Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Arc Slag Pervious Conc PDF
Arc Slag Pervious Conc PDF
Arc Slag Pervious Conc PDF
h i g h l i g h t s
Pervious concrete made with EAFS aggregates had a better mechanical strength and a greater permeability coefficient than that made with gravels.
The expansion characteristic of EAFS becomes not so significant for pervious concrete due to the voids inside the system.
The pervious concrete made with EAFS provides a greater anti-skid capability than that made with gravels.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this paper, properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) as
Received 17 October 2014 aggregates are investigated. Test results showed that under the same condition, pervious concrete made
Received in revised form 30 April 2015 with EAFS aggregates had a better mechanical strength and a greater permeability coefficient than that
Accepted 4 May 2015
made with natural river gravels. In addition, pervious concrete made with EAFS aggregates had a lower
Available online xxxx
weight loss than that made with natural river gravels for the soundness tests. The dimension stability test
showed that the possible expansion characteristic of EAFS became not so significant for pervious concrete
Keywords:
due to the voids inside the system. It is concluded that pervious concrete made with EAFS aggregates is a
Pervious concrete
Electric arc furnace slag
good alternative in many ways.
Dimension stability Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction pavement, pedestrian walkway, bike route and places where con-
crete compressive strength is not important. It is quite controver-
Pervious concrete reduces storm water pollution at the source, sial for requiring the high permeability and high compressive
controls storm water runoff, and consequently eliminates or strength at the same time.
reduces the size of storm sewers [1]. In addition, pervious concrete Marolf et al. [2] studied the effect of aggregate size and grada-
reduces the ‘heat-island effect’, which makes the temperature in tion on the acoustic absorption for pervious concrete. They
urban area higher than suburban area. When it is used as pave- reported that pervious concrete mixtures with single-sized aggre-
ment, it provides a better anti-skid performance for vehicles in gates provide substantial improvement to sound absorption as
rainy days and a better sound absorption characteristic. In many compared with conventional concrete. Park et al. [3] studied the
ways, pervious concrete is an environmentally friendly material. sound absorption properties of pervious concrete using recycled
The design concept of pervious concrete is to pack coarse aggre- aggregate and various target void ratios. They reported the sound
gates (usually a narrow grade) and then to use the cement paste to absorption characteristics of the porous concrete using recycled
wrap aggregates and leave voids unfilled. These remaining voids waste concrete aggregate showed that the Noise Reduction
allow water permeation. In such a manner, it is expected that per- Coefficient (NRC) was optimum at the void ratio of 25% but the per-
vious concrete may have a lower compressive strength than nor- cent content of the recycled aggregate had very little influence on
mal concrete due to the voids. Therefore, most pervious the NRC. Therefore, they concluded that the optimum void ratio is
concretes have 28-day compressive strength lower than 21 MPa, 25% and the recycled aggregate is 50%.
which is the minimum required compressive strength for struc- Lian et al. [4] studied the optimal mix design for pervious con-
tural use. Most applications for pervious concrete are parking lot crete. Putman and Neptune [5] evaluated different pervious con-
crete test specimen preparation techniques in an effort to
⇑ Corresponding author. produce specimens having properties similar to in-place pervious
E-mail address: jjc@ntou.edu.tw (J.J. Chang). concrete pavement. Safiuddin and Hearn [6] compared the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
2 W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
permeable porosity obtained from three different ASTM saturation abrasion resistance of Portland cement pervious concrete:
techniques, namely cold-water saturation (CWS), boiling-water Cantabro test, the loaded wheel abrasion test, and the surface
saturation (BWS) and vacuum saturation (VAS). They concluded abrasion test. They reported that with studded wheels and
that vacuum saturation technique is more efficient than increased wheel load, the loaded wheel abrasion test exhibited
cold-water or boiling-water saturation and therefore this tech- best sensitivity and sufficient repeatability while the other two
nique should be recommended for measuring the permeable methods did not exhibit a good performance.
porosity of concrete. Fujiwara et al. [7] reported that a high Gesoğlu et al. [21] studied the effect of adding three types of
strength pervious concrete could be made by coating the coarse rubber to replace aggregates for pervious concrete. They found that
aggregates with a high-strength mortar, then applying vibration the use of rubber significantly aggravated the pervious concrete
to fuse them. Kim and Lee [8] studied the influence of cement flow mechanical properties and its permeability but in different degrees
and aggregate type on mechanical and acoustic properties of pervi- according to the rate and type of rubber used. However, replace-
ous concrete. Tho-in et al. [9] have tried to use alkali-activated ment of natural aggregate with rubber particles resulted in a sig-
high-calcium fly ash to make pervious concrete. They found that nificant increase of toughness and ductility of concrete as well as
the high-calcium fly ash geopolymer cement paste could be used better damping capacity. Gesoğlu et al. [22] further investigated
to produce pervious concrete with satisfactory mechanical the effects of particle size and volume content of waste tire rubber
properties. on the flexural strength, abrasion and freezing thawing resistances
Haselbach et al. [10] developed a theoretical model between of pervious concretes. They reported that use of rubber signifi-
the effective permeability of a sand-clogged pervious concrete cantly enhanced the abrasion and freezing–thawing resistance
block, the permeability of sand, and the porosity of the unclogged while it decreased the flexural strength of the pervious concretes.
block. Neithalath et al. [11] used the values of porosity and the Kuo et al. [23] used washed municipal solid waste incinerator bot-
morphologically determined pore sizes, along with the pore tom asj as a substitute for natural aggregate in pervious concrete.
phase connectivity represented using an electrical conductivity They reported that the split tensile and bending strengths were
ratio, in a Katz–Thompson type relationship to predict the perme- approximately 1/9 and 1/4 of the compressive strength, respec-
ability of pervious concretes. Lian et al. [12] developed a new tively. Cheng et al. [24] used recycled aggregate in pervious con-
model, which was based on the Griffth theory, to predict the crete, they reported that in order to achieve optimal strength and
compressive strength of pervious concrete using its porosity. permeability in pervious concrete using recycled coarse aggregate
Bentz [13] used computer to simulate various virtual pervious is: w/b = 0.35, nominal diameter of 11.1 mm for the recycled
concrete microstructural models and compares their percolation aggregate; the volume fraction of 0.5 for the binder; and aggregate
characteristics and computed transport properties to those of real to cement ratio of 3.9.
world pervious concretes. According to [25], the strength of pervious concrete can be
Park et al. [3] studied water purification effect of pervious improved using the following strategies:
concrete. They found that a porous concrete with a smaller size
of aggregate and a higher void content was found to have supe- (1) Enhancing the characteristics of cement paste by decreasing
rior ability of the removal of the total phosphorus and total nitro- the water–cement (w/c) ratio and adding pozzolanic materi-
gen in the test water. They concluded this effect is due to the als such as silica fume.
large specific surface area of the porous concrete. Huang et al. (2) Adopting different cementitious materials such as epoxy.
[14] reported the properties of polymer-modified pervious con- (3) Applying slight pressure and increasing the temperature
crete and they concluded that it was possible to produce pervious during the curing stage.
concrete mixture with acceptable permeability and strength
through the combination of latex and sand. Crouch et al. [15] In this study, another alternative for making pervious concrete
studied the aggregate effect on the static elastic moduli of pervi- is first proposed. The EAFS is used as aggregate to make pervious
ous concrete and they reported that an increased aggregate concrete. The EAFS has been proposed for a possible construction
amount resulted in a statistically significant decrease in both material [26], the authors have concluded that the nature of EAFS
compressive strength and static elastic moduli due to the subse- has a very high crystallinity; total absence of pozzolanic activity
quent decrease in paste amount. Chindaprasirt et al. [16] studied and the presence of expansive compounds in slags (Cl, SO3, free
the effects of aggregate size and cement paste strength on the CaO and free MgO) were very low, if not null concentration.
compressive strength and void ratio of pervious concrete. Maslehuddin et al. [27] compared properties of concretes made
Chindaprasirt et al. [17] also reported that good porous concretes by steel slag and crushed limestone aggregate and they found
with void ratio of 15–25% and strength of 22–39 MPa are pro- that the durability characteristics of steel slag cement concrete
duced using paste with flow of 150–230 mm and top surface was better than those of crushed limestone aggregate concrete.
vibration of 10 s with vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2. Wu et al. Manso et al. [28] studied the durability of concrete made with
[18] added latex and fiber in the Portland cement pervious con- EAFS as aggregate and they concluded that the durability of slag
crete and checked whether latex or fiber increased the abrasion concrete is acceptable, though slightly lower than that of conven-
resistance. They reported that latex improved the abrasion resis- tional concrete. They also used the leaching test to confirm that
tance of Portland cement pervious concrete while the addition of the cloistering effect of the cementitious matrix on contaminant
fiber did not show significant effect. Shu et al. [19] compared the elements.
performance of pervious concrete made in the laboratory and There are multiple goals for doing so: (1) increasing the initial
field. They found that the mixtures made with limestone and porosity after packing aggregates due to the porous nature of
latex had lower porosity and permeability, as well as higher EAFS; (2) increasing the contact friction between aggregates due
strength and abrasion resistance than other mixtures. Even for to the roughness of EAFS; (3) increasing the interlocking force
pervious concrete, the addition of air-entraining admixture could due to the penetration of cement paste inside EAFS; (4) increasing
still help to improve the freeze–thaw resistance. They concluded the compressive strength of pervious concrete; (5) having higher
that a properly designed and laboratory verified pervious con- permeability for the same size aggregates; and (6) absorbing pos-
crete mixture could meet the requirements of permeability, sible expansion of EAFS; (6) eliminating the leaching of heavy
strength, and durability performance in the field. Dong et al. metal ions inside EAFS by surrounding cement paste; and (7) recy-
[20] compared three potential test methods for evaluating the cling the by-products of steelmaking industry.
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 3
2. Experimental Table 2
Chemical compositions of EAFS.
2.1. Materials
Chemical composition Range (%) Average (%)
Type I Portland cement was used as the cement paste. Two types of coarse EAFS
aggregates, the air-cooling electric arc furnace slag (oxidation slag) and the gravel, SiO2 14.91–42.2 21.38
were used. Two sizes of EAFS were used and only one size of the gravel was used. Al2O3 1.78–12.27 6.09
The physical properties of aggregates are tabulated in Table 1, and the chemical CaO 5.55–39.58 23.4
compositions of EAFS are listed in Table 2. It should be noticed that the free CaO MgO 1.89–17.63 8.32
and MgO in EAFS may induce volumetric expansion for concrete and such possibil- SO3 0.01–0.08 0.03
ity should be examined. When the w/c ratio of the cement paste is high, then the S 0.003–0.222 0.07
paste may not be uniformly distributed and sags due to its weight. In such case, FeO 0.92–48.28 18.87
the viscosity modifier then is required. In addition, EAFS is a porous material and Others 21.84
such characteristic allow cement paste to penetrate into EAFS and resulting in a bet-
ter bound, in comparison with gravels, between aggregates and cement paste due to
the interlocking effect. (7) Soundness test (ASTM C88-13 [35]): aggregate soundness tests using mag-
nesium sulfate were employed.
(8) Dimension stability test (ASTM C490/C490M-11e1 [36]): the length changes
2.2. Mix design and variables considered for pervious concrete specimens of w/c = 0.35 were monitored. Since EAFS may
induce expansion, it is vitally important for engineer to know this information.
The idea of making pervious concrete is described in the followings. First, one After demolding, the initial lengths of specimens were measured. Then, the speci-
can pack aggregates into a unit volume to check the initial porosity after packing. mens were stored in the air. The length changes for specimens at 4-day, 7-day,
The values of initial porosities using different aggregates are shown in Table 1. 14-day, 28-day and 60-day were measured.
These values represent the initial volume of voids after packing aggregates. (9) British pendulum test (ASTM E303-93 [37]): the British pendulum test was
Theoretically, this volume of voids then should be filled by cement paste for con- used to understand the anti-skid performance of the pervious concrete. The results
ventional concrete design. However, for pervious concrete this volume is only par- are illustrated by the British pendulum number (BPN) where a higher BPN indicates
tially filled by cement paste such that a significant amount of void volume exists to a better anti-skid performance, i.e., the friction force provided by the concrete sur-
allow water penetration. In this study, different filled percentages of voids by face is greater. For this experiment, only the group with w/c = 0.35 was considered.
cement paste were selected as variables. Therefore, the variables considered here (10) Water quality: this experiment was used to check the quality of water
include the aggregate types and sizes, the w/c ratio, the filled percentages of voids passing through the pervious concrete. Since EAFS is a by-product of steel making
by cement paste and addition of viscosity modifier and the variables considered are industry, the possible leaching of heavy metal ions requires investigation. In this
tabulated in Table 3. In Table 3, all specimens having labels with ‘+’ have the viscos- study, pervious concrete specimens were immersed in water for six months.
ity modifier (0.1% by the weight of cement). The details of mix designs are also Then, water quality was checked. The testing methods followed the standard test
listed in Table 3. methods for water quality from the environmental protection bureau, Taiwan
[38]. Among all properties, the test method for turbidity is in section W219.52C,
2.3. Experiments the test method for total dissolved solids is in section W210.58A, the test method
for determining free chlorine is in section W406.52C, and the test methods for
(1) Porosity test [29]: the total porosity in pervious concrete includes discon- determining metal ions are in section W306.54A.
nected porosity and connected porosity, and the connected porosity is the primary (11) Crushing value (BS 821-110 [39]): this experiment was used to investigate
influencer of water permeability. A caliper was used to measure and calculate spec- the mechanical property of aggregates.
imen volume V1; the specimen was immersed in water until it was filled with water
before its weight in water W1 was measured. Subsequently, the specimen was taken
out of water and dried, and then its weight in air W2 when its weight became stable 3. Results and discussions
was measured. The equation for connected porosity P1 is as follows:
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
4 W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Table 3
Variables and mix designs in the experiments.
Aggregate w/c Filled percentage of voids by cement Coarse aggregate (kg/ Cement (kg/ Water (kg/ Viscosity modifier (kg/ Specimen
label paste (%) m3) m3) m3) m3) label
A 0.35 70 1960 451 158 0 35A70
80 1960 515 180 0 35A80
90 1960 579 203 0 35A90
0.35+ 70 1960 451 158 0.451 35A70+
80 1960 515 180 0.515 35A80+
90 1960 579 203 0.579 35A90+
0.45+ 70 1960 392 176 0.392 45A70+
80 1960 448 202 0.448 45A80+
90 1960 504 227 0.504 45A90+
B 0.35 70 1850 427 150 0 35B70
80 1850 488 171 0 35B80
90 1850 549 192 0 35B90
0.35+ 70 1850 427 150 0.427 35B70+
80 1850 488 171 0.488 35B80+
90 1850 549 192 0.549 35B90+
0.45+ 70 1850 372 167 0.372 45B70+
80 1850 425 191 0.425 45B80+
90 1850 478 215 0.478 45B90+
C 0.35 70 1684 393 138 0 35C70
80 1684 449 157 0 35C80
90 1684 505 177 0 35C90
0.35+ 70 1684 393 138 0.393 35C70+
80 1684 449 157 0.449 35C80+
90 1684 505 177 0.505 35C90+
0.45+ 70 1684 342 154 0.342 45C70+
80 1684 391 176 0.391 45C80+
90 1684 440 198 0.440 45C90+
Table 4
Connected porosities for all mixes.
could increase the viscosity of the cement paste and consequently
let the paste distributing more uniformly around the aggregates Label Connected Label Connected Label Connected
such that the sagging phenomenon was reduced. porosity (%) porosity (%) porosity (%)
Also, one can find out that for the same condition the connected 35A70 9.1 35A70+ 10.7 45A70+ 5.2
porosity for pervious concrete with a higher w/c ratio (w/c = 0.45) 35A80 8.2 35A80+ 9.7 45A80+ 4.5
35A90 6.9 35A90+ 7.1 45A90+ 3.4
seems to be smaller. It is known that if the w/c ratio is higher the
35B70 11.6 35B70+ 12.3 45B70+ 11.0
microstructure becomes looser and the connected porosity is then 35B80 11.1 35B80+ 11.5 45B80+ 9.4
expected to be higher provided that the micro-voids inside the 35B90 6.7 35B90+ 7.4 45B90+ 6.4
paste do contributes to the connected porosity. However, the result 35C70 6.7 35C70+ 8.5 45C70+ 5.8
seemed to violate our guess. Our guess is true only when the paste 35C80 4.6 35C80+ 6.2 45C80+ 3.2
35C90 3.5 35C90+ 4.4 45C90+ 2.9
wraps the aggregates uniformly and does not sag at all. When the
paste sags, it may accumulate owing to its weight and conse-
quently the paste may block the water path and reduces the con-
nected porosity as well as the permeability coefficient. Therefore, since the specific weight of water is lower than that of cement.
we can say that for w/c = 0.45 the paste still sags even though Furthermore, when the viscosity modifier was used it slightly
we already add 0.1% viscosity modifier in our mix. This result increased the unit weight of pervious concrete.
was confirmed by cutting the specimen after experiments and sag-
ging phenomenon did really happen by visual inspection (although 3.3. Compressive strength and crushing value of aggregates
no significant sagging phenomenon on the surface was observed
after demolding). It is concluded that for w/c = 0.45, 0.1% viscosity The 28-day compressive strength is taken as the most impor-
modifier may be not enough. tant index for mechanical performances of concrete. Since there
existed numerous connected porosity inside pervious concrete,
the compressive strength of pervious concrete was expected to
3.2. Unit weight be lower than that of normal concrete. We first examine the influ-
ence of aggregate types (aggregate A, B and C) on the compressive
The results of unit weights for all mixes are tabulated in Table 5. strength as shown in Fig. 1. The compressive strengths for pervious
Since the EAFS has a greater specific weight than gravel, it is concrete made with EAFS were higher than those for pervious con-
expected that the unit weight of pervious concrete made with crete made with gravels. From the results of the connected poros-
EAFS should be greater than that made with gravel under the same ity, we know that the porosity for pervious concrete made with
condition. In addition, one can find out that as the aggregate size EAFS was greater than that for pervious concrete made with grav-
increased the unit weight of pervious concrete decreased under els and we concluded that the porous nature of EAFS resulted in
the same condition. When the aggregate size is larger, the volume such a phenomenon. While the connected porosity is higher, one
of aggregate used becomes less such that the unit weight decreases may expect a lower compressive strength. However, the results
consequently. Also, the unit weight for pervious concrete using a did not match our expectation. In addition, the crushing value of
higher w/c ratio was lower than that using a lower w/c ratio. The EAFS was 0.311 while the crushing value of the natural aggregate
unit weight of cement paste using a higher w/c ratio is smaller was 0.289. This result implied that the mechanical property of
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 5
EAFS was worse than the natural aggregate. It is then natural to Aggregate A, w/c=0.35
guess that the compressive strength of pervious concrete made Aggregate A, w/c=0.35+
with EAFS is weaker than that made with gravels. Aggregate A, w/c=0.45+
The compressive strength of concrete should be affected by the Aggregate B, w/c=0.35
Aggregate B, w/c=0.35+
mechanical property of aggregate. However, this factor does not Aggregate B, w/c=0.45+
dominate the compressive strength for concrete. Why the com- Aggregate C, w/c=0.35
pressive strength for pervious concrete made with EAFS is stronger Aggregate C, w/c=0.35+
Aggregate C, w/c=0.45+
than that made with natural aggregate? The reason comes from the
fact that the binding materials could penetrate into EAFS and a 30
Table 5
Unit weights for all mixes.
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
6 W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
mixes are shown in Fig. 3. Basically the trends for flexural strength
are similar to compressive strength. That means the flexural
4
strength for pervious concrete made with EAFS was higher than
that made with gravels. As the aggregate size of EAFS increased
the flexural strength decreased. The flexural strength increased
decreased as the w/c ratio increased. The reasons for these obser-
vations have been given in Section 3.3. Flexural strength
Aggregate A, w/c=0.35
2 Aggregate A, w/c=0.35+
3.5. Splitting tensile strength Aggregate A, w/c=0.45+
Aggregate B, w/c=0.35
Aggregate B, w/c=0.35+
The results for splitting tensile strength are illustrated in Fig. 4. Aggregate B, w/c=0.45+
1
Basically the trends for splitting tensile strength are similar to Aggregate C, w/c=0.35
compressive strength. That means the splitting tensile strength Aggregate C, w/c=0.35+
for pervious concrete made with EAFS was higher than that made Aggregate C, w/c=0.45+
can first observe that as the w/c ratio increased the water perme-
ability coefficient seemed to decrease (by comparing w/c = 0.35+
consequently a higher water permeability coefficient was
and w/c = 0.45+ group) which violated our physical intuition. As
observed. In Fig. 6, the aggregate type is aggregate A. However,
w/c increased the microstructure of CSH gel became looser, and
the abovementioned trends remain for aggregates B and C.
consequently a greater water permeability coefficient then was
expected. The contradiction mainly comes from the sagging effect
for insufficient viscosity modifier for w/c = 0.45. Once again, test 3.7. Soundness test
results here suggested that 0.1% (by cement weight) viscosity mod-
ifier was not enough for w/c = 0.45 and a higher amount of viscos- The weight losses for soundness tests are tabulated in Table 7.
ity modifier is necessary in such a case. In addition, the results The results for weight loss with w/c = 0.35 are illustrated in
reveal that the viscosity modifier help pervious concrete to have Fig. 7. As seen from this figure, the weight loss of pervious concrete
a higher water permeability coefficient (by comparing w/c = 0.35 made with EAFS was less than that made with gravels (by compar-
and 2/c = 0.35+ group). When viscosity modifier was introduced, ing aggregates A and C). This result implied that EAFS had a better
the sagging phenomenon had less opportunity to occur and resistance for sulfate attack than gravels. In addition, a greater size
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 7
EAFS seemed to result in a larger weight loss. When a larger size 1.4
aggregate was used, it resulted in a greater water permeability w/c=0.35
coefficient as mentioned earlier. Consequently, the aggressive sul- Aggregate A
1.2 Aggregate B
fate solution penetrated into concrete more rapidly and a greater Aggregate C
weight loss reflected this physical truth. All these trends remain
for groups w/c = 0.35+ and w/c = 0.45+. 1
In addition, the weight losses for fixed aggregate type (aggre-
K (cm/sec)
gate A) is shown in Fig. 8. From this figure, it is observed that as
0.8
w/c increased the weight loss increased (by comparing
w/c = 0.35+ and w/c = 0.45+ groups). The trend is different from
that in connected porosity and water permeability. It is worth 0.6
mentioned here that the water permeability and connected
porosity should decrease as w/c decrease provided no sagging
0.4
happens. However, sagging did happen for w/c = 0.45+ group
such that reverse trends were observed in our experiments.
Sagging is a local phenomenon and it affects the value of con- 0.2
nected porosity and water permeability coefficient as mentioned
70 80 90
above. Nevertheless, sagging in the local region did not affect the
Filled percentage of voids by cement paste (%)
overall sulfate penetration amount, which was the major factor
influencing the weight loss. Consequently, a lower w/c allowed Fig. 5. The influences of aggregate type and filled percentage of voids by cement
less overall amount of sulfate solution and consequently a lower paste on the water permeability of pervious concrete.
weight loss was observed. Furthermore, a lower weight loss was
found for w/c = 0.35 group than that for w/c = 0.35+ group. It
implies that the addition of adequate amount viscous enhancer
resulted in a larger initial porosity (as shown in Section 3.1).
1.2
Consequently, the sulfate resistance capability for pervious con-
crete using adequate viscosity modifier was lower. Here, we need
to make a comment that when the amount of viscous enhancer is
adequate the paste then can wrap the aggregates uniformly. In
K (cm/sec)
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
8 W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
2 100
90
1.5
Weight loss (%)
80
BPN
1
70
w/c=0.35
Aggregate A
0.5 w/c=0.35
Aggregate A Aggregate B
60 Aggregate C
Aggregate B
Aggregate C
0 50
70 80 90 70 80 90
Filled percentage of voids by cement paste (%) Filled percentage of voids by cement paste (%)
Fig. 7. Weight loss for pervious concrete made with w/c = 0.35. Fig. 10. BPN for pervious concretes made with different aggregates.
1.5
Table 8
Suggested minimum BPN for various conditions.
Conditions BPN
Curve road, roundabouts, inclined slope 65
1 Common highway with traffic flow greater than 2000 vehicles/day 55
Others 45
Weight loss (%)
0.5 Table 9
Aggregate A Water quality.
w/c=0.35
w/c=0.35+ Item Unit Samples
w/c=0.45+
Tap Pervious Pervious
water concrete concrete
0 made with made with
EAFS gravels
70 80 90
Turbidity NTU 98 105 105
Filled percentage of voids by cement paste (%)
Total dissolved solids ppm 117 120 120
Free chlorine ppm 0 0 0
Fig. 8. Weight loss for pervious concrete made with aggregate A.
Iron ppm 0.006 0.010 0.011
Barium ppm 0.033 0.028 0.032
Cadmium, chromium, ppm ND ND ND
0.04
aluminum, silver, copper,
zinc, magnesium,
manganese, mercury,
nickel, selenium
0.02
friction force provided by aggregates decreased. In addition, EAFS
Elongation percentage (%)
w/c=0.35
Aggregate B, filled percentage=70% provided greater friction than gravel did by comparing aggregates
Aggregate B, filled percentage=80% A and C. The reason may come from the fact that the surface of
Aggregate B, filled percentage=90%
Aggregate A, filled percentage=70%
EAFS is rougher than that of gravels.
0 Aggregate A, filled percentage=80% In addition, the BPN decreased as the filled percentage of voids
Aggregate A, filled percentage=90%
by cement paste increased which indicated that more cement
Aggregate C, filled percentage=70%
Aggregate C, filled percentage=80% paste resulted in a smoother surface and consequently reduced
Aggregate C, filled percentage=90% the friction.
-0.02
According to the research report from Wessex Engineering Ltd.,
the suggested minimum values for BNP are shown in Table 8. All
BPN values shown in Fig. 10 exceed 75. This result indicates that
the pervious concrete match the requirements in all cases.
-0.04
3.10. Water quality
0 20 40 60
Age (day)
Water quality tests were performed for tap water, the water
Fig. 9. Length changes for pervious concretes (w/c = 0.35). where pervious concrete made with EAFS was immersed for six
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104
W. Yeih et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 9
months and the water where pervious concrete made with gravels [11] Neithalath N, Sumanasooriya MS, Deo O. Characterizing pore volume, sizes,
and connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability prediction. Mater
was immersed for six months. Test results are tabulated in Table 9.
Charact 2010;61(8):802–13.
In this table, ‘ND’ denotes the value was not detected by the appa- [12] Lian C, Zhuge Y, Beecham S. The relationship between porosity and strength
ratus. From this table, we can find that water qualities for all these for porous concrete. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(1):4294–8.
three cases were almost the same. It implies that the solidification [13] Bentz DP. Virtual pervious concrete: microstructure, percolation, and
permeability. ACI Mater J 2008;105(3):297–301.
effect of cement paste forbids the possible leaching of heavy metal [14] Huang B, Wu H, Shu X, Burdette EG. Laboratory evaluation of permeability and
ions in EAFS. Therefore, engineers do not need to worry that the strength of polymer-modified pervious concrete. Constr Build Mater
penetrated water may be polluted and consequently it may pollute 2010;24(5):818–23.
[15] Crouch LK, Pitt J, Hewitt R. Aggregate effects on pervious Portland cement
underground water resource. concrete static modulus of elasticity. J Mater Civ Eng 2007;19(7):561–8.
[16] Chindaprasirt P, Hatanaka S, Mishima N, Yuasa Y, Chareerat T. Effects of
cement paste strength and aggregate size on the compressive strength and
4. Conclusions
void ratio of porous concrete. Int J Min Met Mater 2009;16(6):714–9.
[17] Chindaprasirt P, Hatanaka S, Chareerat T, Mishima N, Yuasa Y. Cement paste
In this study, an alternative for producing the pervious concrete characteristics and porous concrete properties. Constr Build Mater
2008;22(5):894–901.
by using EAFS is first proposed. It is found that the pervious con-
[18] Wu H, Huang B, Shu X, Dong Q. Laboratory evaluation of abrasion resistance of
crete made with EAFS has a higher water permeability and higher Portland cement pervious concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 2010;23(5):697–702.
compressive strength than that made with gravels. The porous nat- [19] Shu X, Huang B, Wu H, Dong Q, Burdette EG. Performance comparison of
ure of EAFS allows a greater porosity in the unit volume, also forms laboratory and field produced pervious concrete mixtures. Constr Build Mater
2011;25(8):3187–92.
a better interface bounding due to the interlocking effect. In addi- [20] Dong Q, Wu H, Huang B, Shu X, Wang K. Investigation into laboratory abrasion
tion, the possible expansion in EAFS is not so significant since the test methods for pervious concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 2012;25(7):886–92.
[21] Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E, Khoshnaw G, Ipek _ S. Investigating properties of
designed porosity inside pervious concrete reduces the expansion
pervious concrete containing waste tire rubbers. Constr Build Mater
hazard. Meanwhile, the solidification effect from cement paste 2014;63:206–13.
restricts the possible leaching of heavy metal ions. In addition, [22] Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E, Khoshnaw G, Ipek_ S. Abrasion and freezing–thawing
the pervious concrete made with EAFS provides a greater resistance of pervious concrete containing waste rubber. Constr Build Mater
2014;73:19–24.
anti-skid capability which may avoid accidents in the rainy day. [23] Kuo W-T, Liu C-C, Su D-S. Use of washed municipal solid waste incinerator
The pervious concrete made with EAFS can have a water perme- bottom ash in pervious concrete. Cem Con Comp 2013;37:328–35.
ability coefficient greater than 0.01 cm/s and a 28-day compressive [24] Cheng A, Hsu H-M, Chao S-J, Lin K-L. Experimental study on properties of
pervious concrete made with recycled aggregate. Int J Pavement Res Technol
strength higher than 21 MPa, which is the minimum strength
2011;4:104–10.
requirement of structural concrete. It means the so-called pervious [25] Yang J, Jiang G. Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete
concrete may be used for the engineering applications where pavement materials. Cem Concr Res 2003;33:381–6.
[26] Rojas MF, Sánchez de Rojas MI. Chemical assessment of the electric arc furnace
structural concrete strength and high water permeability are
slag as construction material: expansive compounds. Cem Concr Res
needed. 2004;34:1881–8.
[27] Maslehuddin M, Sharif AM, Shameem M, Ibrahim M, Barry MS. Comparison of
Acknowledgment properties of steel slag and crushed limestone aggregate concretes. Constr
Build Mater 2003;17:105–12.
[28] Manso JM, Polanco JA, Losañez, González JJ. Durability of concrete made with
The first author and the third author want to express their EAF slag as aggregate. Cem Concr Comp 2006;28:528–34.
thanks to the National Science Council, Taiwan for its financial sup- [29] Japan Concrete Association. Test methods for properties of porous concrete,
draft; 1998 [in Japanese].
port under the contract number: NSC99-2221-E-019-034. [30] ASTM C138/C138M-14. Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield,
and air content (gravimetric) of concrete. PA, USA: ASTM International; 2014.
References [31] ASTM C39/C39M-14. Standard test method for compressive strength of
cylindrical concrete specimens. PA, USA: ASTM International; 2014.
[32] ASTM C293/C293M-10. Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete
[1] Schokker AJ. The sustainable concrete guide – strategies and examples. U.S.
(using simple beam with center-point loading). PA, USA: ASTM International;
Green Concrete Council; 2010.
2010.
[2] Marolf A, Neithalath N, Sell E, Wegner K, Weiss J, Olek J. Influence of aggregate
[33] ASTM C496/C496M-11. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of
size and gradation on acoustic absorption of enhanced porosity concrete. ACI
cylindrical concrete specimens. PA, USA: ASTM International; 2011.
Mater J 2004;101(1):82–91.
[34] Japan Road Association. Pavement Testing Manual, supplement volume; 1996.
[3] Park SB, Seo DS, Lee J. Studies on the sound absorption characteristics of porous
317 p. [in Japanese].
concrete based on the content of recycled aggregate and target void ratio. Cem
[35] ASTM C88-13. Standard test method for soundness of aggregates by use of
Concr Res 2005;35(9):1846–54.
sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. PA, USA: ASTM International; 2013.
[4] Lian C, Zhuge Y, Beecham S. The relationship between porosity and strength for
[36] ASTM C490/C490M-11e1. Standard practice for use of apparatus for the
porous concrete. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(11):4294–8.
determination of length change of hardened cement paste, mortar, and
[5] Putman BJ, Neptune AI. Comparison of test specimen preparation techniques
concrete. PA, USA: ASTM International; 2011.
for pervious concrete pavements. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(8):3480–5.
[37] ASTM E303-93. Standard test method for measuring surface frictional
[6] Safiuddin M, Hearn N. Comparison of ASTM saturation techniques for
properties using the British pendulum tester. PA, USA: ASTM International;
measuring the permeable porosity of concrete. Cem Concr Res
2013.
2005;35(5):1008–13.
[38] Environmental Protection Bureau. Standard test methods for water quality.
[7] Fujiwara H, Tomita R, Okamoto T, Dozono A, Obatake A. Properties of high-
http://www.niea.gov.tw/analysis/method/ListMethod.asp?methodtype=
strength porous concrete. ACI SP-179; 1998. p. 173–188.
WATER; 2015 [in Chinese].
[8] Kim HK, Lee HK. Influence of cement flow and aggregate type on the
[39] BS 821-110. Testing aggregates – part 110: methods for determination of
mechanical and acoustic characteristics of porous concrete. Appl Acoust
aggregate crushing value (ACV). British Standard; 1990.
2010;71(7):607–15.
[40] Park SB, Tia M. An experimental study on the water-purification properties of
[9] Tho-in T, Sata V, Chindaprasirt P, Jaturapitakkul C. Pervious high-calcium fly
porous concrete. Cem Concr Res 2004;34(2):177–84.
ash geopolymer concrete. Constr Build Mater 2012;30:366–71.
[10] Haselbach LM, Valavala S, Montes F. Permeability predictions for sand-clogged
Portland cement pervious concrete pavement systems. J Environ Manage
2006;81(1):42–9.
Please cite this article in press as: Yeih W et al. Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. Constr Build
Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.104