugs. Confirm that
50 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_048_050_Troyer_v4.indd 50
warning signs are up and very visible.
Look for spills or other contaminants that
increase the risk of a slip, trip, and fall ac-
cident. Regularly monitor the COF of your
hard surface walkways using ANSI/NFSI
B101-standardized test methods and ap-
proved tribometers.
4. Act. If inspections and walkway
condition monitoring of the COF reveal
deficiencies, take proactive steps to correct
whatever condition fell out of control. For
hard surfaces, if the COF falls below accept-
able limits, action is required to clean, treat,
maintain, or replace the surfaces. ANSI/
NFSI B101.3, the standard for measuring
the wet DCOF for a hard-surface walkway,
provides specific value limits. Based upon
decades of research in Germany, these
DCOF value limits and the related guide-
lines tell you when walkway maintenance
action is required (Figure 3).
Actions could include cleaning, degreas-
ing, treatment, or, in extreme cases, replace-
ment of the affected walkway surface.
Monitoring Walkways
Couldn’t Be Easier
Historically, monitoring the COF of a walk-
way was cumbersome and imprecise. New,
microprocessor-based technology makes it
a breeze today. Modern walkway tribom-
eters are fast (a test can be completed in a
matter of seconds), easy to use, and por-
table. Many have on-board printers and
the ability to upload data to a computer for
trending and/or inclusion in a report.
Conclusion
Slip, trip, and fall accidents are commonly
used as fodder to entertain people in mov-
ies, comedy acts, and cartoons. In real life,
falls aren’t funny. Rather, they’re very costly
to individuals, organizations, and society at
large.
Drew D. Troyer, CRE, is founding principal
of Sigma Reliability Solutions LLC (www.
sigma-reliability.com) of Tulsa, Okla. He is a
recognized authority on tribology, risk man-
agement, and reliability engineering, having
published more than 200 books, chapters,
articles, and technical papers on the topics of
reliability engineering and tribology. He is a
member of NFSI and the ANSI/NFSI B101
standards committee and the creator of the
NFSI interlaboratory study process and
standard for walkway tribometers.
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:50 PM
 Pre-Conference: October 8, 2012
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CIRCLE 31 ON CARD

Untitled-2 1 8/9/12 1:01 PM

 EMERGENCY SHOWERS & EYEWASH

Are You Putting Your Employees at Risk?

I
n order to handle the complexities of chemical spill
When the contaminant is a burn-inducing contamination on an employee’s clothing, there is
chemical, some argue the drenching time an argument that suggests that just 15 minutes of
drenching time may not be long enough.
should be extended to a minimum of 20 and In 2009, the ANSI standard for emergency safety
even 30 minutes of tepid water. showers Z358.1 was revised, and one of the most im-
BY RICHARD E. ALLRED AND JANET DICKINSON portant changes made at this time was the require-
ment that safety showers must provide 15 minutes
of tepid water for flushing a casualty. Tepid water is

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defined as being within the range of 60 to 100 degrees
Fahrenheit. The requirement of tepid water is to en-
sure that workers can rinse under the shower for the
full duration of 15 minutes without suffering thermal
shock, which assists decontamination and prevents
hypothermia.
Storing the tepid water at the lower range of 60 to
68 degree Fahrenheit reduces the growth of harmful
bacteria in the water tank. The effectiveness of a safety
shower providing tepid water for treating chemical
burns is vastly improved compared to one providing
cold water, as not only does the cold water discour-
age casualties from using the shower, but it also closes
pores on the skin, which can trap contaminants and
hamper any attempt to wash it off.
Water that is too cold can exacerbate the prob-
lem because the user could go into thermal shock. In
a recent conversation at PowerGen with a plant op-
erator, I learned about his experience with chemical
burns. He stated that he had to step in and out of the
shower to withstand the cold water. Chemicals left on
his body caused tissue damage; the burns would have
been minimized if the water had been tepid. On the
other hand, hot water can cause scalding and can in-
tensify the damage caused by certain chemicals.
This brought about demands by the petrochemi-
cal industry for emergency decontamination units to
provide water at the correct temperature. Some man-
ufacturers of emergency showers have gone one step
further to guarantee up to 20 minutes of tepid water,
notwithstanding the extreme climatic conditions in
which safety showers are sited.
However, in situations where the contaminant is a
burn-inducing chemical, some may argue the drench-
ing time should be extended to a minimum of 20 and
even 30 minutes of tepid water using a tank shower.
A major benefit of a tank shower for providing tepid
water instead of a plumbed-in, tempered-water model
is that the tank shower will guarantee 15 minutes water
is always available even if the water main fails, which
prevents a plumbed-in model from providing any wa-
ter and therefore renders the shower out of action. This
will prevent production processes from taking place.

52 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012 www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_052_054_allred_v3.indd 52 8/9/12 12:13 PM

 CIRCLE 37 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:15 PM

 EMERGENCY SHOWERS & EYEWASH
Any organization looking to upgrade or fit new
emergency shower facilities needs to carry out a
comprehensive risk assessment.
Normally, a 15-minute time period would be a suitable length
to wash most contamination off clothing. However, when the tepid
water turns to freezing, workers can be tempted to step out of the
shower, believing their clothing to be free of the hazardous sub-
stance. Unfortunately chemicals can react when they come into
contact with water (such as caustic soda, which turns to a slimy
consistency and can be difficult to wash off ). This can result in
contaminants remaining on clothing even after a 15-minute flush,
which is why it is imperative for an operative to strip off all clothing
for full flushing to be effective.
When installing an emergency shower facility, it is vital to assess
risk on an individual basis. This can include a risk assessment not
only against the control of hazardous substances, but also against
climatic conditions, the surrounding environment, and the work-
force, including lone workers and the mix of male/female employ-
ees, for example.
We advise that any organization looking to upgrade or install a
new emergency shower or eyewash unit at their facility to carry out
a comprehensive risk assessment. Important areas that need to be
considered include:
For a free Convenience Bag sample
call 800-526-7879 or email kris@gkrindustries.com
54 Circle 3 on card.
0912ohs_052_054_allred_v3.indd 54
1. Ensure the quality and performance of the unit are suitable
for your needs and the needs of your personnel and meet the cur-
rent ANSI standards. Shortcuts can cost more in the long run and
lead to legal action by harmed employees.
2. Check that the water supply pipework is capable of delivering
20 gpm.
3. On all units, check that the correct temperature is being
maintained, this being under 77 and above 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
If the temperature is too hot, it can increase the harmful effects
of chemicals on the skin. Too cold, and it can cause hypothermia,
plus the correct drenching time may be insufficient because the
user will not be able to stay under cold water for the recommended
15 minutes, let alone the 30 minutes required for certain chemicals.
4. Check on the disposal of the contaminated water. Residual
water should be disposed of carefully to ensure contaminated water
is not allowed to enter the water main. Also any excess water col-
lected on the floor during testing or after an emergency can be a
hazard, creating a slippery or icy surface.
5. Measure employees’ sizes and check the area you want to
designate for a shower unit to ascertain whether it will provide a
suitably sized emergency facility. With the average physical size of
people in North America increasing, there needs to be adequate
room to accommodate the necessary movement when using the
shower. Struggling to quickly strip off contaminated clothing in a
restricted area is very difficult, uncomfortable, and can exacerbate
the problem, especially with part of the space occupied by an eye-
wash unit. The recommended ANSI standard of a 34 inch (86.4
cm) cubicle diameter is adequate but not ideal. Increasing the size
of a decontamination unit it will provide better protection.
6. Check the pipework feeding the shower. With a changing cli-
mate, exposed pipework that survives a normal winter season is no
longer adequate and will not meet the recommended standards.
This will mean either relocating the shower unit or insulating and
heat tracing the pipework.
7. Are curtains or doors needed for modesty? Not providing a
modest safety shower can cause employees to hesitate to appropri-
ately wash down. In emergency situations, time is critical.
Complying with ANSI requirements puts the safety of your
employees first while protecting employers from governmental
enforcement and legal actions. The cost to update or install the cor-
rect safety equipment pales in comparison to the cost of a citation
and, more importantly, an employee’s life. The bottom line is that it
only makes sense to put safety first by providing safety equipment
that will perform in the critical few moments when it is used.
Richard E. Allred is the president and CEO of Alpine Technical
Services. He has worked in the chemical industry since 1997. Alpine
Technical Services can be contacted at 801-255-5336 or www.alpine-
tech.us. Janet Dickinson is General Manager of Showers & Eyebaths
Services Ltd, a St Helens, Merseyside-based manufacturer and in-
staller of emergency safety showers, eyewash, decontamination units,
mobile safety showers and eyewash, and shower coolers. Its products
are used worldwide by the oil, chemical, and water industries. Dick-
inson has worked in the field of emergency decontamination for more
than 15 years. Showers & Eyebaths Services can be contacted via Al-
pine Tech, its U.S. distributor, or visit www.safety-showers.com.
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:13 PM
 See the LiftPod® in action at NSC, Booth 2901.
The LiftPod® FS60 and FS80 aerial work platforms let you work hands-free at heights of
up to 12 ft and 14 ft. The new FS60 features non-marking rear caster wheels, a 30" base
and compact mast. Be more productive while meeting OSHA safety standards.
Learn how your facility can benefit from the LiftPod. Visit www.liftpod.com/23
or see the LiftPod in action at www.youtube.com/user/liftpod
CIRCLE 36 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:17 PM

 NEW PRODUCTS
WWW.OHSONLINE.COM/MCV/PRODUCTS
FLAME-RETARDANT SHIRT
Lincoln Electric’s flame-
retardant welding shirt is
commonly used as a base
layer in fabrication or pipe
welding. The shirt, available
in sizes medium through
3XL, weighs 9 ounces and
is made from 100-percent
flame-retardant material. It
is designed in black with two
chest pockets with flaps and
a pencil holder slot.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 300 ON CARD
FLAME-RESISTANT RAINCOAT
Nasco’s ArcLite Hi-Vis FR rain
jacket is waist-length with a
three-piece hood in the col-
lar. The jacket’s lightweight,
waterproof fabric is soft and
flexible with a Nomex mesh
ventilation system, allowing
for comfortable wear all day
long. Two pockets with Velcro
closures provide storage, and
two Velcro tab wrist adjusters
allow a personalized fitting.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 304 ON CARD
56 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_056_059_NP_v3.indd 56
HEAT STRESS TRACKER
The Kestrel 4400 Pocket
Heat Stress Tracker from
Nielsen-Kellerman Co. fits
in a pocket or small belt
carrying case and provides
accurate, waterless, WBGT
measurements within min-
utes of exposure to the air.
The included Kestrel Vane
Mount accessory allows the
user to mount the tracker
on a tripod for longer-term
monitoring and logging of
heat stress conditions.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 301 ON CARD
GAS DETECTORS
Senscient’s ELDS Series
1000/2000 Open Path Gas
Detectors have achieved
National Institute of Metrol-
ogy, Standardization, and
Industrial Quality (InMetro)
certification. The detectors
are designed to measure both
flammable and toxic gases,
including methane and hydro-
gen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride,
hydrogen chloride, ammonia,
and carbon dioxide.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 305 ON CARD
VENTILATION BLOWER
General Equipment Co.’s
EP8ACP15 Blow-R-Pac
ventilation blower features a
durable, corrosion-resistant,
polyethylene housing. The de-
vice is designed for supplying
fresh air to confined spaces
in non-hazardous locations. It
can also be used for a variety
of other tasks, such as dry-
ing damp areas and cooling
personnel in utility trenches.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 302 ON CARD
GAS ANALYZER
Gasmet Technologies’
DX4040 is a portable FTIR
gas analyzer that brought
laboratory-grade gas analysis
into the field, enabling the
field measurement of literally
thousands of gases. Users
of the current and former
models have access to the
unknown gas identification
capability when using the
included software and a
tablet PC.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 306 ON CARD
DOCK LIGHT
Phoenix Products Co. Inc.’s
DLA 16W LED docklite is
designed for years of service
with a corrosion-resistant,
low-copper-content aluminum
housing. The device delivers
789 lumens in a 22-degree
beam, easily illuminating the
length of a semi-trailer. Using
only 16 watts, this fixture is
easy to install and requires
virtually no maintenance.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 303 ON CARD
WORKSTATIONS
Pepperl+Fuchs’ Aseptic
Operator Workstation fea-
tures a 316L stainless-steel
faceplate, ergonomically
angled aseptic keyboard with
pointing options, and a true
industrial-grade monitor with
an FDA-grade silicone gasket.
The workstations support
wired or wireless barcode
scanners and are available
with a touchscreen, KVM-, or
Ethernet-networked monitor
and thin client options.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 307 ON CARD
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:51 PM
 SAFETY PENDANT
Honeywell’s 5802WXT
Wireless Panic Pendant is
a compact device that can
be worn as a pendant, on
a wristband, as a belt clip,
or on a keychain. With the
press of a button, end users
can summon police, fire, or
medical response personnel
to the premises in the event
of an emergency. An LED
flashes when the transmis-
sion is successfully sent.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 308 ON CARD
GAS DETECTORS
Sierra Monitor’s 4501 Series
2-wire gas detectors are
used to monitor both com-
bustible and toxic gases. The
IT Series network-enabled
detectors feature digital
display, 4-20 mA output, RS-
485 Modbus output, HART,
integral relays, SentryBus
output, and extensive self-
diagnostics for reliable,
accurate monitoring.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 312 ON CARD
www.ohsonline.com
0912ohs_056_059_NP_v3.indd 57
LIQUID PUMPS
Westcott Distribution Inc.’s
thermoplastic GoatThroat
Pumps are designed to fit
containers and drums from 5
to 55 gallons. They are avail-
able in four models, have a
life expectancy of 10 to 15
years, and provide for the
spill-proof, safe transfer of
more than 1,200 fluids and
solvents.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 309 ON CARD
STEEL RIVETS
Grip Tite rivets from Emhart
Teknologies are available in
a range of steel bodies and
steel mandrels and include
domed and large-flange-head
configurations. The rivets are
offered in 1/8-, 5/32-, and
3/16-inch diameters. The
hardware has an extended
secondary side footprint for
high-strength application
requirements.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 313 ON CARD
INSECT-REPELLENT GEAR
Insect Shield’s work wear
uses EPA-registered technol-
ogy to convert work wear
into effective and convenient
insect protection that lasts
through 70 launderings.
Because the protection is in
the clothes rather than on
the user’s skin, there are no
restrictions for use. The gear
repels mosquitoes, ticks,
ants, flies, chiggers, and
midges.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 310 ON CARD
ACTIVE EYEWEAR
Wiley X Inc.’s WX Zen
eyewear has a glossy black
frame matched with distinc-
tive bronze flash lenses. A
wraparound frame provides
the wearer with full coverage
and allows for a wide, crystal-
clear field of vision. Like
other Active Series models,
the glasses also feature a
rubber nose and temple grips
for a comfortable, secure fit
during every activity.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 314 ON CARD
SEPTEMBER 2012 |
SAFETY GLOVES
Ergodyne’s ProFlex 925F(x)
CP Cut, Puncture, and Dorsal
Impact-Reducing (DIR) Gloves
employ a technical, protec-
tive material called Armortex
on the entirety of the palm to
provide Level 3 cut protection
and Level 2 puncture protec-
tion. The molded TPR armor
on both the knuckles and
fingers of the dorsal side of
the hand provides protection
from impact, pinch, crush,
and bruising blows.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 311 ON CARD
PROTECTIVE SLEEVES
Kimberly-Clark Profes-
sional’s Jackson Safety
G60 Level 5 Cut Resistant
Sleeves with Dyneema fiber
are designed for work envi-
ronments that pose a risk
of cuts and abrasions. The
gloves offer ANSI Level 3/
EN388 Level 5 cut resis-
tance. The sleeves’ materials
include nylon, Lycra fiber, and
glass liner for cut resistance
and a comfortable fit.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 315 ON CARD
Occupational Health & Safety 57
8/10/12 2:51 PM
 NEW PRODUCTS
WWW.OHSONLINE.COM/MCV/PRODUCTS
EMERGENCY DETECTION
Gamewell-FCI’s 4-Warn/CO
(carbon monoxide) detector
incorporates four sensing
elements in one cost-effec-
tive unit to quickly detect
smoke, CO, flames, and heat,
verifying a true emergency
and preventing false alarms.
The detector also can
automatically silence local
audio signals when live and
pre-recorded emergency com-
munications are delivered via
the main system.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 316 ON CARD
SANDER SHIELDS
Rockford Systems Inc.’s
belt and disc sander shields
place a barrier between an
operator and flying debris
generated at the point of
operation. The shield fastens
directly to the machine using
1x2-inch extruded aluminum.
The transparent portion of
the shield is constructed
of impact-resistant, clear
polycarbonate. Vertical
adjustment is achieved by
loosening and tightening the
shield’s black knobs.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 320 ON CARD
58 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_056_059_NP_v3.indd 58
PROTECTIVE HOOD
The Allegro Industries Fully
Disposable Saran Hood is
constructed from a saran-
coated Tyvek material and
incorporates heat-taped
seams, which form a liquid-
and gas-tight seal and pro-
vide zero permeability to air
and moisture. The hood of-
fers effective protection from
a broad range of chemicals,
making it ideal for cleaning
tanks, moderating asbestos
levels, and handling acids,
agricultural pesticides, and
chemicals.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 317 ON CARD
HAND CLEANSER
STOKO Skin Care’s Kresto is
a heavy-duty hand cleaner in
a cherry-fragranced formula.
Made with skin conditioners
and skin-compatible synthetic
detergents, the cleanser
quickly cleans heavy dirt,
grease, grime, and oil while
keeping skin healthy. It also
contains natural and renew-
able biodegradable walnut-
shell scrubbers and is proven
not to clog drains.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 321 ON CARD
FIRST AID CATALOG
Cintas’ 2012-2013 First Aid
& Safety Catalog is a com-
prehensive guide of products
and services for workplace
safety programs. The catalog
details training and compli-
ance blended solutions to
keep businesses compliant
with all applicable OSHA
regulations. Additionally, the
catalog includes a variety of
personal protective equip-
ment such as respirators and
hand, eye, head, and hearing
protection from leading
manufacturers.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 318 ON CARD
ARC-RATED GLOVES
Ansell Limited’s PowerFlex
80-813 gloves are designed
to combine flame resistance,
cut protection, and ergonom-
ics. The gloves now feature
enhanced arc flash protec-
tion for workers and are Arc
Rated for Hazard/Risk Cat-
egory (HRC) 2. In addition,
the gloves feature Ansell’s
exclusive cut-resistant yarn
to achieve ANSI Level 4 cut
protection in wet, oily, and dry
work environments.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 322 ON CARD
FLEXIBLE HOSE
Flexaust’s Flex-Tube EF
Eco-Friendly Flexible Hose
is a medium-weight, clear,
coextruded, polyolefin,
elastomer hose with a rigid,
green, external polypropylene
helix. An environmentally
friendly alternative to PVC,
it is phthalate-free and has
virtually no outgassing, as
well as low VOCs. The hose
features a smooth interior for
efficient airflow, and the helix
wear-strip is highly abrasion-
resistant.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 319 ON CARD
LED WORK LIGHT
Magnalight.com’s WAL-QP-
P10W-40X2E-25 quad-pod
mounted LED work-area light
is designed to provide a pow-
erful yet easily transportable
and deployable lighting solu-
tion for operators in construc-
tion, utility, and emergency
services industries. This
height-adjustable, four-leg light
tower is lightweight and pro-
duces 3,440 lumens of light
in a wide flood pattern that is
ideal for work areas and DOT/
construction flaggers.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 323 ON CARD
www.ohsonline.com
8/10/12 2:51 PM

INSULATING GLOVES
Magid Glove & Safety’s
A.R.C. Rubber Insulating
Gloves offer dielectric proper-
ties, durability, flexibility, and
physical strength. These
gloves are available in a vari-
ety of configurations, colors,
and sizes, all of which meet
OSHA 29C FR 1910.269
regulations and NFPA 70E
standards. The gloves fea-
ture contours to reduce hand
fatigue and minimize chaffing
and are designed to simplify
working with small parts.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 324 ON CARD
TUNGSTEN GRINDER
Pro-Fusion’s Sharpshooter,
a tungsten grinder, has
received a listing from ETL
Intertek after undergoing
the rigorous safety evalua-
tions and testing associated
with earning a listing from a
Nationally Recognized Test-
ing Laboratory (NRTL). The
grinder prepares tungsten
electrodes to the most exact-
ing tolerances in an enclosed
chamber while quietly and
safely storing all dust gener-
ated by tungsten grinding.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 328 ON CARD
www.ohsonline.com
0912ohs_056_059_NP_v3.indd 59
INDOOR AIR MONITORS
PPM Technology’s Wireless
and Mini Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ) Monitors can simultane-
ously monitor various indoor
air quality parameters includ-
ing gases, temperature, and
humidity in various locations
throughout a building. The
wireless product contains
sensors for a maximum of
seven customer-specified
IAQ parameters while the
compact model contains a
maximum of five sensors.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 325 ON CARD
SAFETY LIGHT CURTAINS
Banner’s EZ-SCREEN Low-
Profile Safety Light Curtain
with integral muting is a
control-reliable machine
safety product. Although
designed for use on smaller
production machines, the
product is robust enough
for large power presses. It
creates a screen of synchro-
nized, modulated infrared
sensing beams that extend
from one end of the housing
to the other and features a
built-in muting function.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 329 ON CARD
FIRE EXTINGUISHER TRAINING
DuPont Sustainable Solu-
tions’ “Portable Fire Extin-
guishers: Protecting People
And Property” is a new fire
safety training program
designed to help employees
identify and use the most
common types of portable fire
extinguishers. The program,
available on DVD and as an
interactive online course,
identifies different portable
fire extinguishers and how to
properly distribute, inspect,
and maintain them.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 326 ON CARD
WEATHER READER
Control Co.’s Traceable
Humidity/Temperature/Dew-
Frost Point Meter features
a special breed of artificial
intelligence to provide a
response time of less than
10 seconds. The meter
takes samples one and a
half times per second, and
its memory recalls both mini-
mum and maximum readings
in dew-frost point, tempera-
ture, and humidity.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 330 ON CARD
SEPTEMBER 2012 |
ORTHOPEDIC SANDAL
Spenco Medical Corp.’s Total
Support Quartet is a new toe-
post style of sandal available
in a wide variety of colors.
The sandal is designed with
a strap that fully secures the
foot in the shoe and offloads
pressure from the ball of the
foot. The style offers an op-
tion for consumers who have
historically not been able to
wear flip-flop sandals.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 327 ON CARD
WALL CASING
Hammond Manufacturing’s
Eclipse Series of wall-mount
enclosures is fabricated
from type 304 stainless
steel for strength, durability,
and corrosion resistance.
The enclosures are finished
throughout with a durable
RAL 9003 white powder coat
that significantly minimizes
solar heat gain. The door
seal is a seamless gasket,
and a formed lip further
reduces the possibility of
liquids entering the housing.
www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
CIRCLE 331 ON CARD
Occupational Health & Safety 59
8/10/12 2:51 PM
 PRACTICAL EXCELLENCE
BY SHAWN GALLOWAY
Zero Incident Goals Motivate
Risk-Taking, Not Excellence
When excellence in safety is measured by
zero failures, a self-limiting organizational
viewpoint and very dangerous employee
belief are created.
Z
ero incident programs and goals are the desires of aver-
age safety cultures, not excellently performing ones. Or-
ganizations that have achieved sustainability of excellent
results in culture and performance define, measure, and
motivate what they want, rather than what they don’t.
Is health the absence of visible disease? If you never receive a
check-up by a physician, yet you feel good and nothing appears to
be wrong, have you reached your goals of health and feel confident
you will live a long life with this approach?
To define health as the absence of visible, self-reporting indica-
tors is recognizably dangerous. “Early detection, early response,”
the motto of Dr. Larry Brilliant, who helped eradicate smallpox and
frame the thinking that shapes global infectious disease control, is a
mantra we should similarly use in safety.
Figure 1. Perpetual Cycle of Avoiding Failures
Within the medical community, to respond is positive, to react
is negative. If the body responds to a drug, procedure, or interven-
tion, this is positive. When the body reacts to such approaches, this
is negative. When we measure success by negative reported out-
comes, we are driving safety culture excellence by reaction rather
than proactive identification and response.
How we frame our goals is the difference in excellent perfor-
mance and excellent results; the two are not interchangeable. If
the goal is zero incidents/injuries and it is obtained, what is the
measure of continuous improvement? Moreover, if an organiza-
tion obtains excellent results and cannot precisely describe why,
the successful results are lucky, not excellent. Whenever results are
rewarded, by default the performance that obtained the results is
reinforced. Were the excellent results obtained by excellent perfor-
mance, or did the group just get a little luckier this year?
Figure 1 outlines the approach most organizations take to improve
safety. Leadership will review the current incident rates, determine
a new incident rate goal (either a desired rate or reduction amount),
60 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012
0912ohs_060_Galloway_v3.indd 60
develop a list of initiatives impacting
the goal, execute the initiatives, and
then review the results. I refer to this
widely used methodology as the Per- “Early detection,
petual Cycle of Avoiding Failures.
early response” is
An incident is a failure in your a mantra we should
systems, programs, and approaches to
similarly use in safety.
safety. When the goal, programs, and
process are based on zero incidents, this translates as zero failures,
thus promoting the mentality: Don’t fail. Of course we do not want
people to fail, but is this the motivation we truly desire: “Work hard
to not fail”? When organizations establish Zero Incidents/Injuries,
this frames: Safety Excellence = Zero Incidents.
When excellence in safety is measured by zero failures, a self-
limiting organizational viewpoint and very dangerous employee
belief are created: “If safety means no incidents, then anything that
I do that doesn’t result in an incident or get me hurt must be safe.”
When this occurs, risk will be overlooked, complacency will set in,
an important and healthy degree of vulnerability of risk will be lost,
and organizations will be surprised by an incident that occurs out
of nowhere. This will often sound like, “I can’t believe that experi-
enced, well-trained employee did that” or “How did we miss that?”
When an organization is surprised by results or events, this is an
indicator that the measurement systems are not properly aligned to
capture and motivate both results and performance. If we set goals
based only on results and individuals cannot clearly decipher what
performance will contribute or deviate from the results, not only
are the measurement systems misaligned, but the behavior within
the culture will be, as well.
What do you want in safety? What are you trying to accomplish
and why? Is the motivation to achieve the goal based on organiza-
tional or individual value? What do success and excellence look
like — not just indicators and activities, but behaviorally, when you
get there?
Organizations that achieve excellence set targets such as 10,000
Percent Safe™, a methodology used with clients to measure, moti-
vate, and drive performance and organizational processes toward
being 100 percent safe, 100 percent of the time. Safe should be de-
fined as not being at risk, and safety should be defined by what we
individually or collectively do to create a risk-free outcome.
Definitions and terminology drive beliefs, which affect decisions
and behaviors at work and away. Is your goal to have zero incidents
or successful beliefs and behaviors? Both, I’m sure, but what do your
measurements indicate? Next month, I will share a methodology
and framework to help you move beyond failure avoidance to suc-
cess-seeking goals, metrics, and performance.
Shawn M. Galloway is the president of ProAct Safety. An interna-
tional consultant, professional speaker, and seminar leader, he has
helped hundreds of international organizations achieve and sustain
excellence in performance and culture. He is also the host of the ac-
claimed weekly podcast series Safety Culture Excellence®. He can be
reached at 800-395-1347 or info@ProActSafety.com.
www.ohsonline.com
8/9/12 12:14 PM
 Keep your welding environment clean. Portable,
stationary and engineered weld fume solutions.

AR12-100 © The Lincoln Electric Co. All Rights Reserved. www.lincolnelectric.com CIRCLE 67 ON CARD

Untitled-5 1 8/13/12 10:39 AM

 PRODUCT SPOTLIGHTS
WWW.OHSONLINE.COM/MCV/PRODUCTS
ARCSTER™ ARC RATED GLOVES
Revco Industries, the experts
behind the trusted Black Stallion®
brand, is excited to announce the
Arcster™ A60, one of the first arc
rated gloves on the market. Expect
it to offer the highest dexterity and
comfort, crafted with a premium
kidskin palm, flame resistant
back, and featuring the innovative
DragPatch®. Call 800-527-3826 or
visit www.blackstallion.com
Circle 66 on card.
UVEX MERCURY™
Uvex Mercury™ eyewear offers a
comfortable fit and modern styling
with clean lines to appeal to work-
ers while providing the protective
performance to meet workplace
demands. It’s the perfect choice for
everyday eye protection that work-
ers will love. www.uvex.us/mercury
Circle 62 on card.
62
0912ohs_062_063_ProdSpot_v3.indd 62
THE MOST COMFORTABLE
FR FABRIC YET.
UltraSoft AC® is the next evolution
of the UltraSoft® family of fabrics.
UltraSoft AC® is a line of flame re-
sistant 88% pima cotton/12% high
tenacity nylon fabrics that is guaran-
teed flame resistant for the life of
the garment in either high tempera-
ture industrial or home washing pro-
cedures. With the finest long-staple
pima cotton and advanced softening
technology, Westex Inc.’s UltraSoft
AC® is the most comfortable flame
resistant fabric on the market.
www.westex.com
Circle 68 on card.
STERILE EYESALINE®
PERSONAL EYEWASH
Whether on the way to a primary eye-
wash unit, or continued flushing en
route to a medical center, you need
a portable, sterile saline solution.
Honeywell’s single-use Eyesaline®
eyewash bottles feature a tamper-
resistant blow fill seal that’s easily
removed in an emergency. With a
36-month shelf life, this sterile eye-
wash is ready when you need it.
http://www.honeywellsafety.com/
Products/Sperian/Eye_and_Face_
Protection/Eyesaline%c2%ae_Per-
sonal_Eyewash_Bottles.aspx?site=/
americas
Circle 63 on card.
DEFENDEAR SUBJECT-FIT
NRR RATED CUSTOM HEARING
PROTECTION BY WESTONE
The DefendEar
Max, Lite, Con-
vertible and
Convertible
Comm make
up the core
models in the
new subject-
fit NRR rated DefendEar industrial
product line. All DefendEar hearing
protection earpieces use Westone’s
proprietary OtoBlast medical grade
silicone and Slick-Sil AM* anti-
microbial coating to achieve the
perfect combination of durability,
attenuation, and comfort. Westone
offers comprehensive industry
tailored options, including metal
detectability, integrated communi-
cation, and filtered solutions for
enhanced awareness.
www.westone.com/defendear
defendear@westone.com
800.525.5071
Circle 69 on card.
LEAD THEM TO SAFETY
Honeywell can help.
Honeywell Safety Products has the
broadest portfolio of leading safety
solutions in the marketplace today.
Our core mission is to help safety
managers build an enduring culture
of safety that minimizes injuries and
maintains a more protective and
productive workplace.
Circle 64 on card.
8/13/12 12:37 PM
 CUT PROTECTION IN LIVING COLOR   BRADLEY’S NEW TANKLESS
Magid® ChromaTek™ CT500 Work
Gloves offer dependable ANSI Cut
Level 2 and ANSI Abrasion Level 6
protection in a full spectrum of color
options – from dirt-hiding black to
high-visibility red. Constructed of
a unique, high-density high perfor-
mance polyethylene (HPPE),
ChromaTek Gloves deliver excep-
tional comfort, breathability and
dexterity. Their polyurethane coated
palms ensure superb grip even in
wet and oily conditions.
Circle 55 on card.
UNIVERSAL SIDESHIELD DESIGN
“ADJUSTS” TO FIT!
Safety Optical Service’s Lineup of
Universal Side Shields Provide the
AMERICAN WORKER a simple and
fast SOLUTION for COMPLIANT side
protection on site for Your Safety
Frame. Our products are available in
a Hard Resin, G.E. Lexan Polycar-
bonate or in a Pliable FDA Medical-
Grade Polymer. Both product groups
are adjustable and form-fitting to
unique Facial and Safety Frame fea-
tures. Made in the USA! Please visit
www.sideshield.com to request
free samples and literature.
Circle 59 on card.
0912ohs_062_063_ProdSpot_v3.indd 63
TEMPERING SYSTEMS PROVIDE
ANSI-REQUIRED TEPID WATER
ON DEMAND
Bradley
introduces
Keltech Tank-
less Temper-
ing Systems,
which deliver
instantaneous
ANSI-required
tepid water
to emergency
safety showers
and eye/face
washes. Draw-
ing energy only
when needed,
these tankless
water heaters
are highly efficient and precise
in supplying tepid water quickly.
Call (800) BRADLEY or visit
www.bradleycorp.com/keltech/.
Circle 56 on card.
WILEY X EYEWEAR® GRAVITY
The latest premium-quality, Rx-ready
safety glass with patented, remov-
able soft foam Facial Cavity™ Seal.
✓ Comfortable, snug fit
✓ Patented, removable foam
blocks wind, dust, and debris
✓ Cool styling workers want to wear
✓ Rx-ready through Wiley X’s
simple Rx program
✓ Four frame colors
✓ Lenses include polarized and
photochromic (light-to-dark)
✓ Meets ANSI Z87.1 and Military’s
MIL-PRF-31013 standards.
http://www.wileyx.com/Ecom-
mSuite/ProductListing.aspx?ActivityC
ode=SAFETY&SeriesCode=798
Circle 60 on card.
HELLION PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR
MCR Safety introduces Hellion
protective eyewear for cool glasses
that provide the function and feel
of goggles. A soft material forms a
gasket seal similar to a goggle to
reduce wind, dust, debris, and small
particles. This TPR material pro-
vides an extended brow guard and
side panels surrounding 80% of the
lens. Available in Clear, Gray, and
Indoor/Outdoor Clear Mirror Anti-fog
lens options and coated with our ex-
clusive Duramass® scratch-resistant
hard coating for maximum durability
and use in all seasons and weather.
Meets or exceeds ANSI Z87+
standard. Call 800-955-6887 or
visit www.mcrsafety.com for all your
safety gear needs.
Circle 58 on card.
AQUARION® SELF-CONTAINED
EYEWASH
Encon’s Aquarion®Self-Contained
Eyewash offers a sleek, slim design
and an innovative mounting method
for use on any wall, tight hallway,
column, shelf, or cart. Installation is
fast and simple, requiring only one
person. The Aquarion®offers the
first sealed flexible cartridge that
completely self-evacuates without
external forces applied, providing
reliable performance when you
need it most.
http://enconsafety.com/aquarion
Circle 57 on card.
63
8/13/12 12:37 PM
 OH&S CLASSIFIEDS

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Circle 51 on card.

Circle 49 on card.

Circle 53 on card.

PRODUCT LITERATURE & WEB GUIDE Circle 52 on card.

WWW.OHSONLINE.COM/MCV/PRODUCTS Personnel
Blow-Off Gun
STILL USING¬COMPRESSED¬AIR¬FOR¬CLEANING?
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hours in length are available. Visit Circle 50 on card.

or call 1-800-428-0162 for details.
www.scaffoldtraining.com

Circle 54 on card.

64 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012 www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_064_Classified_v1.indd 64 8/10/12 2:52 PM

 FREE PRODUCT INFO
Quick, Easy and Direct...get the info you need NOW! ADVERTISER INDEX
Go online to ohsonline.com/productinfo to request free information
from advertisers in this issue. Search by category or by company.

CIRCLE # ADVERTISER PAGE # CIRCLE # ADVERTISER PAGE # CIRCLE # COMPANY PAGE #

2 Advance Lifts Inc. 8 39 Revco Industries, Inc. 38 329 Banner 59
www.advancelifts.com www.blackstallion.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
Alpine Technical Services 1 18 Safety Optical Service 37 318 Cintas 58
www.alpinetech.us www.SideShield.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
43 Alpine Technical Services 49 22 3M 5 330 Control Co. 59
www.alpinetech.us www.3m.com/occsafety www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
6 American Heart Association 45 23 3M 21 326 DuPont Sustainable Solutions 59
www.heart.org www.3m.com/occsafety www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
24 Banom 29 25 3M 23 313 Emhart Teknologies 57
www.banom.com www.3m.com/occsafety www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
29 Bose Corporation 33 40 TSI Incorporated 47 311 Ergodyne 57
www.bose.com www.tsi.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
7 Bradley Corporation 35 17 UL PureSafety 11 319 Flexaust 58
www.bradleycorp.com www.puresafety.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
26 BullEx Digital Safety 32 35 Uvex® 27 316 Gamewell-FCI 58
www.bullexsafety.com www.uvex.us www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
8 Columbia Southern 14 5 Walgreens B2B Gift Cards 41 306 GasmetT echnologies 56
www.columbiasouthern.edu/osh Giftcards.b2bactivations@walgreens.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
9 DNV Certification 46 21 Westone Laboratories, Inc. 44 302 General Equipment Co. 56
www.dnvba.com www.westone.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
27 Draeger 13 48 Westex, Inc. 43 331 Hammond Manufacturing 59
www.draeger.com www.westex.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
10 Encon Safety Products 67 20 Workrite Uniform Company 7 308 Honeywell Safety Products 57
www.enconsafety.com www.workrite.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
3 GKR Industries, Inc. 54 19 Wiley X Eyewear 17 310 Insect Shield 57
www.gkrindustries.com/ www.wileyx.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
1 Glen Raven, Inc. 40 315 Kimberly-Clark Professional 57
www.glenraven.com
Product Spotlights www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
56 Bradley Corporation 63
11 Haws Corp. 3 300 LincolnE lectric 56
www.bradleycorp.com
www.hawsco.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
57 Encon Safety Products 63
14 Honeywell Safety Products 68 324 Magid Glove & Safety 59
www.enconsafety.com
www.honeywellsafety.com/ www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
63 Honeywell Safety Products 62
30 Honeywell Safety Products 31 323 Magnalight.com 58
www.honeywellsafety.com/
www.honeywellsafety.com/ www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
64 Honeywell Safety Products 62
34 Honeywell Safety Products 39 304 NASCO 56
www.honeywellsafety.com/
www.honeywellsafety.com/ www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
55 Magid Glove & Safety 63
37 Industrial Scientific 53 301 Nielsen-Kellerman Co. 56
www.magidsafety.com
www.indsci.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
58 MCR Safety 63
4 J.J. Keller & Associates Inc. 10 307 Pepperl+Fuchs 56
www.mcrsafety.com
www.jjkeller.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
66 Revco Industries, Inc. 62
36 JLG-LIFTPOD 55 303 Phoenix Products Co. Inc. 56
www.blackstallion.com
www.liftpod.com/13 www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
59 Safety Optical Service 63
45 Keltech, Inc. 34 325 PPM Technology 59
www.SideShield.com
www.keltech-inc.com/ www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
62 Uvex® 62
12 Kimberly-Clark Professional 24-25 328 Pro-Fusion 59
www.uvex.us/mercury
www.kcprofessional.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
69 Westone Laboratories, Inc. 62
67 Lincoln Electric 61 320 Rockford Systems Inc. 58
www.westone.com/defendear
www.lincolnelectric.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
68 Westex, Inc. 62
38 Magid Glove & Safety 15 305 Senscient 56
www.westex.com
www.magidsafety.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
60 Wiley X Eyewear 63
13 MCR Safety 2 312 Sierra Monitor 57
www.wileyx.com
www.mcrsafety.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
28 Moldex-Metric, Inc. 9 Product Literature 327 Spenco Medical Corp. 59
www.moldex.com 54 Scaffold Training Institute 64 www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
MSA 12 www.scaffoldtraining.com 321 STOKO Skin Care 58
www.msasafety.com New Products www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
15 Nanofilm Technology 28 317 Allegro Industries 58 309 Westcott Distribution Inc. 57
www.defogitworks.com/ www.ohsonline.com/productinfo www.ohsonline.com/productinfo
16 Protective Industrial Products 22 322 Ansell 58 314 Wiley X Inc. 57
www.pipusa.com www.ohsonline.com/productinfo www.ohsonline.com/productinfo

PRESIDENT & GROUP PUBLISHER | Kevin O’Grady ■ MID-ATLANTIC DISTRICT

972-687-6731 kogrady@1105media.com SALES MANAGER | Rick Neigher
818-597-9029 rneigher@1105media.com
■ WEST COAST, SOUTH, & CENTRAL DISTRICT
SALES MANAGER | Barbara Blake
972-687-6718 bblake@1105media.com
■ NORTHEAST & SOUTHEAST DISTRICT
SALES MANAGER | Jenna Conwell
610-436-4372 jconwell@1105media.com

SEPTEMBER 2012 | Occupational Health & Safety 65

0912ohs_065_AdIndex_v2.indd 65 8/13/12 12:44 PM

 BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGIES
B Y RO B E R T PAT E R

Classical Leadership
H
ere’s how to become a “Classical” leader. Plato contended pride themselves on being “rational.” Sure, for any proposed course of
the human soul is filled with Reason, Will, and Desire. action, there are always numerous logical reasons for supporting or
Of course, this mix can greatly vary between people. Fur- sinking it — or to avoid making any decision at all. Have you ever
ther, I’ve found that highly effective leaders understand been in a situation where you heard, “This might possibly be of use,
they have to appeal to all of these attributes to foster agreement but we don’t have the time, the energy, or the resources to take it on.
(persuade) and generate enough of the energy required to break Besides, this wasn’t planned into our current budget cycle,” until
through status quo-hugging inertia (propel, magnetize). someone high up in the company became excited about the proposed
Looking at these three interwoven components: “Reason” re- change? Then the organization “magically” finds the time, resources,
fers to understanding how the world works and what approaches and energy to quickly go full speed ahead with the new initiative?
would be best suited to fix shortfalls; “Will” means taking oneself Ultimately, while they may scrupulously weigh costs and ben-
in hand, not allowing fear or other concerns to sidetrack working efits, people rarely become motivated by their head/thought pro-
toward improvement; “Desire” refers to cravings, a push to do or cesses. They sign on with their gut. Then their Will drives them
receive something. When unchecked, Desire — both physical and to continue their efforts. This is even true in a court of law where
emotional — can incite overwhelming actions that evidence purportedly rules but emotional reactions
actually hurt a person’s well-being overall. actually dominate.
As in the Rochambeau game of Rock-Paper-Scis- Reason doesn’t motivate because anything is
sors, these three human components can each simul- open to interpretation by someone predisposed to-
taneously overcome and succumb to one other. For ward bending it to his Will. If logic and reason ruled,
example, some try to Will themselves to take actions likely no one would smoke, we all would be slim and
that their Reason pushes back against, “arguing” ei- athletic — and everyone would act toward others
ther these aren’t possible to accomplish or don’t pro- as they’d wish to be treated. We’d certainly not lose
vide good payback on effort expended. (“I’ll just hurt control and blurt out relationship-torpedoing state-
myself if I persist”; “I’m too old to try a new activity.”) ments that we later regret. And, in the arena of Safety,
And both Reason and Will seem to continually none would take “silly” but unrewindable risks.
struggle with Desire. (“I will not have another piece of Remember that Desire is receptive to and even looks for oppor-
pie… or a third one”; “I know I should exercise — but everyone every- tunities that come out of the blue. In contrast, Rea-
the game’s on”; “Don’t say it, don’t say it… I can’t be- son tends to slow things down, arguing for thorough
lieve I said it!”; “Why did I do that? I knew better….”) where longs for analysis and contingency planning prior to attempt-
My lifelong experience as an agent of change: something. ing anything new. Will, while important to actuating
■ When attempting to reach others, it’s essential results, is a toolset, a let’s-get-it-done focus, useful
to incorporate each of these elements. Appealing to only one or two only after the decision to do something has been set. But Desire ul-
of them makes it more likely the left-out element will resist or that timately stokes the fire that forges new tools; heats up, shrugging off
there’ll be a critical missing performance link (e.g., even with strong lethargy; and transfers energy into setting the wheels of change into
motivation to change — but not much more than that — lack of ef- motion. So if you wish to be a high-level “classical” leader, consider:
fective planning or execution will stunt actual results). ■ making sure to include Reason, Will, and Desire into every
■ Timing greatly affects relative weighting of Reason, Will, and persuasive argument you convey and every reinforcement plan.
Desire. Change expert Kurt Lewin wrote that every person lives in ■ enlisting Reason by making it easy for others to grasp the
his or her Dynamic Present, which is comprised of three elements: benefits and potential pitfalls of a proposed change and what they
1. The Immediate Past — what recently happened that’s af- personally can do to become more effective. Yes, even with execu-
fecting him/her now (e.g., had a fight with his spouse just before tives, include projected cost savings as a rationale for adopting new
coming to work and is still stewing, something pressing came up tools or applications — but go well beyond just financial returns.
the day before that’s currently on her mind, back pain that blos- ■ providing specific skills and tools that enable Will to easily
somed yesterday is distracting attention today, etc.). operate (e.g., move away from “Pay attention to what you’re doing
2. The Immediate Present — those influences directly acting next time” and toward “Here are some practical skills for directing
on him/her (e.g., boss seems to ignore me during our team meet- your attention to most important tasks and to your safety”).
ing, she’s hungry, etc.). ■ most important, motivating through Desire.
3. The Immediate Future — known deadlines or upcoming Remember that everyone everywhere longs for something —
activities that affect what he/she’s doing now (e.g., pressed now because improvements, less stress, greater returns, enhanced respect, better
must finish presentation for this afternoon’s managers’ meeting). relationships, and much more. Desire is the most elemental part of
In addition to time, each person’s three-part mix changes based each person.
on his/her level of attraction or repulsion to it. So if a manager sees
a new initiative can elevate her control and power (Desire), she may Robert Pater (rpater@MasteringSafety.com) is Managing Direc-
Will herself to do extra work to make this intervention really fly. tor, Strategic Safety Associates and MoveSMART®, www.Mastering
■ Desire is the ultimate driver of change, even among those who Safety.com.

66 Occupational Health & Safety | SEPTEMBER 2012 www.ohsonline.com

0912ohs_066_pater_v3.indd 66 8/9/12 12:16 PM

 Tempered Water System

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Encon ® is a registered trademark of Encon Safety Products, Inc. Houston, TX.
CIRCLE 10 ON CARD

Untitled-6 1 8/7/12 12:05 PM

 for every breath

SPERIAN

No matter your respiratory application,

Honeywell Safety Products offers a solution.

North and Sperian respiratory products have been protecting workers

against a wide range of hazards around the world for more than 100 years.
Honeywell Safety Products has brought these leading brands together
to offer a total respiratory solution, from dust mask to SCBA. With world
class comfort, fit and reliability to keep workers safe and productive, and
with training and educational material to help workers make safer choices
on their own, Honeywell Safety Products provides protection for every
breath you take.

Sperian is now Honeywell.

CIRCLE 14 ON CARD.
For more information on our full range of respiratory solutions, visit honeywellsafety.com.
©2011 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.

Untitled-20 1 1/10/12 4:26 PM