RAIN-INDUCED

LANDSLIDE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Mines and Geosciences Bureau
Geohazard Assessment Team
Why is Philippines prone to various
types of mass wasting or landslide?

GEOLOGIC CLIMATIC
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS

Source: DOST-PHIVOLCS
 Climatic Factors

Source: DOST-PAGASA

• ~ 20 tropical cyclones per year enter PAR

Numerous typhoons and extended rainy seasons/periods
Strong and shifting wave currents
 LANDSLIDE o GUHO
Ang “landslide” o guho ay ang pagbaba ng lupa, bato, at putik
dahil sa “gravity” o batak ng natural na hila ng ating daigdig.
Barangay San Jose, Antipolo City,
September 2012

Pantukan Landslide, Province of Compostela Valley, April Brgy. Guinsaugon,St. Bernard, Southern Leyte Landslide of
2011 2006

Landslide = Mass wasting

 Mga Features o Parte ng Guho
CROWN

SCARP
SLUMPED BLOCK

SURFACE OF
RUPTURE

TOE

Illustration credit: USGS

PAANO NAPAPABILIS NG ULAN
ANG GUHO

• Pagtaas ng pore pressure

• Pagbawas ng friction
• Pagbigat ng lupa

= REDUCED SLOPE
STABILITY.
Mga Natural na Salik o “Factors” ng Pagguho

Matatarik na dalisdis o slope Mga basag-basag na bato

Manipis na tubo ng halaman Mahina at makapal na lupa

 Slope Angle vs. Vegetation

No landslide despite cogon grass

Landslide despite thick vegetation only
vegetation

Infanta, Quezon
c. 2004
“No amount of vegetation can hold the ground in the
case of deep-seated landslides.”
 URI NG PAGGUHO
Creep - very slow (<1 cm/yr), continuous,
downslope movement of soil or unconsolidated
earth materials at the rate of less than a
centimeter per year.
 URI NG PAGGUHO
San Remigio, Antique La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Slump Slump
A slump/rotational slide occurs in coherent debris and involves movement downward
and outward along a curved surface.
 URI NG PAGGUHO
Alimodian, Iloilo Slides result when rocks or debris slide
down a pre-existing surface, such as a
bedding plane, foliation surface, or joint
surface (joints are regularly spaced
fractures in rock that result from
expansion during cooling or uplift of the
rock mass).

Bilar, Bohol

ROCKSLIDE

A rock fall may be a single rock,

or a mass of rocks, and the falling
rocks can dislodge other rocks as
they collide with the cliff.
ROCKFALL
 URI NG PAGGUHO
Debris flows are the downslope flow
DEBRIS FLOW of relatively coarse material with a
significant component of water or air.
More than 50% of particles in a debris
flow are coarser than sand.

Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte,2006

Former location of chapel

Mudflow is the term used for

materials that is at least 50%
sand, silt, and clay-size
material

MUDFLOW
 URI NG PAGGUHO
Guinsaugon Debris Avalanche
February 2006

Debris avalanche,a very rapid moving, turbulent mass of debris, air, and water. Movement is
very fast because flow materials are moving along very steep slope of high elevation
MGA SITWASYON NA MAGPAPABILIS NG GUHO

Di-maayos na daluyan ng tubig Pagtatayo ng bahay sa gilid ng bangin

Di-maayos na konstruksiyon Iligal na pagkakahoy

 SENYALES NG PAGKAKAROON NG
PAGGUHO

Tilting of fence/walls Seepage Tension Cracks Terracettes

Tilting of trees
 MGA DAPAT PAGBASEHAN SA PAGPILI NG
SETTLEMENT SITES

Benguet

1) Ipagbawal o iwasan ang pagtira sa mga matatarik na gulod (ridges) at sa

mga lugar na may mga makakapal na lupa (thick soil overburden).
 2) Ipagbawal o iwasan ang pagtira sa m ga paanan ng m ga
m atarik na gulod na dinadaanan ng m aliliit na sapa.

Barangay Orquia
San Remigio, Antique
3) Ipagbawal o iwasan
ang pagtira sa m ga Barangay Maparat, Compostela,
ComVal Province
lugar na tinabunan na
ng nakaraang pagguho.

Barangay San Antonio, Tandag City,

Surigao del Sur
Brgy. Andap, New Bataan, ComVal Province

4) Ipagbawal o iwasan ang pagtira sa lugar na dating dinadaan

ng ilog o natabunan ng mga deposito ng debris flow.
5) Ipagbawal o iwasan ang pagtira sa lugar na malapit bunganga
ng ilog na may makipot na lagusan.

Dingalan, Aurora
STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
“PAKAPITIN”
Rib Concreting in Pasig City

BEFORE AFTER
STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

“PAKAPITIN”
Shotcreting at ULTRA, Pasig City

BEFORE AFTER
 STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

“PAKAPITIN”

E.N. Bromhead
Rock Bolting/Soil Nailing

Retaining Wall

Illustration credits: Internet

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

“BAWASAN”

Wrong!

Correct
 STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

“SALUHIN”

Ripraps Nets
 STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

“PADAANIN”
Trench Drains Slide Flume

Shield
FLOODING IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Ano ang flooding o pagbaha?
Angono,Rizal
September 29, 2009
(JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images)

Ang flooding o pagbaha ay ang pag-apaw ng sobrang tubig sa natural

nitong daluyan (tulad ng sapa, ilog at dagat).
 Mga Lugar na Madalas Magbaha
Ilog at sapa

Lawa …. at dagat…
Life Cycle of the River
System
Timbaban River,
Madalag, Aklan

4 meters

YOUTHFUL STREAM
 Flash FLOODS

Timbaban River,
Madalag, Aklan -
 FLASHFLOODS:
• Flood of short duration with
relatively high peak discharge
natural flashfloods:
 Strictly of short duration
 Basins with circular shape
 Occurring regularly
 Merges into sheet floods

induced flashfloods:
 Basins of any shape
 Formation and then breaching of temporary dams e.g. log jams and /or
earth debris along the river course (e.g. Agos River, Infanta, Quezon)
Straightening of River Channel
Shifting River Channel

Infanta, Quezon
Braided
rivers
 SHEET FLOOD
- covers a large area and is not
concentrated in a well-defined
channel

- floodwater does not easily

subside

Pulilan, Bulacan
Dec. 2, 2004
 OLD AGE STREAM

FLOODPLAIN – the relatively smooth valley

floors adjacent to and formed by alluviating
rivers which are subject to overflow.
Flood Return Periods
 COASTAL FLOODING
Storm surge, Manila bay
Coastal flooding occurs when
normally dry, low-lying land is
flooded by sea water. The extent
of coastal flooding is a function of
the elevation inland flood waters
...

Brgy Punta Appari Brgy Bulala, Appari

Coastal flooding, Malabon

Coastal flooding, Manila Bay

 URBAN FLOODING

Manila
Photo from Getty Images by AFP/Getty Images
August 15, 2007; Typhoon Egay
 SANHI NG PAGBAHA
1. Natural na Sanhi
Cainta, Rizal
September 27, 2009
(REUTERS/Erik de Castro)

Phuket, Thailand
December 26, 2004
(Hellmut Issels)

Malakas na pag-ulan Tsunami

Tacloban, Leyte
November 10, 2013
Sto. Tomas River, San Narciso, Zambales (Manila Bulletin/ Bullit
Post Mt. Pinatubo Eruption Marquez)

Pagbabaw ng ilog (siltation) Storm surge

 SANHI NG PAGBAHA
2. Gawa ng Tao

Maling paggamit ng lupa at espasyo Maling pagtatapon ng basura

Cainta, Rizal
September 27, 2009
(REUTERS/Erik de Castro)
Mabilis na pag-unlad at urbanisasyon
 SANHI NG PAGBAHA
2. Gawa ng Tao
Iligal na pagkakahoy at pagkakaingin

Botolan, Zambales (August 2009)

Pagkasira ng dam o dike

RIVERBANK EROSION
Source:
Brgy. www.berkeley.edu
Kalusugan, Aganan River
Quezon City Alimodian, Iloilo

Agusan River
Compostela,
Compostela Valley
FLOOD STRUCTURAL MITIGATING MEASURES
• Levees, Dikes
• Channel modifications

•Floodwalls

•Dams
 • River Dredging

• Temporary Floodwater • Floodways and

Containment Structure Diversions
 Other Engineering
Measures

• Temporary Ponding
System
• Sub drainages
 GEOHAZARD
INFORMATION FOR
LOCAL
DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING
VERY HIGH LANDSLIDE
FLOOD
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Unstable areas,
Areas likely significantflood
to experience areasheights
of which
in
are affected
excess of 2.0by mass and/or
meters movement.
floodHuman
duration
initiated effects are usually high.
of more than 3 days; also prone to
flashfloods.

HIGH
HIGH LANDSLIDE
FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Areas likely to experience flood heights of 1.0 to
Unstable
2.0 metersareas,
and/orhighly
flood susceptible to mass
duration of more than 3
movement.
days. These areas are immediately flooded
during heavy rains of several hours.

MODERATE LANDSLIDE
MODERATE FLOOD
SUSCEPTIBILITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Stable areas with occasional or localized to
Areas movement.
mass likely to experience flood heights of 0.5 to
1.0 meters and/or flood duration of 1 to 3 days.

LOW LANDSLIDE
FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Areas likely to experience flood heights of
<0.5 meter
Stable areasand/or
with noflood duration
identified of less
landslide
than 1either
scars, day. These
activeareas include
or relict . low hills and
gentle slopes. They also have sparse to
moderate drainage density.
Installation of community-based geohazard
warning signages

Brgy. Commonwealth, Quezon City

Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Orientation on Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment 54

Conduct of IEC campaigns and dissemination of
geohazard information

IEC Campaigns, Posters and Posters and flyers

flyers
 The MGB Geohazards Web Portal
www.denr.gov.ph / www.mgb.gov.ph/ pia.gov.ph / essc.gov.ph

Option to download the specific

geohazards map (e.g. Masinloc NAMRIA
Provide information on susceptibilities of a specific barangay to Quadrangle Map Sheet)
landslides and flooding (e.g. Bgy Bani, Masinloc, Zambales)
 Thank you!
LOPE O. CARIŇO, JR. – OIC-Regional Director
Mines and Geosciences Bureau – Region III
Cleofer’s Bldg., Gen. Hizon Avenue, City of San
Fernando, Pampanga

Tel/Fax. (045) 961-2799 / (045) 961-3523

E-mail: region3@mgb.gov.ph,
mgbr3@yahoo.com