POWER SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTALS
NAPTIN 2019
 BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM
• A power system is an
interconnected network with
components converting non- Step-up
electrical energy continuously Transformer

into the electrical form and

transporting the electrical
energy from generating
sources to the loads/users. TRANSMISSION NETWORK

GENERATION

• Electricity Generation
• Transmission
Industrial Consumer
• Distribution, and Residential Consumer
Commercial Consumer
• Consumption
 Electricity Generation
 Electricity is produced by generating units called
generators, which converts primary energy into electric
energy.
 The primary energy sources are derived from:
 Sun
 Earth’s heat
 Wind
 Water (rivers, lakes, tides and oceans)
 Fossil fuel – coal, oil and natural gas
 Biomass
 Radioactive materials.
 Thermal generating unit
• Burn fuel to convert
chemical energy into
thermal energy.
• Water is heated, turns into
high-pressure steam.
• Spins a steam turbine which
drives the mechanical shaft
of an ac electric generator
that produces electric power
at its terminals.
 Nuclear generating units
 Usean energy conversion process similar to
thermal units.
 Exceptthe thermal energy needed to
produce steam comes from nuclear
reactions.
Hydro and wind generating units
 Convert the kinetic energy of water and
wind, respectively, into rotation of the
electric generator’s mechanical shaft.
Hydro and wind generating units
Solar-thermal and geothermal
generating units

 Usethe sun’s radiation and the Earth’s

warmth, respectively, to heat a fluid and
then follow a conversion process similar to
thermal units.
Solar photovoltaic generating units

 Convert the energy in solar radiation

directly into electrical energy.
Gas Power Plant
• A pressurised
mixture of natural
gas and air is burnt
in a jet engine that
drives the electric
generator.
Combined-cycle gas turbine plants

 Have a gas turbine and a steam turbine.

 They reuse the waste heat from the gas
turbine to generate steam for the
steam turbine.
 Achieve higher energy conversion
efficiencies.
Classification of Electric Power System
from Operational Perspective.

 Baseload plants.
 Intermediate units, also called cycling units.
 Peaking units.
Transmission
The process by which
large amounts of
electricity produced
at power plants is
transported over
long distances for
eventual use by
consumers.
Composition of Transmission Network

 Power lines.
 Transmission towers.
 Stations/substations.
Transmission Voltage in Nigeria
 UHV 750kV (Proposed)
 330kV
 132kV
Topology of Transmission Network

Ring (Mesh)
Radial
Transmission Line Constraint

 Thermal Limit.
 Voltage stability
 Transient stability constraint.
Distribution

 Primary Distribution: 33kV & 11kV

 Secondary Distribution: 240V & 415V
 Single phase 2-wire system
 Single phase 3-wire system
 Three phase 3-wire system
 Three phase 4-wire system
Consumption
 The actual energy demand made on existing electricity supply.
 Electric and electronic devices consume electric energy to generate
desired output (i.e. light, heat, motion, etc.).
 These loads can be classified based on their impedance, which can be
resistive, reactive or a combination of the two.
 Heaters and incandescent lamps have purely resistive impedance.
 Motors have impedance that is resistive and inductive.
 Only purely resistive loads consume real power.
 Loads with inductive impedance draw reactive power.
 Loads with capacitive impedance supply reactive power.
History and Trend in Nigeria
 First generating power plant was installed in Marina, Lagos, in 1898.
 After the amalgamation in 1914, other towns in the country started to develop
electric power supply system on the individual scale.
 In 1946, Nigerian Government Electricity Undertaking (NGEU).
 1n 1950, Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN).
 In 1960, Niger Dams Authority (NDA).
 In 1972, ECN and NDA merged to form a unified body known as National Electric
Power Authority (NEPA).
 In 2005, PHCN was established, an Initial Holding Company (IHC), geared toward
privatization which was meant to transfer assets and liabilities of NEPA to PHCN.
The Unbundling of PHCN
 The PHCN, as a Company, is unbundled into 18 companies
as follows:
 Six (6) generating companies:
1. Egbin Electricity Generating Company (EEGC)
2. Sapele Electricity Generating Company (SEGC)
3. Ughelli Electricity Generating Company (UEGC)
4. Afam Electricity Generating Company (AEGC)
5. Shiroro Electricity Generating Company (ShEGC)
6. Kainji Electricity Generating Company (KEGC)
 Cont.
 Eleven (11) distribution companies:
1. Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC)
2. Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC)
3. Eko Electricity Distribution Company (EkEDC)
4. Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EnEDC)
5. Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IbEDC)
6. Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company (IkEDC)
7. Jos Electricity Distribution Company (JEDC)
8. Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company (KdEDC)
9. Kano Electricity Distribution Company (KEDCO)
10. Port-Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company (PHEDC)
11. Yola Electricity Distribution Company (YEDC)
Cont.
 One(1) Transmission company (i.e
Transmission Company of Nigeria-TCN).
 TCNis controlled by the Government
however, the management of TCN is
handled by the Canadian company
(Manitoba Hydro Company).
Health, Safety and Environment
 Occupational health, safety and the environment
involves the social, mental and physical well-being of
workers, their families and the community.
 Occupational accidents, ill health and environmental
hazards can cause death, disease and injury.
 This has many serious direct and indirect effects
upon:
 The lives of workers and their families
 The local community
 Employers
 The State
Cont.
 For workers some of the direct costs of an injury
or illness are:
 The pain and suffering of the injury or illness.
 The loss of income.
 The possible loss of a job.
 Health-care costs.
Cont.
 Injuries, illnesses and environmental damage are
also costly for workers’ families, and their local
communities. Some of the costs include:
 Seeing a loved and respected person suffering
from an injury or disease.
 Worry and stress.
 Time and effort to care for the person.
 Financial losses and hardship.
 Loss of life.
Cont.
 Accidents, illnesses and environmental damage are also
costly for employers. Direct costs include:
 Payment for work not performed.
 Medical and compensation payments.
 Repair or replacement of damaged machinery and
equipment.
 Reduction or a temporary halt in production.
 Increased training expenses and administration costs.
 Possible reduction in the quality of work.
 Negative effect on morale of other workers.
Hazard and Risk

 Hazardis a potential source of harm or

adverse health effect on a person or
persons, whereas
 Risk
is the likelihood that a person may be
harmed or suffers adverse health effects if
exposed to a hazard.
Different types of hazards
1. Mechanical Hazards
2. Physical Hazards
3. Biological Hazards
4. Psycho-Social Hazards
5. Work Organization Hazards
6. Ergonomic Hazards
7. Chemical hazards.
8. Environmental Hazards
Occupational Health, Safety and
Environment in Nigeria
 Traced back to the pre-colonial and colonial era.
 After independence, introduced in some Nigerian industries,
commercial undertakings, including plantations, for monitoring.
 This initiative led to legislation that included:
 Labour Act of 1974.
 The Factories Act of 1987.
 The Workman’s Compensation Act of 1987.
 Labour Acts 1990.
 The Workman’s Compensation Act of 2004.
 The Employee’s Compensation Act of 2011 (which repeals the
Workman’s Compensation Act of 2004). NSITF to implement the Act.
Regulations in the Power Sector
 In 1991 a department of Occupational health and Safety
was created in the defunct NEPA.
 In 2005, EPSR Act was enacted. Part III Sections 32 (1)(e)
and 32(2)(b).
 In 2008, NERC with USTDA & implemented by PERI, a U.S.
based corporation, created the Nigerian Electricity Health
and Safety standard.
 In 2014, the Nigerian Electricity Health and Safety Code
was formulated to achieve the standards of health and
safety as required under Part III Sections 32 (1)(e) and
32(2)(b) of the EPSR Act 2005