ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE
P. Burgos St. Tacloban City
Human Behavior and Crisis Management
“Commit to the LORD whatever you do,
and he will establish your plans.”
-Proverbs 16:3
PSYCHOLOGY
 Derived from two Greek words, psyche (soul) and
logos (discourse)
 Is an academic and applied discipline involving the
phenomenological and scientific study of mental
processes and behavior.
 Psychology as an independent experimental field of
study began in 1879 (“Birthdate of Psychology),
when
Wilhelm Wundt
 Founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively
to psychological research, at Leipzig University in
Germany, for which Wundt is known as the “Father
of Experimental Psychology”.
 Created “structuralism” – identifying and studying
the elements that form the structure of
consciousness.
The Different Schools of Psychology
o Structuralism
 Headed by William Wundt
 Study of the conscious experience.
 They started with the premise that all complex
substances could be analyzed through their
component elements (e.g., ideas, sensations).
 They held that elementary mental states such
as sensations, images, and feelings from the
structure of consciousness and are directly
observable through introspection by careful
empirical observation.
Instrospection
 Introduced by St. Agustine.
 In this method, the psychologist studies himself, records
his own feelings and experiences and later interprets
them.
o Functionalism
 Headed by William James, James R. Angell,
and John Dewey
 Focused on the operations or functions of
conscious activity (e.g., thinking, learning)
 Through introspection and observation, the
total behavior and experience of an individual
is studied including the interest in functions
served by the things an individual does.
o Associationism
 The primary exponent of this system was
Aristotle.
 Concerned with the factors of learning such as
remembering and thinking.
 The philosophical concept that learning is the
formation of bonds or connections is the
nervous system.
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
 Proposed that everything around can be
explained by association.
o Behaviorism
 John B. Watson and Edward L. Thorndike
 Defined psychology as the science of behavior
and not of consciousness.
 It emphasizes conditional reflexes as the
elements of behavior; insists on learned
behavior.
 Based on stimulus-response connections.
Stimulus
o a thing or event that evokes a specific functional
reaction in an organ or tissue.
o Gestalt School
 Advocated by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang
Kohler, and Kurt Koffka.
 To them, it was the overall pattern of any
experience which was more important to study
than the specific elements which made it up.
o Psychoanalytic School
o Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung
were the primary advocators.
o They insist on human desires and primitive
impulses as the central factors of behavior.
DR. SIGMUND FREUD (1890’s)
Theory of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory
 Explains organically the physical, nervous and
emotional disorders.
 Freud’s understanding of the mind was largely
based on interpretative methods, introspection and
clinical observations
 And was focused in particular on resolving
unconscious conflict, mental distress and
psychopathology
 According to him, “in neurotic behavior, we are
faced with human action guided principally by
powerful unconscious motives whose roots can be
traced to the neurotic conflicts in inarticulate
infancy.”
He introduced three (3) Psychic Forces:
1) ID – present at birth, unconscious biological drives, pleasure
seeker, and uncontrollable; “Pleasure Principle
2) Ego – strong, conscious, controllable; compensates for the
demand of Id, guides man’s actions to remain within the
boundaries of social convention; “Gateway to action” / “Reality
Principle”
3) Super Ego – depends on the morals of the society, resulted
from incorporating within the personality the moral standards and
values of parents, community, and significant others, tells what is
right from wrong: “the Conscience”
 Freud also had a significant influence on Carl Jung,
whose analytical psychology became an alternative
form of depth psychology.
Philosopher Karl Popper argued that Freud’s psychoanalytic
theories were presented in untestable form.
Due to their subjective nature, Freud’s theories are often
of limited interest to many scientifically-oriented psychology
departments. Followers of Freud who accept the basic ideas of
psychoanalysis but alter it in some way are called neo-Freudians.
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Modification of Jung’s theories has led to the archetypal and
process-oriented schools of psychological thought.
ARISTOTLE – “Tabula Rasa” (mind is a blank sheet)
RENE DESCARTES – studied the concept of Reflex Action
which is significant in the study of physiology and psychology
ABRAHAM MASLOW
o who formulated a Hierarchy Of Human Needs
1. Psychological needs – food, shelter, clothing, water, sleep,
sex, survival needs/basic needs
2. Safety needs – security of body, employment, of resources, of
morality, of the family, of health and property
3. Sense of Belongingness/Love – friendship, family, affiliation,
acceptance sexual intimacy
4. Self-Esteem – confidence, achievement, competence,
reputation, status, respect of others, respect by others
5. Self-Actualization – self-fulfillment, morality, creativity, problem
solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
*Carl Rogers who created and developed Client-
centered therapy
*Fritz Perls who helped create and develop Gestalt
therapy. It became so influential as to be called the “third force”
within psychology (along with behaviorism and psychoanalysis)
Theories:
*Hezberg’s two-factor theory
(Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation)
Frederick Hezberg
- In this theory, it says that certain factors in workplace
result in job satisfaction.
- he says that one of the top motivating factors at any
stage of life is RESPECT (“respect for me as a person).
- he gave the distinction between motivators and
hygiene factors.
*Aldefer’s ERG theory
- Alderfer expanded the Hierarchy of Needs of Abraham
Maslow.
- 3 groups of Core Needs:
1. Existence
2. Relatedness
3. Growth
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated
action and/or reaction to a given stimulus.
It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make as
they cope with one another, with problems, with opportunities,
and with working together-aspects, in a given situation.
 Refers to the totality of activities performed by
human beings.
 A person’s attitude is the reflection of the behavior
he/she act in a specific situations.
It is the sum total of man’s reaction to his environment or the way
human beings act.
HUMAN BEING
-are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to
comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.
Can be classified as either:
1. Overt – actions which can be seen or observed by
other people
2. Covert – cannot be directly observed but can be
concluded from external actions such as thoughts,
feelings and other emotional expressions
Two Common Seen Behaviors:
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
1. Normal/ Accepted Behavior – actions in accordance with
the law and norms
2. Abnormal Behavior – actions against the normal
behavior, criminal behavior to be specific.
Major Factors that Affect Human Behavior:
1. Environment – the surroundings that influence human
actions
2. Learnings – education, experience or practice
3. Heredity – passing of traits from parents to offspring
VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation
to events taking place inside the body such as the brain
and the nervous system
2. Behavioral View - emphasizes on external functions of
the human being that can be observed and measured.
3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain
processes and transforms information into various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious
motives that originate from aggressive impulses in
childhood.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience,
freedom of choice and motivation toward self-
actualization
TWO BASIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
 Inherited behavior
o These are inborn behavior, any behavioral
reactions or reflexes exhibited by people
because of their inherited capabilities or the
process of natural selection e.g. the survival of
species who are dependent on behaviors like
breathing, digesting food, mating and
depending oneself.
 Learned Behavior
o behaviors we acquire as we age thru the
process of learning, interacting, communication
and we need to cope up with the changes in
the environment and improve one selves and
increase the chance of survival.
Classification of Human Behavior (Haln SyCom)
Habitual - refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in
language and emotion.
Instinctive - they are generally unlearned and simply comes out,
out of man's instinct, which can be seen among instinct-instinct
survival behaviors.
Symbolic - are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of
unsaid words, and shown through symbols or body signs.
Complex - are those behaviors that combines two or more of the
classified ones.
Causes of Human Behavior (SPA) Sensation - is the feeling or
impression created by a given stimulus or cause, that leads to a
particular reaction or behavior
 Visual (sight)
 Olfactory (smell)
 Cutaneous (touch)
 auditory (hearing)
 gustatory (taste).
Perception - refers to the person's knowledge of a given stimulus
high largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a
given situation.
Awareness - refers to the psychological activity based on
interpretation or past experience with a given stimulus or object.
Characteristics of Behavior
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  Primarily native or primarily learned 0 Evoked by 2. INFANCY STAGE --from birth to end of the second Week, the
External stimuli or internal need shortest and considered a time of extreme adjustment, thus
 Automatic, voluntary, conscious or motorized making it as a hazardous period.
Two Divisions:
Attributes of Behavior 1.) Partunate Period - from birth30min.after birth
Duration - how long in terms of function of time 2.) Neonate - 30min. After birth-2nd week of postnatal life.
Extensity - size, distance and location Intensity - magnitude,
whether mild, strong and disintegrated 3. Babyhood Period - second week to two years old
Quantity – whether normal, abnormal, misleading or * True foundation period of life (establishment of critical
unacceptable development period of personality behavioral patterns)
* Age of rapid growth and change
Abnormal Behavior * Physical and psychological hazards are common.
- "A.B." is a Latin initials which means "away from". Abnormal
behavior then can be defined as a behavior which is away from 4. Childhood - which is divided into: (Early childhood, 2-6 yrs old
or deviating from the normal behavior. Normal Behavior on the and late childhood, 7 to eleven yrs.)
other hand, is one that is within the concept of a person as his Eighteen months to three yrs:
own behavior which he or she sees normal, and that people who  They encounter discipline "they can no longer do
behave as they do, are likewise normal and those that do not whatever they please"
behave similarly are abnormal. Abnormal behavior most of the  Toilet training must discuss
Mime referred to as "sick" behavior. It is associated to mental  Imitation takes place
illness. Behavior which are ineffective self-defeating, self- Four to five years old:
destructive and which separates the individuals from those who * Start of identification process
are important to him, are regarded as abnormal. Six to ten years old:
* Social Influence occur
Guidelines for judging abnormal behavior *Proving their competence
 Appropriateness includes assessment of not only the *Finding place among peers by:
behavior itself but also the situation in which it is - Evaluation
happening). o - Assignment of social role
 Flexibility (Normal behavior tends to be flexible as a - Rebellion against adult world
sign of healthy behavior).
 Impulsivity (Normal behavior is more likely to be a 5. Puberty - came from latin word "pubertas” means “age of
result of a consideration of its consequences, with manhood"
important decisions being given careful thought before - end of childhood and beginning of adolescence
implementation). Abnormal behavior, being - Sexual apparatus becomes mature as a preparation for
uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and drives, reproduction. Sexual Maturity age:
tends to be impulsive. - 13 years old for girls
- 14 years old for boys
How people interact: a. Physical development
 People interact by three psychological positions or b. Personality changed and blossomed
behavioral patterns called Ego states: (PAC)
 Parent-ego state - protective, idealistic, evaluative, 3 STAGES OF PUBERTY PERIOD:
righteous, refer to laws, rules and standard. A.) Prepubescent Stage - Closing year of childhood (11-13 yrs.
 Adult-ego states - more upon reason, factual, flexible, old)
views other as co-equal, and reasonable. * Secondary sex characteristic appears but reproductive organ
 Child-ego states - dependent, rebellion, selfish, are not yet fully developed.
demanding, impatient and emotional. B.) Pubescent Stage - period between childhood and
adolescence (13-17yrs. Old)
How people transact: * Sexual Maturity appear
- Menstrual cycle on girls
 Complimentary - if the stimulus andresponse pattern
-nocturnal emission or
from one ego state toanother are parallel.
"wet dreams” for boys - first 2 yrs.
 Non-complimentary - I stimulus and response pattern
C.) Post Pubescent Stage adolescence
from one ego state to another are not parallel.
* Breast are well developed
*Sex organs function in a mature manner.
The Biological Background of Behavior
Adolescence - came from Latin word "adolescent" meaning to
The human being is the product of heredity, environment, and
grow as a teenager"
education (training). At birth, man is consider blank except for
- Which is divided into (early adolescence, puberty to 17 yrs. and
reflexes which are necessary for his survival. Some of these
late adolescence, 17 to 21 yrs) Period of storm and stress
reflexes are the following, sucking, swallowing, crying and others.
6. Adulthood - came from the latin word "adultus" meaning
8 Major Stages of Man's Life Span:
"grown to full size and strength"
- 18 to forty yrs old.
1. PRENATAL STAGE (0-280 days or 9 Calendar months)
-the longest period in the man's life span
- begins at conception and ends at birth, very important
Early Adulthood - (18-40) setting down and reproductive age
period, which is composed of
7. Middle age - 40-60yrs old
Ovum/zygote period - first two weeks
Advanced MA - 50-60yrs old
Embryo period - 2nd week to 2nd month
8. Old Age or Senescence - (60-up) Second Childhood
Fetus period - second month to birth
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Developmental Tasks
Every stage of life has its accompanying developmental tasks.
They are tasks imposed on the individual by maturation and
culture that prepare him for the next stage of life.
3 R's of Human Developmental Task
Response - immediate action
Reasoning - using mental intervention
Reaction - 2 response
Stimulus - refers to any force or motion coming from the
environment and which reach an organism has the tendency to
arouse.
Response -the reaction to a stimulus, in response to, in answer
to
Reasoning - mental intervention occurs upon receiving the stimuli
Reaction - an action in mental attitude evoke by external
influence.
Learning - process that brings about a change in an individual
Learning Process:
 Knowledge is gained
 Skill is produced
 Habits, attitudes, ideals are obtained
Ways to Learn:
 Self-study
 Observation
 Inquiries
THEORIES OF LEARNING
Connectionism Theory - by Thorndike states that practice
strengthens the association between stimuli an response by
using the law of exercise. Also uses the law of effect which is the
connection between the stimulus and response is strengthened
by Reward and Satisfaction and weakened by punishment or
dissatisfaction.
Classical or Respondent Conditioning - by Pavlov which states
that the association between a conditioned stimulus and
response is strengthened by repeated presentation with the
unconditional stimulus
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning - wherein the learning or
stimulus- response relationship is strengthened by immediately
following the response with the reinforcing stimulus.
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING Motivation – arouses
interest, provides a objective and direct towards a goal thus
facilitates learning
*Reinforcement - can be made through the u audio-visual aid,
reviews, drills, and other means
*Extinction - means to let something die out or be forgotten by
disuse if it will not facilitate learning
*Association - meaning the more sun - meaning the more
connection are made with a subject the better it will be learned
and retained.
*Interest - in a lesson will facilitate learning and serve as its own
motivation, aside from a one teaching making the topic
interesting.
*Rewards or punishments - should be immediate for it to be
effective and make learning easy.
*Regency - means that learning should be made recent in the
minds of learners for them not forget what they have learned,
Motivation
is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the individual
and directed towards a goal that can satisfy the needs.
Motivation may also be regarded as explanation for action which
influences behavior in many ways.
Categories of Motivation:
1. Intrinsic (Internal) Motivation - driven by an interest or
enjoyment
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
2. Extrinsic (External) Motivation comes from outside of the
individual (money, grades etc.)
Common Theories of Motivation:
1. Incentive Theory - refers to reward given to a person after the
occurrence of an action or behavior 2. Drive-Reduction Theory -
When we satisfy our drive its strength is reduced
3. Goal-Setting Theory - individuals has a drive to reach a clearly
defined end state.
Types of theories and models:
A. Mono-motivational theories
- class of theories regarding the question why people behaves
and do things finds to lessen the number of factors down to one
and tries to explain all actions through that one factor.
B. Conscious and Unconscious Motivations
- Theories which give an emphasis to the difference between
conscious and unconscious motivations.
C. Non-psychological Theories
* Platonic Theory of Motivation - all parts of the soul have
desires, but not all desires are the same. (The Republic)
Plato's tripartite theory of the Soul:
c.1 Reason
c.2 Spirit
c.3 Appetite
D. Machiavellianism - motivation to seek power and status.
Modern research argues that people who are high in this trait will
seek power and money and are willing to use others as
instruments towards that end
Self-Control - considered to be a subset of emotional intelligence
Vroom's "Expectancy Theory" - people may decide to exert self-
control in pursuit of a particular goal.
Escape-Seeking Dichotomy Model -influences decision making of
a person
*Escapism - the need to break away from our daily life routine
*Seeking - the desire to learn
E. Cognitive Dissonance Theory – suggested by Leon Festinger;
persons experience some degree of discomfort which results in
the inconsistency between two cognitions: their Views in the
world around them and their own personal feelings.
F. Self-determination Theory (Edward L. Deci and Richard M.
Ryan) -focuses on the degree to which a person's behavior is
self-motivated and self-determined.
G. Temporal Motivation Theory
- the latest approach of motivation
- simplifies the fields of motivation and allows findings from one
theory to be translated into the terms of another theory
Achievement Motivation (David McClelland and his
colleagues/1950's)
- performance motivation results from the way broad components
of personality are directed towards performance.
*Achievement Motivation Inventory
- assesses the factors which are relevant to vocational and
professional success. Thematic Apperception Test
- measures motivation by presenting people with some drawings
and let them tell stories the drawings they see.
H. Attribution Theory (Fritz Heider)
- describes the processes by which individuals explain the
causes of their behavior and events.
Job Characteristics Model (Hackman and Oldham)
- attempts to use job design to improve employee motivation.
Classification of Motives
*Biological drives - includes physiological, basic and primarily
unlearned motives e.g. water, food and other survival motives.
- the basic drive which is essential to our survival is the
so-called sexual drive.
DIHYDROEPIANDOSTERONE (DHEA)
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  Hormone involve why we have sexual desire which
is wired deep into the brain as gland secret
hormones.
TESTOSTERONE – hormonal basis of both men.
Progesterone – hormonal basis for women’s sex drive
*Psychological or social drives - they are secondary, acquired,
learned, and derived e.g. motives to be rich, popular, balanced
and other acquisition of achievements.
*Unconscious motives – includes mostly general drives such as
curiosity, maternal instinct and just being nice as a natural drive.
Drive – arousal which occurs when a need or there is an intense
desire felt, strong enough to motivate an individual to seek its
satisfaction.
PERSONALITY
 A pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines
an individual’s characteristics, behavior and
qualities.
 A unique and distinct totality of man’s characteristic
patterns of attitudes, beliefs and behavior that made
him think and behave differently from others.
Personality is more than charm, poise or physical appearance.
Personality includes the following:
HABITS – reactions so often repeated that becomes a person’s
fixed characteristic or tendency.
ATTITUDES – may either be positive or negative, favorable or
unfavorable, learned or acquired.
PHYSICAL TRAITS – this includes facial appearance, height,
weight, physical defects, complexion, strength and health.
MENTAL TRAITS – includes our ability to control the mind.
Mental abilities
*problem solving ability
*memory and learning ability
*perceptual ability
*constructive imagination
*special imagination
*soundness of judgement
*general adaptability
EMOTION – came from the latin word “Emovere” meaning to
“move, to agitate to excite"
THEORIES OF EMOTION:
*Stoic Theories – emotion is a hindrance to reason and therefore
to virtue.
*Aristotle Theories – he believed that emotions were an essential
component to virtue.
*Charles Darwin – “The Expression of the emotions in Man and
Animals.” This book states that emotions actually served a
purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their
survival.
* The James-Lange Theory - proposes that an event or stimulus
causes a psychological arousal without any interpretation or
conscious thought, and you experience the resulting emotion
only after you interpret the physical response.
*Cannon-Bard Theory - proposed that the given stimulus evokes
both a physiological and an emotional response simultaneously,
and that neither one causes the other.
* Schacter - Singer Theory - believes that an event causes
physiological arousal, but you must then identify a reason for the
arousal before you label the emotion.
* Lazarus Theory - proposes that when an event occurs, a
cognitive appraisal is made either consciously or subconsciously,
and based on the result of that appraisal, an emotion and
physiological response follow
This theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that
occurs in the following order:
1. Cognitive Appraisal
2. Physiological Changes
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3. Action
Emotional Intelligence - person's ability to monitor their own and
other people's states and to use this information to act wisely in
relationships.
5 parts of Emotional Intelligence:
1. Self-Awareness
2. Managing Emotions
3. Motivation
4. Empathy
5. Handling relationships
EMOTIONAL TRAITS - gives an individual the capacity to face
different situations in life and still maintain composure.
SOCIAL TRAITS - the individual's ability to get along fine with
others.
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAITS- the standards of a person's
actions and behaviors.
Personality Traits that affect Human Behavior:
1. EXTROVERSION - characterized by interests directed toward
the external environment.
2. INTROVERSION - characterized by direction of interest toward
oneself and one's inner world of experiences
3. AMBIVERSION - is a balance of extrovert and introvert
characteristics.
4. NEUROTICISM - persons high in neuroticism react intensely.
They respond more poorly to environmental stress.
5. PSYCHOTICISM - persons high in psychoticism tends to be
impulsive, aggressive individuals without concern for others.
Social Learning Theories
This theory advocate that personality traits are the result of
learning as one interacts with people. Personality is mainly
composed of habits and learned responses to stimuli in the
environment.
Maslow's self-actualization theory
Maslow maintains that man is naturally good and that self-
actualization is his goal. And, blocking this goal makes man
frustrated and neurotic. Aggression and destructions are not
natural, but they are the result of an environment that prevents
the attainment of goals.
HUMAN NEEDS - arises out of a person's biological and
psychological make up. They are the following;
BIOGENIC NEEDS - refers to the needs of the body existing
primarily for the maintenance of health and protection of the body
against physical injuries. E.g. need for food, air, rest, sex and
avoidance of pain.
PSYCHOGENIC OR SOCIOGENIC NEEDS - includes the need
for love, affection, security growth and achievement, and
recognition from others.
3 BASIC FORMS OF PERSONAL CONFLICT:
Approach - Approach conflict
A conflict in which the aroused motives have two incompatible
goals, both of which are desirable. (2positive goals - both
desirable)
Approach - Avoidance conflict
A conflict which individual has a single goal with desirable and
undesirable aspects, causing mixed feelings. (1goal- 1 desirable
& 1 undesirable)
Avoidance - Avoidance conflict
A conflict in which there is simultaneous arousal of motives to
avoid alternatives, both of which are undesirable. (2negative
goals-both undesirable)
FRUSTRATION
-situation which blocks the individuals motivated behaviour.
-characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatique or depression
2 Kinds of frustration:
1. Internal frustration - goals, desires, instinctive drives
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2. External frustration - conditions outside the person's internal
motives ex. Blocked road, difficult task etc.
Reactions to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual's
way of reacting to frustration is known as Coping mechanism.
Generally, people faced with frustration is sometimes reacting to
one or two ways; by fighting the problem in a constructive way
and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles that
stops a person from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and
becoming aggressive; or by running away from the problem or
flight, by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up
without a fight. These reactions to frustration are called fight-flight
reactions.
Frustration-tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted
states or tolerance to frustration. Some people are able to
withstand prolonged periods of tension without showing signs of
abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert
their frustration into antisocial acts or become alcoholics or drug
addicts.
Most people react to frustration in the following ways:
* Direct approach - objective way (identifying first the problem
and look for the most practical way to solve it. *Physical disorder
- persons under frustration is suffering from ailments like fever.
*Substitution - thinking of alternative means to face frustration
*Apathy - persons under frustration are irresponsive and
disinterested in the job and co-worker.
*Withdrawal or retreat - giving up or retreating
*Fixation - blaming others without knowing the complete facts.
*Developing feelings of inferiority -diminishing self-confidence
*Aggression - negative outcome
*Regression - immaturity, self-pity
*Use of defense mechanism - most tolerated way of handling
frustration and man's last resort to overcome fear
Defense Mechanism
They are unconscious psychological processes that serves as
safety valves to provide relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.
Defense mechanism are forms of self-deception which a person
may not be aware of. They are resorted to whenever
psychological equilibrium is threatened by severe emotional
injury arising from frustration
Among the most common defense mechanism used are the
following:
1. Identification - a process whereby an individual without
awareness, satisfies frustrated desires by psychologically
assuming the role of another person.
2. Substitution - is resorted to, when an unattainable or
unacceptable goal, emotion, or object attainable or is replaced by
one that is acceptable.
3. Compensation - a process whereby one makes up for some
real or imaginary inadequacy by doing well in another activity.
4. Rationalization - it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify
ideas and behavior in a way that seems reasonable to oneself,
although, they are intellectually justified and often socially
disapproved as well.
5. Displacement - this is where one transfer his emotion
connected with one person or thing to another unrelated person
or object.
6. Fantasy or daydreaming - this is where an imagined sequence
of events or mental images that serves to express unconscious
conflicts, to gratify unconscious wishes or to prepare for an
anticipated future event.
7. Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are
unacceptable to oneself, but projected onto others so that they
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
may seem to have these feelings or ideas, that free the individual
from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
8. Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or
traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to
recognize. It is shown, when an individual is motivated to act in a
certain way, but behaves in the opposite way, and be able to
keep his urges and impulses under control.
9. Denial - when a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to
recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
10. Repression - is an unconscious process where unacceptable
urges or painful, traumatic experiences are completely prevented
from entering consciousness
11. Suppression - is a conscious activity by which an individual
attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
experiences by pushing them out of one's mind such as, when a
person attempts to forget emotional pain by losing himself in his
work.
12. Regression - when a person employs this defense
mechanism, he goes back to a pattern of feeling, thinking, or
behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of
development, such as when a person demands for something
from others and when denied, uses tantrums to get it, as what he
or she has done in early childhood when parents give to
demands of children by the use of tantrums.
13. Sublimation - is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or
needs into socially and culturally acceptable channels or means.
It is also a positive and construction mechanism for defending
against otherwise unacceptable impulses and needs. Such as
when a homosexual works as a physical therapist and finds
sexual satisfaction in performing his job, in meeting his needs
and impulses.
(Poor or Low frustration tolerance leads to unhealthy and
unstable behavioral patterns or to worst to Mental distortion.)
When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to
difficult situation over a long period of time, he may try to escape
from conflicts by suffering from any of the following mental
disorders;
2 GENERAL TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS:
1. ORGANIC DISORDER - brain sickness and the cause can be
identified to known disease.
2. FUNCTIONAL DISEASE - a mental disorder which is
characterized by strange behavior that cannot be traced
Neurosis - a condition where a compromises with reality by
developing imaginary person ailments, anxiety, depression,
phobia, obsession or compulsion:
Psychosis - a mental condition where the person may withdraw
from the real world into the world of fantasy and make-believe,
where a person's hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled:
Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality - a mental
disorder where one, instead of compromising with reality,
withdraw into his shell. The person may go to the other extremes
and may become very aggressive and cruel in his behavior
towards others. And when his antisocial behavior comes in
conflict with the law, he becomes a criminal
Psychoneurotic person - are those in the twilight zone between
normality and abnormality. They are not insane, but neither are
they normal. The neurotic is always tense, restless and anxious.
Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion. Phobia, and in
some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant characteristic.
Unhealthy Reactions to Frustration
Some individuals are incapable of making effective adjustments
to their frustration. They have not learned healthy and effective
adjustment habits; hence, they are not emotionally ready to cope
6
with difficult problems confronting them. As a result, they may
react to frustration in a random, impulsive and inadequate
manner that does not relieve them o tension, but in fact increases
the maladjustment.
Among these behavior pattern considered as unhealthy reactions
to frustration are the following:
1. Obsession - is an idea that persistently recurs in a person's
mind sometimes against his wish, though it may have no basis at
all.
2. Anxiety - NEUROTIC FEAR
-manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness from
anticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown or
unrecognized. Hysteria - a type of anxiety reaction in which the
individual shows one or more symptoms that are often
associated with organic disease.
CLASSIFICATION:
 Panic disorder - a person suffers from brief attacks of
intense terror and apprehension, by trembling, often
marked shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and/or
difficulty breathing
 Obsessive compulsive disorder - is a type of anxiety
disorder primarily characterized by
 Repetitive obsessions (distressing. persistent, and
intrusive thoughts or images) and compulsion (urges to
perform specific acts or rituals)
Somnambulism - a person performs an act while sleeping
Somnolencia - state of half-sleep and half-awake
FORMS OF PSYCHASTHENIA: phobia, obsession and
compulsion
3. Phobia - an irrational fear which is fixed, intense,
uncontrollable, and most of the time has no reasonable
foundation.
- a form of Psychasthenia ( a psychoneurotic condition that is
accompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms
that cannot be controlled.
 Achluophobia- Fear of darkness.
 Acrophobia- Fear of heights.
 Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in
crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a
safe place.
 Ballistophobia- Fear of missiles or bullets.
 Bibliophobia- Fear of books.
 Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women
 Cacophobia- Fear of ugliness.
 Coitophobia-Fear of coitus
 Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms.
 Hydrophobia-Fear of water
 Necrophobia - Fear of death or dead things
 Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs.
 Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles
 Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying.
 Erotophobia- Fear of sexual love or sexual questions
THANATOS - unconscious wish for death
4. Compulsion - is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts
that are repetitive and ritualistic.
e.g.
 Arithmomania obsessive preoccupation with numbers
 Kleptomamatan irrational predilection for stealing )
 Dipsomania abnormal craving for alcohol
 Pyromania craze for starting fires
 Pornomania obsession with pornography
 Plutomania - mania for money
 Opsomania - abnormal love for one kind of food
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
 Technomania - craze for technology
 Sebastomania - religious insanity o
 Ergomania - excessive desire to work; workaholism
 Clinomania - excessive desire to stay in bed
 Doromania - obsession with giving gifts
 Graphomania - obsession with writing
 Homicidal mania - the impulse to kill
 Megalomania - the impulse for fame or power
 Suicidal mania - the impulse to take one's life
5. Regression - a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to
state of former adjustment and attempts to experience them
again in memory.
6. Hallucination - a sensory perception in the absence of an
actual external stimulus.
7. Schizophrenia or dementia praecox characterized by disturb
thinking.
- formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German
psychiatrist - the term schizophrenia was given by Eugene
Bleuler which literally means splitting of minds."
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA * SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
* SIMPLE SCHIZOPRENIA - characterized by a gradual decline
of interest and ambition. The person withdraws from social
contacts as well as irritable and inattentive
* PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA - characterized principally by
delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur. Hallucinations,
usually auditory, are most of time present.
* HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA - manifests severe
integration of personality and can be observed through
inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons
which to an untrained observer may only be childish playfulness.
* CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA - manifests extreme violence
and shown with excessive motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness
and unpredictable emotional outburst
8. Delusion - a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible
proof of evidence to the contrary
 Delusions of Grandeur - An individual is convinced he
has special powers, talents, or abilities and superior.
Sometimes, the individual may actually believe they are
a famous person or character.
 Delusion of Persecution - The most common type of
delusions and involve the theme of being followed.
Harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired
against, spied on, attacked, or otherwise obstructed in
the pursuit of goals.
Delusions of Reference - imagines himself to be the target or
center of events or happenings.
9. Memory disorder or amnesia - partial memory Toss caused by
painful memories associated with some shocking experiences
which are repressed and cannot be recalled.
There are two main types of amnesia;
 Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve
information that was acquired before a particular date,
usually the date of an accident or operation
 Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new
information from the short term store into the long-term
store. People with this type of amnesia cannot
remember things for long periods of time
10. Traumatic Neuroses - the individual fears for his/her safety
11. Operational Fatigue - "war neurosis", manifested in response
to a battle environment
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
"Soma" means body
7
  Involve a neurotic pattern in which the individuals
complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the
presence of a physical problem, but which no
organic basis can be found.
3 distinct Somatoform Patterns
1. Somatization Disorder - intensely and chronically
uncomfortable condition that indirectly creates a high risk of
medical complications.
2. Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders
* Conversion Disorders - are somatoform disorders in which
individuals experience serious somatic symptoms such as
functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures,
inability to speak or other serious impairments in the absence of
any physical cause.
* Somatoform pain Disorder - are somatoform disorders in which
the individual experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain
that has a psychological rather than physical cause. It is very
similar to. Conversion disorders except that the primary symptom
is pain that has no physical cause.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
 Conditions involving sudden alterations. In
cognition, characterized by change in memory,
perceptions or identity".
TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
A. AMNESIA - refers to loss of memory that can have
either physical or psychological cause.
B. PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE STATE- resembles amnesia in
that there is a loss of memory but the loss is so
complete that the individuals cannot remember his or
her identity or previous life.
C. DEPERSONALIZATION - refers to experiences in which
the individual feels that he or she has become distorted
or unreal or that distortions have occurred in one's
surroundings. One might feel that he is a real robot even
though she knows she is a real person or that her room
is not real or that her parents are not real people.
D. MULTIPLE PERSONALITY - the individual shifts
abruptly and repeatedly form one personality to another
as if more than one person were inhabiting the same
body. This is commonly known as "split personality
disorder."
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Formerly referred to as "character disorders" are a class of
personality types and behaviors defined as an enduring pattern
of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it."
AFFECTIVE DISORDER - set of psychiatric diseases with
symptoms which typically affect one's mood. Types of Affective
Disorder
1. Depression - often characterized by feelings of extreme
hopelessness and sadness
2. Bipolar Disorder - state wherein the person experiences
alternating period of depression and periods of mania, which is
the feeling of being extremely positive and active.
3. Anxiety Disorder - characterized by feelings of anxiety, fear,
and nervousness
PARANOIA - refers to cases showing delusions and impaired
contact with reality but without the severe personality
disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.
-The main symptom is characterized by "suspicion”
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA
 PERSECUTORY PARANOIA - having delusions of
persecution
 LITIGIOUS PARANOIA - both delusions of
persecution and grandeur
 EROTIC PARANOIA - delusions that a certain
person is in love with him or her.
 EXALTED PARANOIA - with great power of
importance
 JEALOUS PARANOIA - characterized by irrational
jealousy
COPYCAT CRIME
- Crime inspired by another crime that has been
publicized in the news media or fictionally or artistically
represented in which the offender incorporates aspects
of the original offense.
Different Clusters/Class of Personality Disorders
Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)
 Paranoid personality disorder: characterized by a
pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others,
interpreting motivations as malevolent
 Schizoid personality disorder: lack of interest and
detachment from social relationships, and restricted
emotional expression, solitary
 Schizotypal personality disorder: distorted cognitions
and perceptions, odd behaviors based on belief in magic
or superstition
Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders)
 Antisocial personality disorder: fail to conform to social
norms and may have repeated physical fights.
 Borderline personality disorder: pervasive pattern of
instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior
and affects often leading to self-harm and impulsivity;
drastic mood-shifts. suicidal behaviors
 Histrionic personality disorder: pervasive pattern of
attention-seeking behavior and excessive emotions
 Narcissistic personality disorder: pervasive pattern of
grandiosity, need for admiration, exaggerated self-
importance
Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)
 Avoidant personality disorder, extreme sensitivity to
negative evaluation timid, shy but do wish to have
friends, afraid of rejection or criticism and don't enjoy
being alone.
 Dependent personality disorder: pervasive psychological
need to be cared for by other people.
 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (not the
same as obsessive compulsive disorder): characterized
by rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism and control
Sexual Deviancy
A sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification
by means other than heterosexual relation.
Sexual intercourse or copulation or coitus
is the insertion and thrusting of a male's penis into a female's
vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction
Sexuality or heterosexuality
The only normal sexual relation between members of the
opposite sex that could lead to reproduction
Different deviant sexual behaviors:
8
 Masochism (passive algo lagnia) - sexual gratification is attained
through the pain inflicted upon oneself
Sadism (active algo lagnia) - sexual gratification is attained
through the pain inflicted upon the sexual partner.
Voyeurism - sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude
man and woman in the actual sexual act. The sexually deviant
person is also known as Peeping Tom.
Transvertism - gratification is taken from wearing clothes of the
opposite sex and acting their opposite roles.
Fetishism - sexual gratification is attained by substituting an
inanimate object of love.
A fetish (derived from the French fétiche; which comes from the
Portuguese feitiço; and this in turn from Latin facticius, "artificial"
and facere, "to make) is an object believed to have supernatural
powers, or in particular, a man-made object that has power over
others. Essentially, fetishism is the emic attribution of inherent
value or powers to an object.
Corpolalia - use of obscene language to obtain orgasm
Don Juanism - seducing many women as part of his career
Infantosexual (phedophilia) - sexual desire towards an immature
person
Gerontophilia --sexual desire towards elder person
Satyriasis - excessive sexual desire of men
Nymphomania - excessive sexual desire of women
Frottage - rubbing sexual organ against some part of the body
Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one's genitals to
others.
Troilism - a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons
are participating in sexual act.
Sodomy - sexual act through the anus of another human being
Pluralism - a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival)
Cunnilingus - licking of woman's genitals
Fellatio - sucking the penis
 Lesbianism - sexual relation between a woman to a
woman. o
 Homosexuality - sexual gratification is attained by
having a sexual relationship with members of the same
sex.
Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual
behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As an
orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or
disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic
attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex.
Incest - is sexual intercourse between family members and close
relatives. The term may apply to sexual intercourse between
individuals in a close "blood relationship", members of the same
household, step relatives, those related by adoption or marriage,
or members of the same clan or lineage
Pedophilia - a child molester that victimizes young boys that
could lead to sodomy.
Bestiality - Zoophilia is a paraphilia involving sexual activity
between human and non-human animals or a fixation on such
practice. The term "zoophilia" derives from the combination of
two nouns, zoo means "animal") and (philia, meaning "friendship"
or "love").
Although sex with animals is not outlawed in some countries, it is
not explicitly condoned anywhere. In most countries, bestiality is
illegal under animal abuse laws or laws dealing with crimes
against nature.
Necrophilia - Necrophilia, also called thanatophilia or
necrolagnia, is the sexual attraction to corpses. It is classified as
a paraphilia by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the
American Psychiatur Association. The word is derived from the
Greek words (nekros; "dead") and (philia; "love). The term was
coined by the Belgian alienist Joseph Guislain, who first used it in
a lecture in 1850
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
Exhibitionism - sexual gratification is attained by exposing some
private parts of the body
Exhibitionism is the act of exposing in a public or semi-public
context those arts of one's body that are not normally exposed -
for example, the genitals or buttocks. The practice may arise
from a desire or compulsion to expose themselves in such a
manner to groups of friends or acquaintances, or to strangers for
their amusement or sexual satisfaction or to shock the bystander
Voyeurism sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude
man and woman in the actual sexual act. The sexually deviant
 Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying
on people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as
undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually
considered to be of a private nature.
 The principal characteristic of voyeurism is that the
voyeur does not normally relate directly with the subject
of his/her interest, who is often unaware of being
observed. Voyeurism may involve the making of a
secret photograph or video of the subject during an
intimate activity. When the interest in a particular subject
is obsessive, the behavior may be described as stalking
 The term comes from the French word voyeur, "one who
looks". A male voyeur is commonly labeled "Peeping
Tom", a term which originates from the Lady Godiva
legend. However, that term is usually applied to a male
who observes somebody through her window, and not a
public place.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis (from the Greek sis" meaning "o separate" plural: "crises"
"critical') is any event that is, or expected to lead you an unstable
and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group,
community, or whole society.
Crisis management is the action by which an organization des
s/handles with a major event that threatens to harm the
organization its stakeholders, or the general public. The study of
crisis management originated with the large scale industrial and
environmental disasters in the 1980s
Emergency
-from the latin word "emergentia" meaning "dipping; plunging"
- a sudden condition that needs an immediate action
- a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property
or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to
prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations,
mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to
offer palliative care for the aftermath.
Disaster - a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard
resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant
physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to
the environment. A disaster can be extensively defined as any
tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods,
catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon
that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the
economic, social and cultural life of people.
TYPES OF CRISIS
Natural crisis
- typically natural disasters considered as 'acts of God,' are such
environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms,
and droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment
itself.
Man-Made Crisis
1. Civil Disturbance (Labor strikes/ demonstration, riots, "welga
ng bayan".
2. Revolt (Mutiny, Insurrection, and coup d'etat)
9
3. Revolution
4. Border incident
5. War
6. Kidnapping
7. Hijacking
8. Hostage taking etc.
Confrontation crisis
Confrontation crisis occur when discontented individuals and/or
groups fight businesses, government, and various interest groups
to win acceptance of their demands and expectations. The
common type of confrontation crisis is boycotts, and other types
are picketing, sit-ins, ultimatums to those in authority, blockade or
occupation of buildings, and resisting or disobeying police.
Crisis of malevolence (Causing harm or evil)
An organization faces a crisis of malevolence when opponents or
miscreant individuals uses criminals for the purpose of
expressing hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a
company, country, or economic system, perhaps with the aim of
destabilizing or destroying it. Sample crisis include product
tampering, kidnapping, malicious rumors, terrorism, and
espionage
Classification of crisis
Economic crisis
An economic is a sharp transition to a recession.
Environmental crisis
A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e.g.
volcanic eruption, earthquake, and landslide) which moves from
potential into an active phase, and as a result affects human
activities
International crisis
 In this context, a crisis can be loosely defined as a
situation where there is a perception of threat,
heightened anxiety, expectation of possible violence and
the belief that any actions will have far-reaching
consequences.
Distinction between Emergency, Crisis and Disaster:
EMERGENCY - situation is still controlled and the response
given is for the purpose of containing the situation from getting
out of control.
CRISIS - the situation is already beyond normal
DISASTER - if the effects of crisis can no longer be controlled
Purpose of Crisis Management
"SALVARI VITAS" - to save lives
Phases of Crisis Management
* Proactive Phase (3 P's)
1. Prediction
2. Prevention
3. Preparation
* Reactive Phase - actual execution of all coordinated efforts and
plans
(PIAP)
1. Performance - Implementation and contingency plan
2. Initial Action
3. Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action Intervention)
4. Post Action
Natural Disaster and Risk Reduction Management Council
(NDRRMC) - for natural calamities
* National Peace and Order Council (NPOC) - for man-made
crisis Hostage crisis
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
A set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is
holding a person captive by the use of force, Violence, or threat
of violence and the police are in close confrontation with the
suspect and his captive
Ten (10) steps to take during crisis
1. Assess the situation - by knowing the following: what is
happening and why, what is likely to happen and how quick the
response should be to avoid further damage in all aspect; who
are involve and who else; and resources at hand.
2. Draw preliminary plan of action - step by step and have
contingency plan for the eventualities.
A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in
the usual (expected) plan
3. Line up a crisis management team - deal with the situation set
up a crisis management center
4. Set up a crisis management center
5. Communication system - to have an immediate access to all
members of the team prioritize matters face problems one-at-a
time prepare detailed plans continuously monitor what exactly is
happening, evaluate actions and reaction.
6. Prioritize matters
7. Face problems one at a time.
8. Prepare detailed plans
9. Continuously monitor what exactly is happening.
10. Evaluate actions and reactions.
HOSTAGE INCIDENT/SITUATION
It is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is
holding a person captive with the use of force and threat of
violence while the law enforcement officers are in close contact
with the suspect and his captive.
It is any incident in which people are being held by another
person or persons against their will, usually by force or coercion,
and demands are being made by the hostage taker.
Persons involved:
Hostage-Taker - person who holds other people for his own
purpose
Hostage - any person being held against their will
Negotiator - person responsible in negotiating directly with the
hostage taker for the purpose of freeing the captive using
available resources
Ground/Incident Commander - designated Senior Officer in
Command
Priorities in hostage situation
1. Preservation of life - hostage, hostage-taker, public etc.
2. Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect property
3. Successfully negotiate - to do this, there must be a need on
the part of the hostage-taker to live and release the hostage.
Phases in Hostage Situation
1. Capture Phase
2. Transport/consolidation Phase
3. Holding Phase
4. Termination Phase
PRINCIPLES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
1. The hostage has no value to the hostage taker (tool)
2. The priorities in the hostage situations are the preservation of
life and the apprehension of the hostage taker, recover and
protect property
3. Hostage situation must not go violently
4. There must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.
Characteristics of hostage takers;
1. Mentally deranged suffers from delusion and hallucination, and
they
(a) sets the rule
10
(b) reacts on overwhelming stress, forcing them to take action to
relieve stress; may even
(c) take members of their family as hostage
2. Severe depression - suffers also some mental aberration
which is an answer to life stress that could lead to self-
destruction as in suicide.
3. Personality disorder - with an anti-social and maladaptive
patterns of behavior that brings him repeatedly in conflict with
society. If he demand for a member of his family, do not grant,
family could be the cause of being what he is.
4. Paranoid - he feels threatened and persecuted, highly
suspicious of people and impulsive.
5. Sociopathic personality - highly impulsive and unable to delay
gratification so that if hostage is a woman, raping her is a
probability.
3 choices for the hostage taker to take before and during the
hostage situation:
1. Choose martyrdom, kill the hostage and commit suicide
2. Lessen the demands to a more achievable proportion and
continue negotiations
3. Surrender to police
Types of hostage-takers
1. Terrorist - with political purpose or agenda. They use threats
and harassment to create an atmosphere of fear, disregarding
women and children as victims. They are only loyal to
themselves and other allied groups and willing to give life as part
of martyrdom.
2. Criminals/Professional - Caught in the act of committing crime
often take hostages, they have three common demands:
1. Escape
2. Money
3. Transportation from the scene
3. Prisoner - They center around complaints concerning
prisoners conditions and demand for improvement
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
In hostage situation the general tendency of the hostage taker is
to hostage a prominent personality in order to gain needed
leverage in the negotiation. What is important in this situation is
improved communication and the efficiency of the police in
responding to the call of emergency.
Command Post - place wherein the ground commander and
concerned parties monitor and exercise command over the
hostage incident.
Hostage Crisis Response Team
The Ground Commander a.k.a Incident Commander - senior
officer in command of the incident
Negotiator - the one who directly communicate and negotiate
with the hostage taker
Secondary or Back up Negotiator (if needed)
Intelligence Officer
The Assault Team or Tactical team
Other Concerned Units or Personnel: Fire Department, Health
Department, LGU, Admin and Operational Aides
Inner and Outer Perimeter
 The Inner Perimeter - immediate controlled area of
containment designated by the ground commander
 The Outer Perimeter - is the secondary control area
surrounding the inner perimeter, providing safe zone for
access to the inner perimeter.
IMPORTANT THINGS TO HAVE A SUCCESSFUL HOSTAGE
NEGOTIATION
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY.
1. Expertise in their respective field (negotiator, tactical
team)
2. Advance knowledge (psychology) for negotiator
3. Training
4. Equipment
5. Proper Coordination
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR ON ARRIVAL AT
THE SCENE OF INCIDENT
1. Containment - control of area and people,
2. Establish contact - if several hostage-takers are involved,
talk with the leader only. If recognize as an Officer of the law,
never tell rank, since hostage-taker may ask for demands
that he think can be at once granted. If deceit has to be
used, do not get caught and bluff;
3. Time lengthening - this will give more time to the police to
organize and coordinate plan of action It could also lead to
the hostage-taker's loss of objectivity
4. Telephone negotiation technique - Be the caller, plan and
prepare and be ready with what has to be negotiated.
Discipline oneself to listen. For whatever demand granted
hold on to the concession, and try to get something in return.
E.g. release the women and children hostages.
On a face-to-face negotiation - observe the rules; do not be over
anxious, prepare for a psychological, physical and emotional
confrontation. Wear body armor, have a weapon, but if ask to
come without one, ensure that they too, should lay down firearms
before you enter the place of negotiation Coming on a face-to-
face situation, observe prescribed distances as in personal
distance, it should be one to three feet(1-3 FT.), and while in
intimate, about 6 inches. In getting out, face hostage-taker,
slowly walk out of the door with good cover or tactical backup.
On surrender approach - start with a position approach and act
as if the hostage-taker will surrender. Do not talk too much, talk
detail of surrender process, and explain why now is better than
later.
Positive Effects of Time
*Hostage-taker will wear down emotionally and psychologically.
*Hostage-taker have more demand for food, water, and drinks.
*Anxiety reduce,) hostage-taker given chance to organize his true
self.
*Hostage taker's rationality increases
*Hostage-taker - negotiator relationship gets improve
*Hostage-taker's demands may be reduced.
STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
-- which refers to the unusual development of a mutual positive
feelings between the hostage and hostage-taker for each other
that eventually results to negative feelings against the authorities.
- a theory that has shown that the longer the hostage-taker
spends with his hostages, a bond develops that creates a close
relationship of understanding between the parties involved.
3 Components of Stockholm Syndrome
1. Positive feelings on the part of the hostage toward the
hostage-taker.
2. Negative feelings on the part of the hostage toward the
authorities and rescuers.
3. Positive feelings on the part of the hostage takers toward the
hostages.
What is negotiable?
- money, food, drinks, transportation of ever
swapping of prisoners.
What is non-negotiable?
- weapons and ammunitions, drugs
Cardinal rule in negotiation
"COMMANDER SHOULD NOT NEGOTIATE; NEGOTIATOR
SHOULD NOT COMMAND"
11
Reasons: Methods of getting the bomb to its objective include:
1. hostage-taker will have sense of importance; *Vehicle bomb - vehicle flied with explosives which may be booby
2. may make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing trapped or remotely detonated.
with commander *Laid charges - these are devices which are put into place by the
3. conflict with being a negotiator and commander at the same terrorist hands.
time and will have no more fall back; *Projected bombs - these are bombs thrown by hand or some
Note: In case hostage-taker refuse to talk, motivate him by type of projection device such as grenade,
touching on possible topics related to his act, if he opens up, stop *Postal bombs - Devices sent through the mails as letters or
talking and listen and continue the negotiation. packages. Activation
Advantages of telephone negotiation Command activation - this is done by radio signals, electric leads,
 easier to say NO to some demands; o easier to end and pull wires.
conclude the negotiation; Target action - These can be activated by the target tripping a
 conversation is quicker; wire, stepping on a pressure device, turning on a light, etch.
 important items can easily be committed; Time delay - Such activators are clock mechanisms Burning
 Negotiator has the advantage and less risk. fuses, chemical delays, atmospheric pressures,
Disadvantages
 Impersonal - hostage's reaction cannot be observe
 Hostage taker - negotiator relationship trust and rapport Usages
should be established, but while trust is there, be aware *Tactical IED's
of it; if deceit is to be used, tell lies but don't get caught Normally regarded as being those used against an individual and
can include nail bombs, claymore devices etc. Strategic IED's
 Walkie talkies - set in single frequency are still
Used indiscriminately to gain world attention, for example in
considered to be one of the best in telephone
crowded malls, airports centers etc.
negotiation and in giving orders.
 If attack has been decided upon, it should be carried
Hoaxes
within seven (7) seconds upon the decision
The right proportion of hoaxes with live IED's can keep security
forces tied up guessing for a long time.
Manila Hostage Crisis
Arson
The Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal Park
Not so popular tactic, arson used to destroy disrupt. Such targets
hostage-taking incident, occurred when a dismissed Philippine
as public Utilities political headquarters and more commonly
National Police officer took over a tourist bus in Quirino
economic and industrial target. Hijacking
Grandstand, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010 Disgruntled
Taking control of legitimate vehicles gain the terrorist to pursue
former senior inspector Rolando Mendoza of the Manila Police
their plants
District (MPD) hijacked a tourist bus carrying 25 people (20
Ambush
tourists and a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four Filipinos) in
Attack on a target' by terrorist who have been hiding and waiting
an attempt to get his job back. He said that he had been
for them. Kidnapping
summarily and unfairly dismissed, and that all he wanted was a
Taking a person 'away illegally and by force and usually to hold
fair hearing and the opportunity to defend himself.
them prisoner in order to demand something form their family,
Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten hours into the
employer or government.
stand-off, when the police arrested Mendoza's brother and thus
Hostage taking
incited him to open fire. As the shooting began, the bus driver
Taking someone who has been captured by a person and who
managed to escape, and was shown on television saying
may be killed or injured if people do not what the terror group
"Everyone is dead" before being whisked away by policemen.
demands.
Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and several
Assassination
others injured. The MPD's failed rescue attempt and gun battle
Oldest of all terrorist tactics in the book and still widely used
with the hijacker, which took around 90 minutes, were watched
today.
by millions on live television and the internet
9/11 TERRORIST ATTACK
The Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted separate
The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11,
investigations into the incident. Both inquiries judged that the
September 11th, or 9/11 were a series of four coordinated
victims had been unlawfully killed, and identified the Philippine
terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda
officials poor handling of the incident as the cause of the eight
upon the United States in New York City and the Washington,
hostages' deaths. The assault mounted by the MPD, and the e
D.C. area on Tuesday, September 11, 2001:
resulting shoot-out, have been widely criticized by pundits as
4 Airplanes that crashed during the 9/11 bombing
"bungled" and "incompetent", and the Hong Kong Government
1. American Airlines Flight 11
has issued a "black" travel alert for the Philippines as a result of
2. United Airlines Flight 175
the affair.
3. American Airlines Flight 77-target is the Pentagon
Transnational terrorist
4. United Airlines Flight 93-crashed in Shankville Pennsylvania,
Terrorist who operates across national border, whose action and
but the original target is the White House.
political aspirations may effect individuals of more than one
nationality. International terrorist who is controlled by, and whose
Republic Act No. 9372
actions represents the national interest of the sovereign state.
AN ACT TO SECURE THE STATE AND PROTECT OUR
Abu Nidal, operating as an arm of first Libya and then Syria could
PEOPLE FROM TERRORISM
be an example of such group.
SECTION 1. Short Title - This Act shall henceforth be known as
Tactics of terrorism
the "Human Security Act of 2007."
Bombing - the most common tactic of many terror groups. Of all
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is declared a policy of the State
terrorist in incidents recorded last several decades,
to protect life, liberty, and property from acts of terrorism, to
approximately 70 % were attributable to terrorist bomb
condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to the national
Delivery
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 12
security of the country and to the welfare of the people, and to Anti-Terrorism Council has taken custody of a person charged
make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against with or suspected of the crime of terrorism or the crime of
humanity, and against the law of nations, conspiracy to commit terrorism shall, without incurring any
SEC. 3. Terrorism - Any person who commits an act punishable criminal liability for delay in the delivery of detained persons to
under any of the following provisions of the Revised Penal Code: the proper judicial authorities, deliver said charged or suspected
 Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High person to the proper judicial authority within a period of three
Seas or in the Philippine Waters); days counted from the moment the said charged or suspected
 Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection); including acts person has been apprehended or arrested, detained, and taken
Committed by private persons into custody by the said police, or law enforcement personnel:
 Article 134 - a (Coup d' Etat), Provided, That the arrest of those suspected of the crime of
 Article 248 terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism must result from the
 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal surveillance under Section 7 and examination of bank deposits
Detention); under Section 27 of this Act.
 Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction) or under
LAWS RELATED:
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy
Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking
Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway
Robbery Law of 1974); and,
Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying
the Laws on illegal and Unlawful Possession, Manufacture,
Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, Ammunitions or
Explosives)
(RA 8294) Lowering the Penalty thereby sowing and creating a
condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among
the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an
unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism and
shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of imprisonment,
without the benefit of parole as provided for under Act No. 4103,
otherwise known as the indeterminate
Sentence Law, as amended,
SEC. 4., Conspiracy to commit Terrorism. - Persons who
conspire to commit the crime of terrorism shall suffer the penalty
of forty (40) years of imprisonment.
There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an
agreement concerning the commission of the crime of terrorism
as defined in Section 3 hereof and decide to commit the same.
SEC. 5. Accomplice. - Any person who, not being a principal
under Article 17 of the Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as
defined in Section 4 hereof, cooperates in the execution of either
the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism by
previous or simultaneous acts shall suffer the penalty of from
seventeen (17) years, four months one day to twenty (20) years
of imprisonment.
SEC. 7. Surveillance of Suspects and Interception and Recording
of Communications. - The provisions of Republic Act No. 4200
(Anti-Wire Tapping Law) to the contrary notwithstanding, a police
or law enforcement official and the members of his team may,
upon a written order of the Court of Appeals, listen to, intercept
and record, with the use of any mode, form, kind or type of
electronic or other surveillance equipment or intercepting and
tracking devices, or with the use of any other suitable ways and
means for that purpose, any communication, message,
conversation, discussion or spoken or written words between
members of a judicially declared and outlawed terrorist
organization, association, or group of persons or of any person
charged with or suspected of the crime of terrorism or conspiracy
to commit terrorism.
SEC. 18. Period of Detention Without Judicial Warrant of Arrest -
The provisions of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code to the
contrary notwithstanding, any police or law enforcement
personnel, who, having been duly authorized in writing by the
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 13