Fluids 5
Buoyancy
The resultant force on a submerged body by the fluid
around it is called the buoyantforce,and it always acts up-
wards. If v is the volume of the fluid displaced by the sub-
merged (wholly or partially) body, y is the fluid specific
weight, and Fbuoyant is the buoyant force, then the relation
between them may be written as:
BASIC EQUATIONS
In derivations of any of the basic equations in fluids, the
concept of control volume is used. A control volume is an
arbitrary space that is defined to facilitate analysisof a flow
region. It should be remembered that all fluid flow situa-
tions obey the following rules:
1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
2. The Law of Mass Conservation (Continuity Equation)
Continuity Equation
For a continuous flow system, the mass within the fluid
remainsconstant with time: dm/dt = 0. If the flow discharge
Euier’s Equation
Under the assumptions of (a) frictionless, (b) flow
along a streamline, and (c) steady flow; Euler ’s equation
takes the form:
dP + g.dz + v.dv = 0
- (7)
P
The principles of buoyancy make it possible to determine
the volume, specificgravity, and specific weight of an un-
known odd-shaped object by just weighing it in two Merent
fluids of known specific weights yl and y2. This is possi-
ble by writing the two equilibrium equations:
3. 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
4.Proper boundary conditions
Apart from the above relations, other equations such as
Newton’s law of viscosity may enter into the derivation
process, based on the particular situation. For detailed pro-
cedures, one should refer to a textbook on fluid mechanics.
Q is defined as Q = A.V, the continuity equation takes the
following useful form: ,
rh= PlAlVl= p2A2V2 (6)
When p is either a function of pressure p or is constant, the
Euler’s equation can be integrated. The most useful rela-
tionship, called Bernoulli’s equation, is obtained by inte-
grating Euler’s equation at constant density p.