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Lesson 3 Parts of an Atom

ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS Subatomic Particle Mass Unit (AMU) Charge Location
Electron 0.0005 - Orbital
Atom Proton 1.0073 + Nucleus
Neutron 1.0087 0 Nucleus
 400 B.C., Greeks proposed that all matter was
composed of four fundamental substances: earth,
wind, water, and fire.
 Democritus believe that all matter is made of very
small particles
 He called these particles atoms (Greek atomos, meaning “indivisible”)
 Smallest unit of matter

Atomic Theory of Dalton

.

 Each element is made up of tiny particles called atom Electron:

 The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different
elements are different in some fundamental ways.
 Chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each other.
A given compound always has as the same relative numbers and types of
atoms.
 Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms
atoms- changes in the
way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a
chemical reaction.
 This theory has undergone several changes in recent
ecent years. It was not
proven there are same errors in the original theory.
These changes are due to the:
1. Discovery of isotopes. Isotopes are elements with the same atomic
number but different atomic mass.
2. Discovery of nuclear disintegration of nuclear substances
bstances like
uranium and radium
3. Discovery of sub-atomic particles
 First subatomic particle to be discovered
 The works of J.Plucker, H. Davy, M. Faraday, G.J. Starney helped in
the discovery of this subatomic particle
 Its discovery was credited to J.J. Thompson
Proton:
 In 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered canal rays (also known as
anode rays) and showed that they were positively charged particles
(ions) produced from gasses.
Neutron:
 The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James
Chadwick.
 In 1932, a group of American researchers, under the leadership of the
physicist
ysicist Enrico Fermi, demonstrated that enough free neutrons are
produced during fission process to sustain a chain reaction.

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Atomic Models
3. Bohr’ Atomic Model
1. J. J. Thompson’s Atomic Model  In 1912, Niels Bohr proposed another atomic model which is
 He suggested an atomic model composed of a sphere of
like a miniature solar system.
positive particles with embedded electron
 This model shows that electrons are moving in definite
 This model can be compared with the raisins around the loaf
energy levels
of bread
 He also explained that electrons in the energy level are
 This was rejected in 1911 as the result of Gold Foil
characterized by a definite amount of energy
Experiment
 According to him that when electrons absorb energy, they
jump from lower to higher energy level and in doing so, they
emit energy in the form of light of distinct color.

2. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

 He published the result of 1911 on his experiment in which
alpha particles were used to detect the structure of the atom.
 A gold foil was bombarded with alpha, and it was observed
that majority of the alpha particles were able to pass through
the foil while very few were deflected.
 He formulated the following conclusions:
o The atom is consists of large space Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Isotopes
o The atom has a very small region which later named
nucleus  Atoms are the smallest individual particle
o The nucleus is positively charged.  Molecules would be combinations of the atoms
 Ions are charged particles, either positively charged particles called
CATION or negatively charged particles called ANION
 Isotopes are types of an element having different mass number due to
difference in neutrons

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Element Atomic Mass Number Number of Number of Number of

Number (Z) (A) protons (p+) electrons (e-) neutrons (n0)
Common Isotopes and Its Uses B 5 11
Na 23 11
Zn 30 35
P 15 16
K 19 20

Writing Chemical Formula

 Before learning the steps for writing a chemical formula, you must
determine the charge on an ion.
 The symbol of the element or radical with positive valence is written
first followed by the symbol of the ion or radical of negative valence.
 Smoke detectors by Americium- 241
 Archaeological Dating by C-14
 U-238 is used for dating rocks 1. Criss-cross method. The valence number of the positive ion becomes
 Vitamin B12 can be tagged with radioisotope of cobalt to study the the subscript of the negative atom. If the subscript is one, it is not
absorption of the vitamin from the gastrointestinal tract written. If the subscript of the radical is more than 1, the radical is
 Technetium-99m is used for locating brain tumors and damaged enclosed in the parenthesis, and the subscript is written outside the
heart cells parenthesis.
 Radium-226 and cobalt-60 are used in cancer therapy
Example:
a. potassium bromide
Atomic Number and Mass Number

1. Atomic Number (Z)

 The number of positive particles in the nucleus
 Since the proton is positively charged and located in the nucleus, the b. barium chloride
atomic number is equal to the number of proton.
 Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
 In an ordinary condition, an atom is electrically neutral, meaning
neither positive nor negative, therefore: e- = p+
c. aluminum hydroxide

2. Mass Number (A)

 The number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an
atom
 Mass number= p+ + n0
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2. If the valence of the positive ion or radical is numerically equal to Rules of Naming Compound
the valence of the negative ion or radical, the valence is cancelled.
Example: I. IONIC COMPOUNDS
a. magnesium oxide Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals
 In naming binary compounds containing metal and nonmetal, the
name of the metal is written first followed by the name of the
nonmetal ending in ide.
b. calcium carbonate
Examples:
a. KCl = potassium chloride
b. CaO = calcium oxide
3. All subscript must be reduce to the lowest ratio.
Example:  The binary compound contains metal of variable valence, two
a. copper (II) silicate methods of naming compound may be employed: Traditional and
Stock Method

1. In the Traditional Method, the traditional name of the metal in

ous if the lower oxidation number is referred, and ic if referring
Think and Try: to higher oxidation number followed by name of the nonmetal
ending in ide.
1. Complete the table below by writing the formula based on the ions/
Example:
radicals given:
a. FeO = ferrous oxide (the oxidation number is +2)
b. Fe2O3 = ferric oxide (the oxidation number is +3)
Cl-1 CO3-2 PO4-3
Mg+2 2. In the Stock Method, the English name of the metal is used
+3
Al followed by the oxidation state written in Roman Numeral
NH4+1 (enclosed in parenthesis) then the name of the nonmetal ending
in ide.
Example:
2. Write the formula of the following compounds:
a. FeO = iron (II) oxide
a. silver iodide ____________________
b. Fe2O3 = iron (III) oxide
b. calcium nitrate ____________________
c. ammonium sulfate ____________________  If the compound is composed of more than two elements (or ternary
d. aluminum arsenate ____________________ compounds), the name of the positive ion is written first then
followed by the name of the negative ion which ends in ite or ate.
e. barium silicate ____________________ The ite is used when the middle ion is in its lower oxidation number
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and ate is used when the middle ion is in its higher oxidation Examples:
number. a. CO carbon monoxide
Examples: b. CO2 carbon dioxide
a. Na2SO4 sodium sulfate (S= +6) c. P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide
b. Na2SO3 sodium sulfite (S= +4) d. N6O4 hexanitrogen tetroxide
c. KNO3 potassium nitrate (N= +5)
d. KNO2 potassium nitrite (N= +3) Think and Try:
Name the following covalent compounds.
Think and Try:
Name the following compounds (Traditional and Stock Method) 1. N2O5 ______________________________________
2. SO3 ______________________________________
a. Fe(OH)3 _______________________________________ 3. CCl4 ______________________________________
b. HgI2 _______________________________________ 4. SCl6 ______________________________________
c. CuCl2 _______________________________________ 5. P2O10 ______________________________________
d. PbO2 _______________________________________
e. Sn(NO3)2 _______________________________________
III. ACIDS
A. Binary Acids
II. COVALENT COMPOUNDS  The word hydro is written first followed by the name of
the negative ion which ends in ic and then adds the word
For covalent compound containing two nonmetals, the name of acid.
the positive ion written first followed by the name of the negative ion
ending in ide. Examples:
1. HCl hydrochloric acid
If no subscript in each ion this means that it is 1. 2. HF hydrofluoric acid
For the first ion, no prefix is required but the second ion a prefix
is always necessary.
In cases that the positive ion contained more than 1, prefix is B. Oxyacids or Ternary Acids
used to denote the number of positive ions.  The name of the radicals which end in ate is changed to
ic and the word acid is added.
Commonly used prefixes:  The name of the radicals which end in ite is changed to
ous and the word acid is added.
Mono 1 Hexa 6
Di 2 Hepta 7 Examples:
Tri 3 Octa 8 1. HNO2 nitrous acid
Tetra 4 Nona 9 2. H2SO4 sulfuric acid
Penta 5 Deca 10

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Think and Try:

Name the following Acids.
1. HI ___________________________________________
2. HClO2 ___________________________________________
3. H2CO3 ___________________________________________
4. H3PO4 ___________________________________________
5. H2SO3 ___________________________________________

IV. BASES

Most strong bases contain hydroxide, a polyatomic ion. Therefore,

strong bases are named following the rules for naming ionic compound.
Examples:
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide

Weak bases made of ionic compounds are also named using ionic
naming system.
Example:
NH4OH ammonium hydroxide

Weak bases are also sometimes molecular compounds or organic

compounds because they have covalent bonds. Therefore, they are named
following the rules for molecular or organic compounds.
Examples:
(CH3NH2) methyl amine
NH3 ammonia

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